many of the Indian tribes, by the Rev. Owen Dorsey, Mrs. Erminie Smith, and others, and it is probable that through the names of animals, trees, &c., we may, in time, obtain a knowledge of the migrations and affinities of the various tribes.

The most important paper in the present volume is that by Colonel Garrick Mallery, U.S.A., on the Pictographs of the North American Indians, which is very profusely illustrated, and includes rock sculptures as well as paintings. It is of especial interest to find that a certain geographical area can be assigned to each form of descriptive writing, or hieroglyphs, as they may be called. Colonel Mallery supposes that American pictographs are: "1st. Mnemonic, embracing order of songs, traditions, treaties, war, and time. 2nd. Notifications, comprising notice of departure and direction, of condition, warning and guidance, geographic features, claim or demand, messages and communications, and record of expeditions. 3rd. Totemic: this embraces tribal, gentile, clan, and personal designations, insignia and tokens of authority, personal names, property marks, status of individuals, and signs of particular achievements. 4th. Religious, comprising mythic personages, shamanism, dances and ceremonies, mortuary practices, grave posts, charms and fetiches. 5th. Customs and habits. 6th. Tribal history. 7th. Biographic, in which are examples giving continuous record of events in a life, and other cases of particular exploits and occurrences." From this it will be seen that the pictographs of a tribe are, in fact, the history of that tribe, or rather of particular events relating to the chiefs of the tribe, although in some cases they have a symbolic, or religious meaning.

The next paper is on the "Pottery of the Ancient Pueblos," by William H. Holmes, followed by another on the "Origin and Development of Form and Ornament in Ceramic Art," by the same author. In these we are introduced to many quaint and curious forms in pottery, and to some very beautiful ornamental designs, showing that the ancient Americans had attained to greater perfection in this art than even the early Greeks and Etruscans, although the designs are chiefly geometrical.

The concluding paper in this volume is one by Mr. Frank Cushing on "A Study of Pueblo Pottery, as illustrative of Zuñi Culture Growth," which treats of the evolution of form both in architecture and pottery, through necessity or convenience. With regard to architecture, Mr. Cushing supposes the rectangular form to have been developed from the circular, which was the older, originating from the tent; whilst he believes pottery to have been anticipated by basketry.

These papers should be studied carefully by those who are interested in the ancient pottery of Europe, for they would find in them many suggestions for future investigations.

A. W. BUCKLAND.

1

THE JOURNAL

OF THE

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

OF

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

JUNE 28TH, 1887.

FRANCIS GALTON, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last meeting were read and signed.

The election of WILLIAM GOWLAND, Esq., F.C.S., A.R.S.M., of the Imperial Mint, Osaka, Japan, was announced.

The following presents were announced, and thanks voted to the respective donors:

FOR THE LIBRARY.

From the SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PRE-HISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY.-Compte-rendu de la huitième Session, Budapest, 1876. Second Volume, Parts 1, 2.

From the INSTITUTION. Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. No. 139.

From the SOCIETY.—Journal of the Society of Arts. Nos. 1804, 1805.

Proceedings of the Royal Society. No. 255.

The Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society.
Vol. v (N.S.), Parts 3-6.

The Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society.
Parts xi-xiii.

From the SOCIETY.-Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Natura

listes de Moscou.

1886. No. 3.

LIEUT.-GENERAL PITT-RIVERS exhibited a series of very fine models illustrating his recent excavations in Cranborne Chase; and read the following paper:

On an ANCIENT BRITISH SETTLEMENT EXCAVATED NEAR
RUSHMORE, SALISBURY.

By Lieut.-General PITT-RIVERS, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S.,
Vice-President Anthrop. Inst.

IN my privately-printed 4to volume of "Excavations in Cranborne Chase," vol. I, relating to the excavations in the village on Woodcuts Common, I have described everything found there with the utmost detail, avoiding theory as much as possible, and desiring to make it a work of reference that could be relied upon for the forms of art of that period found in this neighbourhood. In collecting evidence from archæological works professing to be descriptive, I have often experienced the inconvenience of having to wade through a mass of speculative matter in order to pick out the facts, and I have endeavoured to avoid this error by tabulating the materials, and placing the illustrations of the objects in juxtaposition with the descriptions of them. This course, no doubt, detracts from the interest of the volume to the general public, but adds to its value to the working anthropologist and archæologist. But, in my Presidential Address to the meeting of the Archæological Institute at Salisbury, in 1887, I have enlarged a little, and shown the bearing of this discovery upon general questions.

The Romanised Britons have not, I think, been studied by anthropologists so much as they deserve. Whilst the stone and bronze age people have engrossed our attention, and we have little difficulty in speaking of their physical peculiarities or their arts, the Britons, as they were left after the withdrawal of

"Excavations in Cranborne Chase, near Rushmore, on the borders of Dorset and Wilts." By Lieutenant-General Pitt-Rivers, D.C.L., F.R.S., Vol. Printed privately, 1887. A copy of this work has been presented by the author to the Library of the Institute.

I.

the Roman Legions, remain a mystery to us, and afford scope for the widest divergence of opinion. Yet their influence upon the existing population of the country must have been far greater than that of the generations which preceded them. Although the late Celtic art and ornamentation, found sporadically in this country before the Roman Conquest, shows evidence of much taste and refinement, yet the three centuries of Roman occupation must be considered virtually to mark the first stages of civilisation in England, and the Briton before and after that period must have been, in many respects, a very different being. Whilst some have represented him as utterly degenerate after the Romans left, and to have been almost exterminated by the Saxons in the central and eastern part of the country, recent investigation has tended to modify this opinion considerably. There can be no doubt that we had a great and noble inheritance from Rome, and that much of it must have been passed on to us by the Britons who succeeded in inoculating their rude Saxon conquerors with what they had learnt from their old masters. It is even now believed by some that the language of the Romanised Britons was entirely Latin, and that the Celtic speech had to be reintroduced into Wales by tribes that had lived beyond the area of Roman influence in the north.

Much of this ignorance of the condition of the Britons at this time, arises, no doubt, from the difficulty of identifying their graves. A stone or a bronze age grave can be easily determined by the associated relics, but the Romans introduced so many auxiliaries and colonists from different parts of the world, that a skeleton found in association with Roman relics may be that of a native of any part of that wide region over which the Roman dominion extended. This gives additional interest to the study of the remains of people who inhabited the Wiltshire Downs in the western part of the country, in places that are remote from the Roman centres, in high and comparatively barren spots to which the aborigines are likely to have been driven by their conquerors, where the probability of finding the remains of the genuine Briton is much greater; and when we find in these places skeletons buried in pits in the villages which they inhabited, surrounded by the relics that they used in life, and the remains of their habitations, this serves still more surely to identify them as Britons; for it is unlikely that the Romans themselves, or their allies, should have paid so little attention to the remains of their dead as to throw them into pits with refuse, without any of the signs of decent burial.

Moreover, we find that those who were buried with any

signs of care were crouched up after the ancient manner of the Britons, but few having been found extended, and of these some of them buried beneath the little ramparts of the villages in such a way as to show that the latter had been thrown over them, and that the direction of the bodies was given to them by the lines of the ranıparts, and the drains in which they were also found interred. All this proves them to be the remains of a subject rather than a dominant people, and the associated relics serve also to fix their age without difficulty. The pottery, of which immense quantities were found in fragments both in the pits and beneath the surface, some of it in a condition to be restored, was mostly British, and the pots resembled those found in settlements of the Roman age found elsewhere, especially in Dorsetshire. But with it were fragments of Samian of Roman manufacture, and the position of these undoubtedly Roman fragments showed that it was in use during the greater part, if not the whole, of the time of the occupation of the village. The Roman coins speak to the same effect, being of all dates from Caligula, A.D. 37, to Magnentius, A.D. 353, and they were continuous during the whole period with one considerable gap of fifty years extending from Clodius Albinus, A.D. 193, to Trebonianus Gallus, A.D. 253. No doubt many of the earlier coins were used up to a late date, and, therefore, afford no actual evidence of the duration of the period of occupation; but one special find, consisting of the remains of a box, the wood of which was found adhering to bronze ornaments and dolphin-shaped handles, appeared to have contained coins dating from Claudius, A.D. 41, to Claudius Gothicus, A.D. 270, all of which, if forming the contents of the box, must have been in use at the same time. The village also produced four British silver uninscribed coins of the type which appears, by Mr. Evans' work, to have been prevalent in this neighbourhood. These British coins may, probably, have been in use for some time after Roman occupation, but it is hardly likely they should have been employed up to the latest period, so that it seems probable the village must have been occupied early, as well as late, during the Roman era. Other circumstances point to the same conclusion. The little banks surrounding the village and its outworks, showed evidence of having been altered, and the excavations proved that, in some places, banks had been raised over spots where ditches previously existed. Such changes need not have taken centuries to develop themselves, but they prove continuity of occupation. The pits, of which ninety-five were found, were of slightly different shapes, some, about 11 feet deep, were in the form of a truncated cone, slightly larger at bottom than top, with the sides smoothly