very similar to the Egyptian curricle, rare woods, ivory, elephants and bears, a profusion of elegant gold and silver vases, with rings of the same precious metals, porcelain, and jars filled with choice gums and resins used for making incense, of which a greater quantity was derived from their country than from any other tributary to Egypt. Their features were regular, without the very prominent nose that characterises some Eastern people represented in the sculptures; and they were of a very light colour, with brown or red hair, and blue eyes. Their long dress, usually furnished with tight sleeves, and fastened by strings round the neck, either closed or folded over in front, and was sometimes secured by a girdle. Beneath the outer robe they wore a kelt: and an ample cloak, probably woollen like the modern herám, or blanket, of the coast of Barbary, was thrown over the whole dress: the head being generally covered with a close cap, or a fuller one bound with a fillet.

The women wore a long garment secured with a girdle, and trimmed in the lower part with three rows of flounces; the sleeves sometimes large and open, sometimes fastened tight round the wrist : and the hair was either covered with a cap, to which a long tassel was appended, or descending in ringlets was encircled with a simple band.‡

The Toersha§, a maritime people, are also mentioned among the enemies of Egypt; and their close

* A dress with sleeves is seen in wood-cut, No. 64. fig. 6.

+ Vide wood-cut, No. 72., and No. 62. fig. 7.d.

Vide wood-cut, No. 72., and No. 62. fig. 7. e.

Vide wood-cut, No. 67. fig. 1.

cap, from whose pointed summit a crest of hair falls to the back of the neck, readily distinguishes them from other Eastern tribes. Their features offer no peculiarity; and we have not sufficient data from the sculptures to form any opinion respecting their wars with the Egyptians, though they are introduced among the tribes conquered by the third Remeses. The same applies to the Mashoash*, another Asiatic nation: who resemble the former in their general features, and the shape of their beards; but their head-dress is low, and rather more like that of Tirhaka's prisoners, already mentioned t, descending in two points at the side and back of the head, and bound with a fillet.

The people of Kufa appear to have inhabited a part of Asia lying considerably north of the latitude of Palestine; and their long hair, rich dresses, and sandals of the most varied form and colour, render them remarkable among the nations represented in Egyptian sculpture. In complexion they were much darker than the Rot-ǹ-no, but far more fair

than the Egyptians; and to judge from the tribute they brought to the Pharaohs, they were a rich people, and, like the Rot-ǹ-no, far advanced in the arts and customs of civilised life. This tribute, which is shown to have been paid to the Egyptians as early as the reign of Thothmes III., consisted almost entirely of gold and silver, in rings and bars, and vases of the same metals. Many of the latter were silver, inlaid with gold, tastefully ornamented, of elegant form, and similar to many already in use among the Egyptians; and from the almost exclusive introduction of the precious metals, and the absence of animals, woods, and such productions as were brought to Egypt by other people, we may suppose the artist intended to convey a notion of the great mineral riches of their country: and they are occasionally represented carrying knives or daggers, beads, a small quantity of ivory, leathern bottles, and a few bronze and porcelain cups. Their dress was a simple kelt, richly worked and of varied colour, folding over in front, and fastened with a girdle; and their sandals, which, being closed like boots, differed entirely from those of the Egyptians, appear to have been of cloth or leather, highly ornamented, and reaching considerably above the ankle. Their long hair hung loosely in tresses, reaching more than half way down the back; and from the top of the head projected three or four curls, either of real or artificial hair.

The Kheta or Sheta* were a warlike people

* Kheta, Sheta, Getæ, or Skeethæ (v0α), Scythians, are the

of Asia, who had made considerable progress in military tactics, both with regard to manœuvres in the field, and the art of fortifying towns, some of which they surrounded with a double fosse. It is worthy of remark, that in these cases the approach to the place led over a bridge; and the sculptures acquainting us with the fact are highly interesting, as they offer the earliest indication of its use, having been executed in the reign of the great Remeses, about 1350 years before our era. But whether the bridges were supported on arches, or simply of wooden rafters resting on piers of the same materials, we are unable to decide, since the view is given as seen from above, and is therefore confined to the level upper surface.* Their troops

appear to have been disciplined; and the close array of their phalanxes of infantry, the style of their chariots, and the arms they used, indicate a great superiority in military tactics, compared with other Eastern nations of that early period. The wars waged against the Sheta by the Egyptians, and the victories obtained over them by the great Remeses, are pictured on the walls of his palace at Thebest, and are again alluded to in the sculptures of Remeses III., at Medeenet Haboo, where this people occurs in the list of nations conquered by the Pharaohs. Their arms were the bow, sword, and spear; and their principal defence was a wicker shield, either rectangular or

same name. Kh and Sh were sometimes used synonymously by the Egyptians.

* Wood-cut, No. 68. figs. 2. and 3. † Usually called the Memnonium.

No. 68. Phalanx of the Sheta, drawn up as a corps de reserve, with the fortified town, surrounded by double ditches, over which are bridges (figs. 2. and 3.)

Thebes.

concave at the sides, and convex at each end, approaching in form the Theban buckler.

Their dress consisted of a long robe, reaching to the ankles, with short sleeves, open or folding over in front, and secured by a girdle round the waist; but though frequently made of a a very thick stuff, and perhaps even quilted, it was by no means