both forwarded by intelligent observers, showing how necessary it is to study closely the lines of fracture, in order to distinguish readily the natural from the artificial forms.

By a communication from Colonel Pearse to Colonel Fox, it appears that these celts are deposited as votive offerings by the Malayalis in their temples to Purinall, their chief deity, and are called by them "Wigginespoora," which means “that which takes our ills upon itself." They are not made by the Malayalis, but are found by them in the bed of a river half-way up the hills, i. e, about 2,500 feet above the sea level, and chiefly in one place near where the present British road crosses the river. There are not many of these aboriginal temples existing now-a-days, and they are chiefly in out-of-the-way hill places, and are constructed of wood. Colonel Pearse adds that these celts, when found by the Aryan populations of the plains, are considered by those who know anything about them (and there are not many who do), to be the thunder bolts of Vishnu, i. e., of God. Of the seven specimens exhibited, four will be presented by Colonel Pearse to the Christy collection, and he has also deposited some in the Madras and Bangalore museums.

By this instructive but only too brief communication, Colonel Pearse adds to our knowledge of the distribution and attributes of these implements of Southern India. Mr. Bruce Foot, in a paper read before the International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology of 1868, had already informed us of his discovery of implements of neolithic types in the neighbourhood of Madras and Nellore. They were there found by him in raingulleys on the surface, associated with stone circles and intrenchments attributed by the natives to the Kúrúmbers or mythical inhabitants of prehistoric times, and overlying the laterite formations which contained the ruder implements of paleolithic types, the two classes of implements thus corresponding accurately, both as regards form and position, to the neolithic and paleolithic types discovered in Europe.

Further to the north, in Bundelcund and the neighbourhood of Jubbulpore, stone celts have also been found, and in Burmah nearly similar implements, known by the appellation of mo-gio, have also be discovered by Mr. Theobald; they are there, as by the Aryan inhabitants of the plains about Salem, regarded as thunderbolts; and they are also considered influential in rendering their possessor invulnerable. More detailed information respecting these South Indian stone implements would be desirable, and more especially it would be interesting to know whether, as suggested by Colonel Pearse, there is any marked difference in the superstitions associated with them by the Aryan and hilltribes, as affecting the religious beliefs of those people.

Together with the stone implements, Colonel Pearse also sends a large iron adze and handle of very antique form, respecting which he says I bought it of a stone cutter on the western-coast of India, at Cannanore. It is for smoothing laterite stone, a soft spongy stone of which all the buildings there and thereabouts are built. You see how simply it is put together, as the men of other days no doubt hafted their adzes. And the shape tells us the use of many of those huge stone hatchets, one of which I have seen in your collection, and another found in Guernsey, I saw with Mr. Lukis. I thought you might like this, and thus secured it."

Colonel Fox then read his Report of Anthropology at the Meeting of the British Association, as follows:

REPORT on ANTHROPOLOGY, at the MEETING of the BRITISH ASSOCIATION for the ADVANCEMENT of SCIENCE for 1872, at BRIGHTON. By Colonel A. LANE FOX, Vice-President of Section D. and Chairman of the Anthropological Depart

ment.

AT the request of the Council I lay before the Society a Report on the Anthropological Papers, read at the recent meeting of the British Association, at Brighton.

This having been the first meeting of the Association, held since the adoption of the new regulations, under which the officers are appointed beforehand to the department of Anthropology, it became possible to classify the papers so as to devote a separate day to each branch of Anthropological science. The advantage of this arrangement soon became manifest. In consequence, however, of the regulations not having been thoroughly understood, many authors failed to send in their papers at the appointed time; owing to this cause, and to the inability of some of them to attend on the days fixed for the reading of their papers, the classification was not as complete as could have been desired. It is to be hoped that in future the particular attention of authors may be directed to the regulations on this head, in order that full justice may be done to their contributions, and that each branch of the science may receive due attention in the deliberations of the department.

The arrangements for the study of Anthropology have, upon the whole, been promoted by the recent changes. Some of the provisions affecting the practical working of the regulations may, however, in all probability require revision hereafter.

Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., having been named President of Section D, Biology, the following officers were appointed to the sub-department of Anthropology:

Chairman-Colonel A. LANE Fox, Vice-President of Section D. Secretaries—F. W. RUDLER, Esq., and J. H. LAMPREY, Esq.

The several papers classified by subjects, were read during the successive days of the meeting in the following order:

THURSDAY, August 15th.

Opening Address by Colonel A. LANE FOX, Vice-President.
PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY.

1. Results of ten years' Barrow Digging in the Yorkshire Wolds. By the Rev. Canon Greenwell.

2. Exploration of some Tumuli on Dartmoor. By C. Spence Bate, Esq., F.R.S.

3. On some Bone and other Implements from the Caves of Perigord, France, bearing Marks indicative of Ownership, Tallying, or Gambling. By Professor Rupert Jones, F.R.S.

4. Discovery of a Flint Implement Station in Wishmore-Bottom, near Sandhurst. By Lieut. Cooper King, R.M.A.

FRIDAY, August 16th.

ETHNOLOGY AND PHILOLOGY.

1. On certain Geographical Names in the county of Sussex. By Dr. Charnock.

2. On the Etymology of certain River Names. By Dr. Charnock. 3. On the Gipsy Dialect called Sīm. By Dr. Charnock.

4. On the Origin of Serpent Worship. By C. Staniland Wake, Esq. 5. On the Origin of Alphabets. By John Evaus, Esq., F.R.S. 6. On the Ethnological and Philological Relations of the Caucasus. By Hyde Clarke, Esq., D.C.L.

7. On some Evidence suggestive of a Common Migration from the East, shown by Archaic Remains in America and Britain. By J. S. Phené, Esq.

8. On the Predominating Danish Aspect of the Local Nomenclature in Cleveland, Yorkshire. By the Rev. J. C. Atkinson.

SATURDAY, August 17th.

PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY.

1. Report on the Victoria Cave, explored by the Settle Cave Exploration Committee. By W. Boyd Dawkins, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., and R. H. Tiddeman, Esq., M. A.

2. On some Stone Implements and Fragments of Pottery from Canada. By Sir Duncan Gibb, Bart.

3. On a Patto-Patto from New Zealand. By Sir Duncan Gibb, Bart.

4. On the Primitive Weapons of Ancient India. By Sir Walter Elliot, K.C.S.I.

5. Second half of paper on the Results of ten years' Barrow Digging in the Yorkshire Wolds. By the Rev. Canon Greenwell.

MONDAY, August 19th.

ETHNOLOGY DEDUCTIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE.

1. On some Skulls discovered by Canon Greenwell in the Yorkshire Barrows. By Professor Rolleston, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Physiology at Oxford.

2. On some Skulls of the Weddo of Ceylon. By Professor Rolleston. 3. Notes on the Looshais. By Dr. A. Campbell, M.D.

4. On the Garo Hill Tribes, Bengal. By Major Godwin-Austen. 5. On the Religious Cairns of the Himalayan Region. By R. B. Shaw, Esq.

6. On the Manynema or Manyema of Dr. Livingstone. By Hyde Clarke, Esq., D.C.L.

7. On the Roumanian Gypsies. By Dr. Charnock.

8. On the Ethnological relations of France and England. By Dr. Nicholas, M.A.

9. On the pretended Identification of the English Nation with the Lost Tribes "of the House of" Israel. By A. L. Lewis, Esq.

TUESDAY, August 20th.

PSYCHOLOGY AND GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY.

1. On the Relation of the Parish Boundaries in the south-east of England to great Physical Features; particularly to the Chalk Escarpment. W. Topley, Esq., Geological survey.

2. On Theories regarding Intellect and Instinct, with an attempt to deduce a satisfactory conclusion therefrom. By George Harris, Esq. 3. On Western Anthropologists and extra-western Communities. By J. Kaines, Esq.

4. On the Fossil Human Skeleton of Mentone. By M. Moggridge, Esq.

5. On Rubbings from St. Patrick's Chair, Co. Mayo, Ireland. By R. E. Symmes, Esq.

6. Strictures on Darwinism: the Substitution of Types. By H. H. Howorth, Esq.

1. On a Hypogeum in the Western Isles. By A. A. Carmichael, Esq., with Notes by J. F. Campbell, Esq., of Islay.

2. On a Silicified Forest in the Rocky Mountains, with an account of a supposed Fossil Chip. By Professor H. A. Nicholson, M.D.

COLONEL LANE Fox's opening address was divided under three heads, embracing-1. Some remarks on the continuity of culture. 2. On the relative value of certain classes of evidence in tracing the continuity of culture in pre-historic times; and 3. On the defects in the existing machinery of anthropological science, advocating a better organisation of our local and metropolitan societies, with a view to their special and combined action in promoting anthropological research. Canon Greenwell's paper was confined to a description of the round barrows of the district which he has explored during so many years. Inhumation and cremation appear to have been practised contemporaneously in this region, although the former is by far the most common in these Wolds. The one process does not appear to have been older than the other in the round barrows, nor has the difference been one of social rank or sex. Burials by inhumation are invariably contracted, and small holes dug in the natural surface apparently to contain food are not uncommon in connection with these interments. In two hundred and fortyeight interments by inhumation and cremation, thirty-nine were associated with articles of flint, ten with bronze, and three with articles of horn. Out of the same number of burials, only five contained articles of personal decoration, and sixty-nine were associated with pottery. The burials appear to have belonged, for the most part, to people in a humble condition of life, but they had an organised society, possessed domesticated animals, and cultivated grain; they manufactured woollen fabrics, and had some little skill in metallurgy. Their bronze weapons consisted of triangular knife daggers and plain flat celts, both of the simplest form. The round barrows yield both dolichocephalic and brachycephalic skulls, and are attributed by Mr. Greenwell to the early bronze period. The reading of this important and long-expected communication attracted considerable attention, and will form a valuable preface to Mr. Greenwell's more elaborate and detailed work, which is shortly to be published.

The most important point in Mr. Spence Bate's paper consisted in the discovery of an oval object of amber in one of the Dartmoor barrows opened by him, which was at once recognised by the