necessary to halt, in order to collect the scattered company, and the stragglers are summoned, not by the bugle, but by the many-voiced halloo, resounding on from rock to rock. Our wild cavalcade, struggling variously through the thicket, would have presented a highly interesting spectacle to any beholder from the distance. Each was too fully occupied with his own necessity to attend to that of others. Would that Salvator Rosa had beheld us fording the broad and raging torrent. On a sudden, as I saw no outlet from the thicket, the horse immediately before me disappeared in a hole overspread with mess, and ere I could recover from the surprise thereby occasioned, my own animal sunk at the same place, slowly sliding down with me to the torrent's narrow, pebbly shore. This broad and rushing mountain stream, through which I was fain to gallop with my feet upon the horse's neck, was a delightful way, compared with the darksome marshes of the mountain path. Arrived on the opposite bank, we were amply repaid for our laborious ride by the retrospect afforded in viewing the various riders successively rushing from the dark defile down to the bright and foaming flood; and then five or six at one time in the water, with their many coloured military costumes, flashing from the clear back ground.' Rafaele, Trauerspiel, von Ernst Raupach. Hamburg. Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite, Trauerspiel in fünf Aufzugen von Karl Immermann. Hamburg. 1823. THE struggles of Greece for freedom and independence have waked m any a pleasing echo in the groves of German poetry. The Greek songs of Wilhelm Müller excited the emulation of Heinrich Steiglif, Ernst Groose, and many others. One more delightful fruit of this general excitement has just made its appearance. It is a tragedy by Raupach, entitled Rafaele, and is founded on a Romaic tale. During the last year, it was repeatedly performed with great applause upon the royal stage at Berlin, and is now published. We cannot but approve of the growing predilection of the German dramatists for historical subjects. We can scarcely assign any higher task to the stage than this, of exhibiting to the people grand images of its own past history; and from such a point of view we must heartily welcome a new production of Karl Immermann, representing, in a tragedy of five acts, the ruin of the family of the Suabian emperors. König Enzius, Beitrag zur Geschichte der Hohenstaufen, von Dr. E. Münch. 8vo. Ludwigsburg. CLOSELY Connected with the fall of the Suabian emperors, is the fate of King Enzius, the natural son of Frederic the second. This has been accurately investigated by professor Münch of Lüttich. The life of King Enzius, written according to the results of these inquiries, has recently been published by Mr. Münch, and forms the first article of a series of biographies, in which the author intends to elucidate, as far as possible, the lives of those individuals who, though but slightly alluded to in the progress of general history, may yet, from their fortunes or their characters, be considered as true representatives of their age. In the first volume of this series, now before the public, we find, also, a life of Don Pedro, the son of King Alfonso XI. of Portugal, known, through Camoens' immortal episode, by his unhappy love for Ines de Castro; a translation of Petrarch's self-avowals to posterity, from the Latin: a life of Thrasca Pactus, taken chiefly from Tacitus; a history of the new platonic female philosopher, Hypatie of Alexandria, in the fourth century; and finally, that of the Scandinavian hero, Hakon Hakon Jarl. In the second volume we have to expect, among others, a life of Cola Rienzi.-Professor Münch's style is bold and manly, though sometimes bearing marks of affectation. We perceive a noble and liberal mind in every page of his book. When history is written in this spirit, it can never fail to produce a powerful impression. Geschichte der Teutschen, nach den Quellen. Von F. C. Pfister, forming a part of the Geschichte der Europäischen Stacaten, ausgegeben von A. H. L. Heeren and F. A. Ukert. Vol. i. Hamburg. 1829. 8vo. ACCURATE inquiries into the history of their own country, have of late years occupied several German scholars. The two first volumes of Luden's extensive work has for two years been before the public. Another work upon the same subject has just made its appearance. The volume before us comprises the earlier part of German history, down to the termination of the Caroline dynasty.-We may observe, that, in the inquiry into the origin of the Germans, it would have been interesting to pay a more close attention to the results obtained by several linguists from the comparison of languages. After the deep researches of Schlegel, Bopp, Grimm, and others, Mr. Pfister touches the subject a little too slightly.-In the chapter on the migration of the Celts, Alexander's expedition beyond the Danube should have been referred to; the manner in which Arrian, upon this occasion, (de Exped. Al. I. c. 3.) mentions the Quadi and Marcomani as belonging to the great denomination of Celtic people is very remarkable. Die Etrusker. Vier Bücher von K. O. Müller. Eine von der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin gekronte Preischrift. Breslau, 1828. 2 vols. 8vo. To the prizes from time to time proposed by the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, the literature of Germany is indebted for many valuable works, which, whilst they present the results of accurate inquiries directed towards some particular object, or some question especially curious, throw not only a fresh light upon such particular points, but also upon the whole of those branches of science to which they belong, or with which they are connected. It was a prize of this kind which caused the composition of the work now before us, undoubtedly one of the most learned and interesting inquiries into the history of ancient Italy. Since the year 1726, when Dempster's work, De Etruria Regali, first came before the public, though it had been printed as early as 1619, a considerable number of works concerning Etruria and its antiquities have been published. Most of these works, however, consist only of remarks on the relics of Etrurian art, or of inquiries into the scanty fragments of Etrurian language. The question proposed by the Academy had a more general purpose: 'to determine and to exhibit, by a critical examination of the true sources, the character and degree of cultivation attained by the Etrurians in general, as well as in all the different branches of exertion of a cultivated people. Exceeding the limits marked out by this question, Professor Müller gives also, as an introduction to his work, a critical account of the external history of the Etrurians, and more especially of their relations to the neighbouring people of Italy. According to the wish expressed by the Academy, he has, in the main part of his work, abstained from observations founded upon etymology, or upon the analogy of languages, and from conclusions drawn from Etrurian works of art. As a chapter which falls under the head of etymology, however, we must mention the very accurate view which the author gives of the connection of the fragments preserved of Another chapter, the language of the Osci with the Latin and Greek. devoted to the names of Etrurian families mentioned in ancient sepulchral inscriptions, gives an eminent proof of the author's zeal for his subject, which could not be checked even by the most obstinate difficulties, where any new light was to be hoped for. For further information we must refer our readers to the book itself. Among the recent productions of German literature in the field of ancient history, this has a particular claim on the attention of the English philologists. In order to give a clearer view of the many interesting subjects which it touches on, we give here a general outline of its contents. Introduction. Fragments of the external history of the Etrurians-their relation to other people of Italy-their dominion in Upper Italy-their colonies in Campania, and upon the islands, &c. First Book. On the agriculture, handicraft, and trade of the Etrurianswith an additament on the towns where Etrurian coins have been stamped. Second Book. On the political and private life of the Etrurians. Third Book. On the religion and divination of the Etrurians—their priests and divinities-on the relation between the Etruria disciplina and the doctrine of the Roman augurs, &c. Fourth Book. On the arts and sciences of the Etrurians-their sacred plays-their architecture-their heroic mythology-their poetry and literature-their alphabet, and their notation of the numerals-their calendar and division of time, &c. Correspondance et Opuscules inédites de Paul Louis Courier. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1828. PAUL LOUIS COURIER was one of those writers of whom France has reason to be justly proud. Without influence, without partizans, and without laudatory journals to extol his merits, he has, by the originality of his mind, the frankness of his opinions, the whim and eccentricity of his language, secured a reputation which will not pass away, but will remain with those of Rabelais and of Montaigne. From his earliest infancy Courier was distinguished by the singularity of his character. He was baptized under the name of Courier de Méré, but never would consent to bear the latter name, lest he might be suspected of belonging to a noble family. His education was superintended by his father, a man of vast erudition; and at fifteen years of age he was equally versed in Greek and in the mathematics. In 1792, he was appointed officer of artillery; and he continued in the army till 1809, serving in the campaigns of Italy and Germany, without, however, discontinuing his literary studies. Into the camp he carried the frankness of the schools, and the caustic spirit of satire. It is related of him, that the day after a pretty warm encounter, in which it appeared to him that Cæsar Berthier had not behaved with Roman bravery, Courier met the waggon of that general, on which his name was inscribed in large letters; and placing himself at the horses' heads, he erased with his sword the word Cæsar, at the same time exclaiming to the driver,— 'Go tell thy master, that he may continue to call himself Berthier, but as to Cæsar, I forbid it.' While in the army, Courier always had with him twelve or fifteen select volumes; and in one of his letters to M. de Saint Croix, we find him bitterly lamenting the loss of a small edition of Homer, which had been carried off by some Austrian hussars. We will cite a single passage, which may serve to give an idea of the feeling entertained by our learned Hellenist towards the masterpiece of the king of poets, 'I had I had saved from the pillage of my packages what I termed my breviary. It was an Iliad, of the royal edition, a very small volume, which you may have seen in the hands of the Abbé Barthelemy. The copy had come from him to me, (quam dispari domino,) and I know that he was in the habit of carrying it with him in his walks. I, for my part, carried it wherever I went. But the other day I confided it, why I know not, to a soldier who was leading a horse for me. This soldier was killed and plundered. What shall I say, my dear sir, on this occasion? I have lost eight horses, my clothes, my linen, my cloak, my pistols, and my money. Yet I only lament the loss of my Homer, and to recover it I would gladly give the only shirt remaining to me. It was my companion, and my only entertainment in haltings and in watchings. My comrades laugh at me for this: I would they had lost their last pack of cards, that I might see the face they would put on." Courier, who at the commencement of the revolution had followed war as a duty, and who afterwards followed it, as he says himself, par compagnie, in order not to part from his comrades whom he loved, was always negligent of fortune. To succeed it was necessary to please the youthful conqueror of Italy, and to sing the praises of the soldier become a consul, and of the consul become a king. Courier would never submit to the restraint of truth concealed, which military life requires. He resolutely refused to comply with the army regulation of wearing mustachios, and he rode through an entire campaign without the use of saddle or stirrups. His republican ideas of equality sympathized but little with the designations of master and of emperor; and a letter, admirable in every point of view, which was known as his, would for ever haye closed the door against his advancement, had not he himself tendered his resignation after the battle of Wagram. On quitting the service, Courier went to Italy; and it was in one of his visits to the famous abbey of Mount Casino, at Florence, that he discovered the celebrated manuscript of Longus, containing the entire text of that Greek Romancist, all editions previously known having had a considerable hiatus in the first book. A part of Courier's correspondence is occupied with the details of this discovery, and of the persecutions which it cost its author. All the gazettes of Italy soon denounced him as a pilferer from the Greek he was accused of having wished to sell this fragment of the pastorals to the English; and that he had destroyed the original text, in order to secure its exclusive possession. The public authorities became alarmed by these rumours. The printed copies of the work were seized, and Courier was on the point of being cast into prison. It was on the occasion of this outery, that he published his Letter to M. Renouard, a true chef-d'œuvre of irony and polemic satire. He brought the laughers to his side, and, as it were, gained his cause with costs. In this affair, light as it may appear, Courier displayed that firmness of character of which, at a later period, he gave so many proofs, and also evinced that original talent for pleasantry which entitle him to rank with Rabelais and Beaumarchais. After having long drank at the sources of knowledge and learning in Italy, he returned to France without a passport, and was arrested as an accomplice in the Mallet conspiracy; on which he says, 'Malheureusement on s'aperçut que j'étais un pauvre diable qui ne savait pas même qu'il y eut de conspiration, et on m'a laissé aller.' In 1819, Courier was living quietly in one of the provinces when the political reactions caused universal alarm, and more than five hundred persons were incarcerated. He raised his voice in favour of humanity, and published his petition to the two chambers, which obtained the discontinuance of arbitrary arrests. On being refused his application for admission to the Royal Academy, Academy, he revenged himself by a letter addressed to the members of that learned body, in which he displayed the raillery and finesse of a Pascal. We will not attempt to analyze the pamphlets of Courier, they being too numerous; but they may be fearlessly recommended to the lovers of beau tiful writing-combining as they do the excellencies of Montaigne, Rabelais, and La Fontaine-the wisdom of Franklin, and the logic of Pascal. Nor will our limits admit of following him throughout his correspondence. Above fifty of the letters in the second volume are addressed by Courier to his wife, whom he informs of his projects and misfortunes, recounting all matters in their smallest details, and loading her with marks of his affection. Yet Courier was assassinated a few steps from his own door, and the public voice accused his wife of this dreadful crime, which has deprived France of one of its most illustrious writers, and the country of a faithful, sincere, and disinterested patriot. Mémoires de Fauche Borel. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris. 1829. THESE memoirs are something more than the ordinary publications of the kind. We have here the political and historical confessions of a man, who has spent twenty-five years-the most precious of his life-in the cause of the French monarchy. Born a Prussian subject, he abandoned his country, his estate, his wife and children, shed his blood, and saw that of his kinsmen freely poured for the Bourbon cause-for which he watched in dungeons, dared every danger, and supported every risk and reverse of fortune. During more than twenty-five years the sovereigns of Europe, princes, ministers, ambassadors, and generals, courted, patronized, and honoured him ; and during this long period he was intimately acquainted with all the ramifications of political intrigue, the dispositions of the several cabinets, and the agents whom they employed. When the most momentous missions were intrusted to his care, Lewis XVIII. was pleased to call him, my dear Fauche, my dear Louis. But matters have since changed sadly with Louis Fauche. The Bourbons are restored-that family for which he had sacrificed country, family, fortune, and repose-and he finds himself despised, calumniated, and the object of persecution, and, consequently, is eager to enlighten the public on the treatment which he has experienced, and also, if possible, to make the truth resound in the ears of royalty. I here-exclaims he, in his Preface- most solemnly engage before the King of England, and my august sovereign the King of Prussia, before the King of France, and the French of all classes and opinions-in a word, before the great and noble French nation, to be invariably loyal, sincere, and true, in all my narrations, and never knowingly to alter or disguise the truth for the purposes of concealment or subterfuge.' There is in this declaration an air of truth which secures our confidence. Though we must avow that we do not participate in the political opinions of M. Fauche Borel, yet we cannot but admire the devotedness which he has displayed; and when we meet, as has been the case, with some unimportant errors in detail, we suspect, not the good faith of the author, but consider that, to use his own words, he is a man, and, consequently, liable to error.' His memoirs, which will form four volumes, only two of which have as yet appeared, are too full of facts, and anecdotes of every kind, to be analyzed in a few pages. He throws on the most secret incidents of the revolution a light, which will powerfully assist such future historians as may wish to write the annals of that memorable event; and, though we |