when they quoted Nassau-he gave them parties for their politics-suppers for their sophistry-he forced them to swallow his measures with his claret-and he stopped the mouths of many with good dinners, on whom good arguments would have been thrown away.

When Lord Chesterfield arrived in Ireland, all the Catholic places of worship were closed. A Mr. Fitzgerald saying mass in the obscure garret of a condemned house, an immense Crowd had assembled, and the floor giving way, the officiating priest, with many of his flock, were buried in the ruins, and the greater number were maimed and wounded. Lord Chesterfield, horror-struck at the event, ordered that all the chapels in the capital should be opened on St. Patrick's day, and they have never since been closed.

A zealous protestant, thinking to pay his court to the lord-lieutenant, came to inform him that one of his coachmen was a Roman Catho

lic, and went privately to mass. "Does he, indeed?" said his lordship, "then I shall take care that he never drives me there!"

The bishop of Waterford relates that the vice-treasurer, Mr. Gardiner, a man of good character, and considerable fortune, waited upon lord Chesterfield one morning, and in a great fright told him that he was assured upon good authority that the people in the province of Connaught were actually rising; upon which the viceroy looked at his watch, and with great composure answered him, "It is nine o'clock and time for them to rise; I believe, therefore, that your news is true." Lord Chesterfield preserved a Catholic population in the most perfect peace and obedience, during the whole of that rebellion, which in Protestant England and Presbyterian Scotland, had nearly restored the Stuarts to the throne they had forfeited by their blind and bigoted attachment to papal institutions.

CHILI, a republic of South America, which is divided into eight provinces. The eastern part of Chili is mountainous, and 14 volcanic summits here elevate themselves from the lofty chain of the Andes. Innumerable small and rapid rivers irrigate the rich soil, and the serene climate is remarkable for its healthiness. The mineral and vegetable productions are valuable and abundant. Exclusive of the independent Indians, the population has been estimated at 1,200,000. The Roman Catholic is the established religion.

Pedro de Valdivia, who was sent thither by Pizarro, overcame the opposition of the abori

ginees, and founded several cities in the north and south, but the Araucanians defeated the Spaniards, and having taken their leader prisoner, put him to death. It was many years before the Spaniards were permitted by the Indians and Dutch to enjoy quiet possession of Chili. In 1809, a revolutionary movement took place, and the party which espoused the cause of independence was, at first, successful; but in 1814, nearly the whole country was subdued by a royalist army from Peru. Chili remained under the control of the royalists until 1817, when General San Martin, with a body of troops from Buenos Ayres, entered the country, and being joined by the people generally, defeated the royalists in several engagements. The independence of the country was finally achieved at the battle of Maypu, April 5, 1817. The government has since experienced many changes, and even now remains in an unsettled state.

CHILLINGWORTH, William, a celebrated protestant divine and controversial writer. He was born at Oxford, 1602, and died in 1644, having been appointed chancellor of Salisbury, in July, 1638.

CHIMBORAZO, a mountain in the republic of the Equator, one of the highest summits of the Andes, its elevation being 21,440 feet above the level of the sea.

CHIMERA, a monster said to have ravaged Lycia, and to have been killed by Bellerophon. Her form was a mixture of incongruous parts.

CHINA is a vast country of Asia, bounded on the north by Chinese Tartary, from which the famous Chinese wall separates it; on the east, by the Eastern Sea; on the south by the Chinese Sea, and Further India; and on the west by an extensive and sandy desert, and long ridges of mountains, which divide it from Western Tartary and Thibet.

Inclusive of the tributary countries, and those states which have voluntarily placed themselves under the protection of China, the population amounts to nearly 200 million inhabitants, which are scattered over a surface of about 5,250,000 square miles. The subjected countries are Mantchouria, Mongolia, and Tourfan; the protected ones, Thibet, Bootan, Corea, and Loo-choo. China Proper is divided into 18 provinces. The Kiau-Ku, or Yang-tse, and the Hoang-Ho, or Yellow River, are the two principal rivers of China. The former is more than 2,500 miles long. The face of the country is greatly diversified; the northern and western parts being the most broken. The climate, in

general, is healthy, although the northern part is cold, and the southern hot.

The soil is fertile, and the prevalent crop, at least in the south, is rice. Besides this, tea, barley, and other grain, are abundantly raised. The commerce is very extensive; the principal articles of export being tea, silk, nankins, porcelain, and the valuable vegetable productions of the east. The imperial canal, and the Chinese wall, are monuments of Chinese skill and industry. The religion of China is Buddhism, or the religion of Fo. The language of the Chinese is peculiar, the number of characters being 40,000. The Chinese are, to a certain degree, well educated, but revengeful, timid, vain, and artful. Polygamy is permitted, and the condition of females wretched in the extreme. Poor parents are permitted to drown their female children, and this is done without remorse.

The Chinese is, on the whole, by far the best Asiatic government of Asia. It is better, far, than any of the Mohammedan despotisms; it is better than any government that the Hindoos ever possessed, and it is far preferable to the Theocracies of the Birmans, Siamese, and other Chinese nations. The absence of a powerful and influential priesthood, and of an hereditary and privileged aristocracy, as well as of petty principalities with delegated and hereditary authority, may be stated as among the leading causes of the prosperity of the Chinese empire.

The government of China is patriarchal; the emperor has the title of " Holy Son of Heaven, sole Governor of the earth, and Great Father of his people." But it is patriarchal on the largest scale of which there is any record, for the family consists of nearly two hundred million members. China may be considered as a huge school-house, the master having the birch constantly in his hand, frequently using it, and delegating his authority to thousands of ushers, who are equally liberal in its application. But the rod, although the chief, is not the only instrument of government. There is the canque, or wooden ruff, a kind of portable stocks or pillory, very convenient to the executors of the law, but exceedingly inconvenient to the wearer, who can neither sleep nor lie down for it. Then there is imprisonment in cages; furthermore decapitation, not however very frequent; and in extreme cases their crucifixion, or as it is technically called, the death by painful and slow means.

The grand panacea, however, after all, is the rod. The general application of this vigorous

instrument of administration, is by no means confined to China, but embraces the other countries of the east, from Japan to Bengal, including about 300,000,000 of people, or nearly one half the human race. There the rod, under its various appellations of bamboo, cane, cudgel, or birch, is actively at work from morning till night, and afterwards, from night till morning. The Grand Patriarch canes his first ministers; the prime minister canes his secretary of state; the secretaries of state admonish the lords of the treasury, by belaboring their backs; these enforce their orders to the first lord of the admiralty by applying what is equal to the cat o' nine tails. Generals cane field officers, and field officers the captains and subalterns. course the common soldiers of the celestial empire are caned by every body. The husbands cane their wives, and the wives cane their children. Of course the Chinese and their neighbors may be truly described as well-flogged nations.

Of

Without going back to that remote antiquity, to which the Chinese historians pretend, it will be sufficient to credit records of this empire from 2,000 years B. C. Prior to that period, five dynasties are computed, at the head of the first of which was Yu-Ta. Ching-tang was the founder of the second dynasty, named Chang, B. C. 1767, and was celebrated for his wisdom, moderation, and singular merit. This dynasty, after the reign of 28 emperors, was terminated, like the former, by the vices of him who last filled the throne. The third dynasty, named Chew, or Cheva, B. C. 1122, consisted of 35 emperors, some of whom exhibited virtues deserving of high applause, while the faults and vices of others excited the vengeance of the people.

During the reign of Ching, the second emperor of the 4th dynasty, called Tsin, B. C. 256, the great wall was built. Elated with his own exploits, he formed the design of making posterity believe that he was the first emperor that filled the Chinese throne; and for this purpose, ordered all the historical books, which contained the fundamental records and laws of the ancient governments, to be burned, and 400 of the learned to be put to death, for having attempted to save some of the proscribed volumes.

The chieftian of banditti, Lieu-pang, destroyed the last emperor of the fourth dynasty, and founded the fifth, called Hang, in his own person, B. C. 207. He proved himself worthy of the throne by his moderation and