youths and virgins of Delos, at the happy return of Theseus from the expedition of the Cretan Labyrinth. It has now lost much of that intricacy which was supposed to allude to the windings of the habitation of the Minotaur," etc. etc. This is rather too much for even the inflexible gravity of our censorial muscles. When the author talks, with all the reality (if we may use the expression) of a Lempriere, on the stories of the fabulous ages, we cannot refrain from indulging a momentary smile; nor can we seriously accompany him in the learned architectural detail by which he endeavours to give us, from the Odyssey, the groundplot of the house of Ulysses,—of which he actually offers a plan in drawing! "showing how the description of the house of Ulysses in the Odyssey may be supposed to correspond with the foundations yet visible on the hill of Aito!"-Oh, Foote! Foote! why are you lost to such inviting subjects for your ludicrous pencil! -In his account of this celebrated mansion, Mr. Gell says, one side of the court seems to have been occupied by the thalamos, or sleeping-apartments of the men, etc. etc.; and, in confirmation of this hypothesis, he refers to the 10th Odyssey, line 340. On examining his reference, we read,

ἐς θάλαμόν τ' ἰέναι, καὶ σῆς ἐπιβήμεναι εὐνῆς where Ulysses records an invitation which he received from Circe to take a part of her bed. How this illustrates the above conjecture, we are at a loss to divine: but we suppose that some numerical error has occurred in the reference, as we have detected a trifling mistake or two of the same nature.

Mr. G. labours hard to identify the cave of Dexia, near Bathi (the capital of the island), with the grotto of the Nymphs, described in the 13th Odyssey. We are disposed to grant that he has succeeded: but we cannot here enter into the proofs by which he supports his opinion; and we can only extract one of the concluding sentences of the chapter, which appears to us candid and judicious:—

"Whatever opinion may be formed as to the identity of the cave of Dexia with the grotto of the Nymphs, it is fair to state, that Strabo positively asserts that no such cave as that described by Homer existed in his time, and that geographer thought it better to assign a physical change, rather than ignorance in Homer, to account for a difference which he imagined to exist between the Ithaca of his time and that of the poet. But Strabo, who was an uncommonly accurate observer with respect to countries surveyed by himself, appears to have been wretchedly misled by his informers on many occasions.

"That Strabo had never visited this country is evident, not only from his inaccurate account of it, but from his citation of Apollodorus and Scepsius, whose relations are in direct opposition to each other on the subject of Ithaca, as will be demonstrated on a future opportunity."

We must, however, observe that "demonstration" is a strong term. In his description of the Leucadian Promontory (of which we have a pleasing representation in the plate), the author remarks that it is "celebrated for the leap of Sappho, and the death of Artemisia." From this variety in the expression, a reader would hardly conceive that both the ladies perished in the same manner: in fact, the sentence is as proper as it would be to talk of the decapitation of Russell, and the death of Sidney. The view from this promontory includes the island of Corfu; and the name suggests to Mr. Gell the following note, which, though rather irrelevant, is of a curious nature, and we therefore conclude our citations by transcribing it:

"It has been generally supposed that Corfu, or Corga was the Phæacia of Homer; but Sir Henry Englefield tim the position of that island inconsistent with the voyag Ulysses, as described in the Odyssey. That gentleman also observed a number of such remarkable coincidem between the courts of Alcinous and Solomon, that they my be thought curious and interesting. Homer was fair with the names of Tyre, Sidon, and Egypt; and, as he ad about the time of Solomon, it would not have been eris ordinary if he had introduced some account of the magad cence of that prince into his poem. As Solomon was fam for wisdom, so the name of Alcinous signifies strength of knowledge; as the gardens of Solomon were celebrated w are those of Alcinous (Od. 7. 112); as the kingdom of S lomon was distinguished by twelve tribes under twee. princes (1 Kings, ch. 4), so that of Alcinous (Od. 8. 29. was ruled by an equal number; as the throne of Soluna was supported by lions of gold (1 Kings, ch. 10), so that Alcinous was placed on dogs of silver and gold (od 7. as the fleets of Solomon were famous, so were those of de v cinous. It is perhaps worthy of remark, that Neptune s on the mountains of the SOLYMI, as he returned from Ethio pia to Ege, while he raised the tempest which threw Ulyss on the coast of Phæacia; and that the Solymi of Pamphyla are very considerably distant from the route. The susp cious character, also, which Nausicaa attributes to be countryman agrees precisely with that which the Grea and Romans gave of the Jews."

The seventh chapter contains a description of the monastery of Kathara, and several adjacent places. T eighth, among other curiosities, fixes on an imaginary!! site for the farm of Laertes: but this is the agay conjecture indeed!-and the ninth chapter mentica another monastery, and a rock still called the School of Homer. Some sepulchral inscriptions of a very simple nature are included. The tenth and last chapter brings us round to the port of Schrous, near Bathi; after we have completed, seemingly very minute and accurate manner, the tour of the sa

We can certainly recommend a perusal of lume to every lover of classical scene and s we may indulge the pleasing belief that Home of a real kingdom, and that Ulysses governed though we discern many feeble links in Mr. Gis chain of evidence, we are on the whole induced " fancy that this is the Ithaca of the bard and of monarch. At all events, Mr. Gell has enabled eve future traveller to form a clearer judgment question than he could have established without such a "Vade-mecum to Ithaca," or a "Have-with-you to the House of Ulysses," as the present. With Hane in his pocket, and Gell on his sumpter-borse mule, the Odyssean tourist may now make a classical and delightful excursion; and we doubt that the advantages accruing to the Ithacenses, f the increased number of travellers who will visit in consequence of Mr. Gell's account of their country, will induce them to confer on that gentleman anj ¦heraldic honours which they may have to bestow, should he ever look in upon them again.—Baron Bath would be a pretty title:

"Hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atrida.”—Vi For ourselves, we confess that all our old Grecian feelings would be alive on approaching the fost of Melainudros, where, as the tradition runs, of al the priests relate, Homer was restored to sight.

We now come to the "Grecian Patters," "Cary," which Mr. Gell has begun to publish; d really he has carried the epic rule of concealing person of the author to as great a length as either the above-mentioned heroes of itinerary writ hear nothing of his "hair-breadth 'scapes" by

2

land; and we do not even know, for the greater part of his journey through Argolis, whether he relates what he has seen or what he has heard. From other parts of the book, we find the former to be the case: but, though there have been tourists and “strangers" in other countries, who have kindly permitted their readers to learn rather too much of their sweet selves, yet it is possible to carry delicacy, or cautious silence, or whatever it may be called, to the contrary extreme. We think that Mr. Gell has fallen into this error, so opposite to that of his numerous brethren. It is offensive, indeed, to be told what a man has eaten for dinner, or how pathetic he was on certain occasions; but we like to know that there is a being yet living who describes the scenes to which he introdaces us; and that it is not a mere translation from Strabo or Pausanias which we are reading, or a commentary on those authors. This reflection leads us to the concluding remark in Mr. Gell's preface (by much the most interesting part of his book) to his Itinerary of Greece, in which he thus expresses himself:

"The confusion of the modern with the ancient names of places in this volume is absolutely unavoidable; they are, however, mentioned in such a manner, that the reader will soon be accustomed to the indiscriminate use of them. The necessity of applying the ancient appellations to the dif ferent routes will be evident, from the total ignorance of the public on the subject of the modern names, which, having never appeared in print, are only known to the few individuals who have visited the country.

"What could appear less intelligible to the reader, or less useful to the traveller, than a route from Chione and Za. racca to Kutchukmadi, from thence to Krabata to Schoenochorio, and by the mills of Peali; while every one is in some degree acquainted with the names of Stymphalus, Nemea, Mycenae, Lyrceia, Lerna, and Tegea?"

Although this may be very true inasmuch as it relates to the reader, yet to the traveller, we must observe, in opposition to Mr. Gell, that nothing can be less useful than the designation of his route according to the ancient names. We might as well, and with as much chance of arriving at the place of our destination, talk to a Hounslow post-boy about making haste to Augusta, as apply to our Turkish guide in modern Greece for a direction to Stymphalus, Nemea, Mycenæ, etc. etc. This is neither more nor less than classical affectation; and it renders Mr. Gell's book of much more confined use than it would otherwise have been:-but we have some other and more important remarks to make on his general directions to Grecian tourists; and we beg leave to assure our readers that they are derived from travellers who have lately visited Greece. In the first place, Mr. Gell is absolutely incautious enough to recommend an interference on the part of English travellers with the Minister at the Porte, in behalf of the Greeks. "The folly of such neglect (page 16, Preface), in many instances, where the emancipation of a district might often be obtained by the present of a snuff-box or a watch, at Constantinople, and without the smallest danger of exciting the jealousy of such a court as that of Turkey, will be acknowledged when we are no longer able to rectify the error." We have every reason to believe, on the contrary, that the folly of half-a-dozen travellers, taking this advice, might bring us into a war. "Never interfere with any thing of the kind," is a much sounder and more politic suggestion to all English travellers in Greece.

Mr. Gell apologises for the introduction of "his panoramic designs," as he calls them, on the score of the great difficulty of giving any tolerable idea of the face of a country in writing, and the ease with which a very accurate knowledge of it may be acquired by maps and panoramic designs. We are informed that this is not the case with many of these designs. The small scale of the single map we have already censured; and we have hinted that some of the drawings are not remarkable for correct resemblance of their originals. The two nearer views of the Gate of the Lions at Mycena are indeed good likenesses of their subject, and the first of them is unusually well executed; but the general view of Mycenae is not more than tolerable in any respect; and the prospect of Larissa, etc. is barely equal to the former. The view from this last place is also indifferent; and we are positively assured that there are no windows at Nauplia which look like a box of dominos,-the idea suggested by Mr. Gell's plate. We must not, however, be too severe on these picturesque bagatelles, which, probably, were very hasty sketches; and the circumstances of weather, etc. may have occasioned some difference in the appearance of the same objects to different spectators. We shall therefore return to Mr. Gell's preface; endeavouring to set him right in his directions to travellers, where we think that he is erroneous, and adding what appears to have been omitted. In his first sentence, he makes an assertion which is by no means correct. He says, "We are at present as ignorant of Greece, as of the interior of Africa." Surely not quite so ignorant; or several of our Grecian Mungo Parks have travelled in vain, and some very sumptuous works have been published to no purpose! As we proceed, we find the author observing that "Athens is now the most polished city of Greece," when we believe it to be the most barbarous, even to a proverb

ὁ ̓Αθήνα, πρώτη χώρα,

Τί γαϊδάρους τρέφεις τώρα; (1)

Δείτε παίδες τῶν Ἑλλήνων, κ. τ. λ.

Iannina, the capital of Epirus, and the seat of Ali Pacha's government, is in truth deserving of the honours which Mr. Gell has improperly bestowed on degraded Athens. As to the correctness of the remark concerning the fashion of wearing the hair cropped in Molossia, as Mr. Gell informs us, our authorities cannot depose: but why will he use the classical term of EleutheroLacones, when that people are so much better known by their modern name of Mainotes? "The court of the Pacha of Tripolizza" is said to realise the splendid visions of the Arabian Nights." This is true with regard to the court: but surely the traveller ought to have added that the city and palace are most miserable, and form an extraordinary contrast to the splendour of the court. Mr. Gell mentions gold mines in Greece: he should have specified their situation, as it certainly is not universally known. When, also, he remarks that "the first article of necessity in

(1) We write these lines from the recitation of the travellers to whom we have alluded; but we cannot vouch for the correctness of the Romaic.

Greece is a firman, or order from the Sultan, permitting the traveller to pass unmolested," we are much misinformed if he be right. On the contrary, we believe this to be almost the only part of the Turkish dominions in which a firman is not necessary; since the passport of the Pacha is absolute within his territory (according to Mr. G.'s own admission), and much more effectual than a firman. "Money," he remarks, "is easily procured at Salonica, or Patras, where the English have consuls." It is much better procured, we understand, from the Turkish governors, who never charge discount. The consuls for the English are not of the most magnanimous order of Greeks, and far from being so liberal, generally speaking; although there are, in course, some exceptions, and Strune of Patras has been more honourably mentioned. After having observed that "horses seem the best mode of conveyance in Greece," Mr. Gell proceeds: "Some travellers would prefer an English saddle; but a saddle of this sort is always objected to by the owner of the horse, and not without reason," etc. This, we learn, is far from being the case; and, indeed, for a very simple reason, an English saddle must seem to be preferable to one of the country, because it is much lighter. When, too, Mr. Gell calls the postilion "menzilgi," he mistakes him for his betters: serrugees are postilions; menzilgis are postmasters. Our traveller was fortunate in his Turks, who are hired to walk by the side of the baggage-horses. They "are certain," he says, "of performing their engagement without grumbling." We apprehend that this by no means certain :--but Mr. Gell is perfectly right in preferring a Turk to a Greek for this purpose; and in his general recommendation to take a janissary on the tour: who, we may add, should be suffered to act as he pleases, since nothing is to be done by gentle means, or even by offers of money, at the places of accommodation. courier, to be sent on before to the place at which the traveller intends to sleep, is indispensable to comfort: but no tourist should be misled by the author's advice to suffer the Greeks to gratify their curiosity, in permitting them to remain for some time about him on his arrival at an inn. They should be removed as soon as possible; for, as to the remark that no stranger would think of intruding when a room is pre-occupied," our informants were not so well convinced of that fact.

A

Though we have made the above exceptions to the accuracy of Mr. Gell's information, we are most ready to do justice to the general utility of his directions, and can certainly concede the praise which he is desirous of obtaining,-namely, "of having facilitated the researches of future travellers, by affording that local information which it was before impossible to obtain." This book, indeed, is absolutely necessary to any person who wishes to explore the Morea advantageously; and we hope that Mr. Gell will continue his Itinerary over that and over every other part of Greece. He allows that his volume "is only calculated to become a book of reference, and not of general entertainment:" but we do not see any reason against the compatibility of both objects in a survey of the most celebrated country of the ancient world. To that country, we trust, the attention not only of our travellers, but of our legislators, will hereafter be directed. The greatest caution will, indeed, be required, as we have premised, in touching on so de

"be en

licate a subject as the amelioration of the possessive of an ally but the field for the exercise of politzal sagacity is wide and inviting in this portion of the globe; and Mr. Gell, and all other writers who terest us, however remotely, in its extraordinary cape bilities, deserve well of the British empire. We shall conclude by an extract from the author's work, which even if it fails of exciting that general interest which! we hope most earnestly it may attract, towards its im portant subject, cannot, as he justly observes, tirely uninteresting to the scholar;" since it is a work! "which gives him a faithful description of the remains of cities, the very existence of which was doubtful, as they perished before the æra of authentic history." The subjoined quotation is a good specimen of the author's minuteness of research as a topographer; and we trust that the credit which must accrue to him from the present performance will ensure the completion of his Itinerary:—

"The inaccuracies of the maps of Anacharsis are in many respects very glaring. The situation of Phlius is marked by Strabo as surrounded by the territories of Sicyon, Argos,

Cleone, and Stymphalus. Mr. Hawkins observed, that Phb

the ruins of which still exist near Agios Giorgios, lies in a direct line between Cleona and Stymphalus, and ant from Sicyon to Argos; so that Strabo was correct in say that it lay between those four towns; yet we see Phlins in the map of Argolis by M. Barbié du Bocage, placed ten m to the north of Stymphalus, contradicting both history an! fact. D'Anville is guilty of the same error.

"M. du Bocage places a town named Phlius, and by him Phlionte, on the point of land which forms the port of pano: there are not at present any ruins there. The maps of D'Anville are generally more correct than any others wher ancient geography is concerned. A mistake occurs entr subject of Tiryns, and a place named by him Vathia, ho which nothing can be understood. It is possible that i or the profound valley, may be a name sometimes we for the valley of Barbitsa, and that the place named by ville Claustra may be the outlet of that valley called soura, which has a corresponding signification.

"The city of Tiryns is also placed in two different port tions; once by its Greek name, and again as Tirynths. The mistake between the islands of Sphæria and Calaura bashe noticed in page 135. The Pontinus, which D'Anville repre sents as a river, and the Erasinus, are equally ill placed a his map. There was a place called Creopolis, somewher toward Cynouria; but its situation is not easily fixed. T ports called Bucephalium and Piraus seem to have he nothing more than little bays in the country between Car and Epidaurus. The town called Athenæ, in Cynoura, Pausanias, is called Anthena by Thucydides, book 5. 41.

"In general, the maps of D'Anville will be found more o curate than those which have been published since his tim indeed the mistakes of that geographer are in general sc as could not be avoided without visiting the country. T errors of D'Anville may he mentioned, lest the opportun of publishing the itinerary of Arcadia should never ecc. The first is, that the rivers Maletas and Mylaon, near Me thydrium, are represented as running toward the south, whereas they flow northwards to the Ladon; and the second is, that the Aroanius, which falls into the Erymanthus at Psophis, is represented as flowing from the lake of Pheness a mistake which arises from the ignorance of the ancients themselves who have written on the subject. The fact is that the Ladon receives the waters of the lakes of Orchome nos and Pheneos: but the Aroanius rises at a spot not two hours distant from P'sophis."

In furtherance of our principal object in this cr tique, we have only to add a wish that some of our Grecian tourists, among the fresh articles of informa tion concerning Greece which they have lately importe would turn their minds to the language of the country So strikingly similar to the ancient Greek is the dern Romaic as a written language, and so dissim in sound, that even a few general rules concerning p nunciation would be of most extensive use.

ployers were alike groundless; that they deserved the worst; what inefficiency, what imbecility, has been evinced in the method chosen to reduce them! Why were the military called out to be made a mockery of, if they were to be called out at all? As far as the difference of seasons would permit, they have merely parodied the summer campaign of Major Sturgeon; and, indeed, the whole proceedings, civil and military, seemed on the model of those of the mayor and corporation of Garratt. Such marchings and countermarchings! from Nottingham to Bullwell, from Bullwell to Banford, from Banford to Mansfield! and when at length the detachments arrived at their destination, in all "the pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war," they came just in time to witness the mischief which had been done, and ascertain the escape of the perpetrators; to collect the "spolia opima" in the fragments of broken frames, and return to their quarters amidst the derison of old women, and the hootings of children. Now though, in a free country, it were to be wished that our military should never be too formidable, at least to ourselves, I cannot see the policy of placing them in situations where they can only be made ridiculous. As the sword is the worst argument that can be used, so should it be the last. In this instance it has been the first; but providentially as yet only in the scabbard. The present measure will, indeed, pluck it from the sheath; yet had proper meetings been held in the earlier stages of these riots, had the grievances of these men and their masters (for they also had their grievances) been fairly weighed and justly examined, I do think that means might have

been devised to restore these workmen to their avocations, and tranquillity to the county. At present, the county suffers from the double infliction of an idle military and a starving population. In what state of apathy have we been plunged so long, that now, for the first time, the House has been officially apprised of these disturbances? All this has been transacting within 130 miles of London, and yet we, "good easy men, have deemed full sure our greatness was a ripening," and have sat down to enjoy our foreign triumphs in the midst of domestic calamity. But all the cities you have taken, all the armies which have retreated before your leaders, are but paltry subjects of self-congratulation, if your land divides against itself, and your dragoons and your executioners must be let loose against your fellow-citizens. You call these men a mob, desperate, dangerous, and ignorant; and seem to think that the only way to quiet the "bellua multorum capitum" is to lop off a few of its superfluous heads. But even a mob may be better reduced to reason by a mixture of conciliation and firmness, than by additional irritation and redoubled penalties. Are we aware of our obligations to a mob? It is the mob that labour in your fields and serve in your houses, that man your navy, and recruit your army; -that have enabled you to defy all the world, and can also defy you when neglect and calamity have driven them to despair! You may call the people a mob; but do not forget, that a mob too often speaks the sentiments of the people. And here I must remark, with what alacrity you are accustomed to fly to the succour of your distressed allies, leaving the distressed of your own country to the care of Providence or the parish. When the Portuguese suffered under the retreat of the French, every arm was stretched out, every hand was opened; from the rich

man's largess to the widow's mite, all was bestowed to enable them to rebuild their villages and replenis their granaries. And at this moment, when thousands of misguided but most unfortunate fellow-countrymen are struggling with the extremes of hardship and hunger, as your charity began abroad it should end at home. A much less sum, a tithe of the bounty bestowed Portugal, even if those men (which I cannot admit without inquiry) could not have been restored to their employments, would have rendered unnecessary the tender mercies of the bayonet and the gibbet. But doubtless our friends have too many foreign claims, to admit a prospect of domestic relief; though never did such objects demand it. I have traversed the seat of war in the Peninsula, I have been in some of the most oppressed provinces of Turkey, but never under the most despotic of infidel governments did I behold such squalid wretchedness as I have seen since my return, in the very heart of a Christian country. And what are your remedies? After months of inaction, and months of action worse than inactivity, at length comes forth the grand specific, the never-failing nas trum of all state physicians, from the days of Drac to the present time. After feeling the pulse and shaking the head over the patient, prescribing the usual course of warm water and bleeding, the warn water of your mawkish police, and the lancets of your military, these convulsions must terminate in death, the sure consummation of the prescriptions of all p- |litical Sangrados. Setting aside the palpable injustice, and the certain inefficiency of the bill, are there t capital punishments sufficient in your statutes? b there not blood enough upon your penal code, that more must be poured forth to ascend to Heaven u testify against you? How will you carry the bill effect? Can you commit a whole county to their prisons? Will you erect a gibbet in every field, and hang up men like scare-crows? or will you proces (as you must to bring this measure into effect) by cimation? place the county under martial law? depe pulate and lay waste all around you? and reste Sherwood Forest, as an acceptable gift to the cross in its former condition of a royal chase and an asyl for outlaws? Are these the remedies for a starring and desperate populace? Will the famished wretch who has braved your bayonets be appalled by gibbets? When death is a relief, and the only rele it appears that you will afford him, will he be de gooned into tranquillity? Will that which could be effected by your grenadiers be accomplished your executioners? If you proceed by the forms law, where is your evidence? Those who have refuse! to impeach their accomplices, when transportation only was the punishment, will hardly be tempted to witness against them when death is the penalty. Wit all due deference to the noble lords opposite, I think a little investigation, some previous inquiry, would in duce even them to change their purpose. That mos favourite state measure, so marvellously efficacious in many and recent instances, temporising, would not b without its advantages in this. When a propost made to emancipate or relieve, you hesitate, you berate for years, you temporise and tamper with the minds of men; but a death-bill must be passed hand, without a thought of the consequences. S I am, from what I have heard, and from what I bare seen, that to pass the bill under all the existing cumstances, without inquiry, without deliberati