instantly out of the reach of her gratitude; for the shawl contained a sum in pagodas, more than sufficient to defray the expenses of her voyage. It was Mootiah from whom she had received this beneficent token. To shorten the narrative, Julia returned to England, and was united to Wil liams, although he was still struggling with depressed fortune. Love, however, does not always overflow with worldly resources, and theirs were soon exhausted. The prospect was gloomy, and even affection pure as ever glowed in two human hearts, was not at all times sufficient to cheer it. They were sitting in mournful consultation one night upon the ways and means of the morrow. "I may exclaim with Jaffier," said Williams, with a forced smile:-'Thank heaven, I'm not worth a ducat.'" Suddenly, however, he bethought himself of the ring with which Mootiah had presented him, and which he had preserved only as a memorial of that worthy creature's kindness, it being of little or no other value in his estimation. But as it was unquestionably a diamond, though covered with incrustations, and the ring though of the clumsiest workmanship was gold, he carried it to a jeweller-and to his astonishment, found that the stone was of the first water, and that it required only a skilful artist to redeem its lustre. He disposed of it for £800, which, in that crisis of their fortunes, seemed a mine of wealth. But much better things came. By the death of a French uncle, who had been one of the fermiers of the revenue under the old régime, Julia inherited considerable wealth. The bequest being coupled with the condition that her husband, whoever he might be, should assume the name of Montreville, and reside a certain portion of the year in France, as a superintendent of the estates devised to her, they immediately established themselves at Paris.

Years flowed on in uninterrupted happiness, and Montreville had almost forgotten the trials and misfortunes of his youth; when one morning, as he was crossing the Pont Neuf, his observation was drawn to a short, elderly Englishman, meanly attired and walking with a slow desultory pace, denoting, as he rightly conjectured, considerable uneasiness of mind. The stranger also gazed intently on Montreville, and in a few instants, they recognized each other. It was Wl, the Madras governor, the man whose injustice had crushed his early hopes; but the memory of that injustice was now obliterated by the claims of the unhappy man to his compassion. "Do you recollect," said Montreville, " the name of Williams ?”"I do," returned W-1. Montreville

"I remember it with regret."

would not suffer him to apologize, but having by the courtesy of his manner, won the old man's confidence, heard from him the melancholy recital of his distresses. The story was a short one. He had been recalled, and had fled his country, where a bill of pains and penalties hung over his head. He was now abandoned by all who had basked in the sunshine of his power, on many of whom he had lavished favours, which laid the foundations of ample fortunes. A few minutes before Montreville had met him, he had eagerly hastened, in the warmth of a long and early friendship, to shake by the hand one of those whom his bounty had fed and enriched; but

his advances were scornfully repulsed, and this had occasioned the agitation which Montreville had remarked in his features.

In this destitution Montreville humanely succoured him, and having raised some subscriptions among the most opulent of the few Englishmen who were then at Paris, settled on him a small provision, which allowed him to wear out the remnant of his days in a decent obscurity. The vicissitudes we have related, form an instructive lesson; and those who act unjustly while they stand upon the slippery heights of fortune, would do well to remember the fate of W, the governor of Madras.

ADELUNG'S SKETCH OF SANSCRIT LITERATURE.*

THIS work, which, although professedly a translation from Adelung, is nevertheless, in a very great degree, the result of the labours and researches of Mr. Talboys, the indefatigable publisher, may justly be accounted one of the most respectable and useful books which have for a long time issued from the press. In it are condensed the inquiries of those who have devoted their attention to this wonderful language; a catalogue of all the different publications in it and translations from it which have appeared; a list of grammars, dictionaries, and elementary works, and an analysis of some of the most distinguished Indian writings. It is, in fact, a vade mecum, without which the library of no Oriental scholar can be esteemed perfect; possessing a classification so systematically regular, that all the known treasures of this sacred tongue are, as it were, at one glance, brought before the inquirer.

The origin of the Sanscrit (Mr. Talboys remarks) is lost in the gloom of remote antiquity, and of all the opinions which have been hazarded on the question, that of Mr. Colebrooke, who deduces it from a primæval tongue, which became gradually refined in various climates, is by far the most probable and consentaneous to the secondary evidence which may be produced. Colonel Kennedy, Klaproth, and many others, believe it to have been introduced into Hindustan by Japhetic tribes from the northwest, and Langlès is of opinion that it was brought there "from western Asia, probably from Bactriana, by the magians, whom Darius expelled from the Persian empire." Its antiquity is undisputed, although few, perhaps, but men of extravagant notions, will assign to it that incredible date, which the Hindus arrogate not only to its existence, but to its polished form. The century before the Christian era is regarded as one of its Augustan ages, and every inquiry demonstrates it to have obtained fixed grammatical inflections at a very early period. With the exception of a few mountaindialects, it may be regarded as the parent of all the Indian languages, and, as Hammer says, "of all the known languages which form the variation of their words, their declensions, conjugations, &c. by inflection." Rudiger,

* An Historical Sketch of Sanscrit Literature, with copious Bibliographical Notices of Sanscrit Works and Translations. From the German of ADELUNG, with numerous Additions and Corrections. Oxford, 1832. Talboys.

as noticed by Mr. Talboys, has asserted that a hundred languages and dialects have sprung from it; and "it seems a remarkable fact, that the various theories in which learned men have latterly so much indulged, all tend to confirm this statement.... The various vocabularies which we now possess, and the results of the laborious and learned investigations, which" his work details, "render it pretty evident, that the Sanscrit has not only furnished words for all the languages of Europe, but forms a main feature in almost all those of the East." Halhed remarks the similitude of the Sanscrit and the Arabic, not merely in technical and metaphorical terms, but in the main groundwork of the language:-this, however, is rather too bold an assertion, for although there are roots and even words common to both, the Arabic contains sufficient words absolutely distinct from the Sanscrit to form a separate language. That we should trace the latter in the Indo-Chinese dialects is far from surprising, more especially if an original language at one time pervaded the Indian archipelago.

On this branch of his disquisition, the author has given a list of the works in which it is collated with the Indian, the Bohemian, the Zend, the Persian, the Chinese, the Arabic, the Greek, the Latin, the Celtic, the Irish or Erse, Welsh, &c., the Gothic, the German, the Scandinavian, the Sclavonic, and various other languages, appending a diffuse account of chrestomathies, proverbs, inscriptions, and books in it. Then he proceeds to give a clear description of the Védas, the Upavédas, Vedungas, and Upangas, accurately noticing the various hypotheses respecting their antiquity, which Ritter, the latest writer on the subject, estimates at 1400 or 1600 A.C.;-also of the Puranas, the B'hagavata, the Mahab'harata and some of its episodes, the Rámáyana and some of its episodes, and the Sastras; each individual part being carefully furnished with an account of the editions through which it has passed.

The prolegomena, with which he introduces his subjects, are by no means the least valuable part of the compilation, as, in general, they give an abstract view of the contents of the enumerated publications, and of the theories founded upon them. Not having Adelung's original work in our possession, we know not how much belongs to him and how much to Mr. Talboys, but we suspect that the industry of the latter has been very instrumental to the perfection which the book has decidedly acquired. In the section prefixed to the Laws of Menu, there is much original and ingenious reasoning: it is acutely argued, that the collection, in its present form, cannot be the whole work ascribed to Sumati; and that, although Schlegel imputes to it a remoter antiquity than Sir Wm. Jones chose to assign to it, Ritter's contrary conclusions, drawn from internal evidence, are correct. This writer supposes the work attributed to Menu to be "a collection made from various materials, but not according to one plan, and scarcely from the laws delivered by one individual.” This fact is apparent from the various laws enacted for one and the same offence, from the specimens of antiquity visible in some instances, from the "degree of civilization incompatible with the first rise of a nation," manifested in others, and from the deep state of national corruption and decline which another class exhibits.

These laws also shew, that the ancient division into castes was no longer so strictly observed as formerly, and that different opinions respecting religious dogmas had then come into vogue:-the acquaintance with the Upanishads, the Puranas, Vedangas, and Sastras, which they moreover disclose, are positive proofs against the antiquity claimed for them. In his catalogue he likewise enumerates the other works which have been edited on jurisprudence. The next head of which he treats is Profane Literature, and under this philosophy holds the first rank. This part of the work is entirely new. It comprehends outlines of the six principal Hindu schools, the distinguishing tenets of which have been admirably developed by Mr. Colebrooke in his masterly papers on the Philosophy of the Hindus, in the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society:―the Mimánsa founded by Jaimini, the Vedanta by Vyasa, the Nyaya by Gotama, the Vaiséshica by Canade, and the two Sànc'hyaya by Capila and Patanjali. The Mimánsa is two-fold; the Purva or first, and Uttara or subsequent; both accounted strictly orthodox and amply supplied with commentaries; the subsequent Mimánsa is the Védantasystem, so called from the Vedas, on which it is founded:-the Nyaya or logic has been compared to the Dialectics of Aristotle;-the Vaiséshica is atomic, and is in bad repute in India; and the Sánc'hya is partly orthodox and partly heterodox, and embraces physics, psychology, dialectics, and metaphysics. The other Sánc'hya school is commonly called Yoga :-on most points their tenets are the same, but they differ on the proof of the existence of a god: that of Patanjali is theistical, that of Capila atheistical, acknowledging no creator nor superintending providence to these some have added a third, Pauránica Sánc'hya, which with that of Patanjali, except in holding nature as an illusion.

agrees

Our author next presents us with a list of the works on ethics, mathematics, history, geography, and medicine, after which he proceeds to the fine arts, under which he includes poetry, rhetoric, metre and prosody, fables, the drama, and tales. The following syllabus will, however, afford a clearer conception of this valuable multum in parvo.