Iceland. Greenland United States.. 8,605,000 2,789,000 888,000 876,000 8,055,000 16,000 the course of reduction since 1866, and from Danish West Indies. 1875 to 1878 was as follows: Brazil The commercial navy was as follows in of the Seventh-Day Adventists, with one mis1877: sionary, three native laborers, and 80 members; the Disciples of Christ, with one missionary and 70 members; the Brethren (or Tunkers), with one missionary and 8 members. The Friends have one missionary, and the New Jerusalem Church has ministers laboring in the kingdom. The elections for the Folkething took place on January 3d. In this election the Right gained 10 members, having now 37. The Radicals elected 35, against 30 in the former Parliament; but their former leader, Tauber, was not reelected. The Moderate party lost 10 seats, electing 28 members only. The opposi tion, therefore, still disposed of 63 votes. The Folkething met on January 31st, and, after reelecting its former President, Krabbe, began with the examination of the elections. The Left attempted to declare the elections invalid for those districts which the Right had gained from them. It began with the election of Dahl in Slagelse, which Tauber had formerly represented, and, in spite of the large majority of Dahl, his election was declared invalid by 62 to 32 votes. In February the Folkething demanded of the Government an explanation of Article V. of the Treaty of Prague and its abrogation, as well as of the position of Denmark toward the foreign Powers. (See GERMANY.) The Government thereupon declared in the Landsthing that it would give to the Rigsdag all explanations with regard to Article V. of the treaty which had now been repealed by Germany and Austria, without being requested to do so by the Rigsdag, and as far as was compatible with the public interest; but that it would not permit à discussion on this subject in the Chambers. In the beginning of March, the Left in the Folkething proposed measures to relieve the distress among the lower classes of the population caused by the prostration of all industries. As the Government holds fast to the principle that the communes and not the state should provide for the poor, and that only if the former were not able to do so should they call upon the Government for help, the Left proposed that 500,000 crowns be set aside by the Government for the purpose of loaning them to communes for the relief of people without work. In 1877 a million crowns were set aside for the same purpose, but only 240,000 crowns were borrowed. As the Folkething did not pass the budget by April 1st, the beginning of the new financial year, the Government as in preceding years submitted a temporary one in which the expenses up to May 15th were estimated on the basis of the budget of the preceding year, which was sanctioned by the Chambers. In the latter part of April the Government submitted a bill giving to those inhabitants of Frederikstad, on the island of St. Croix, who had suffered by the negro rebellion of last year, 55,000 crowns, and loaning to them 50,000 crowns. In May the Folkething passed the budget as reported by the leader of the opposition, Berg, by 68 votes to 6. Six Krupp cannons demanded by the Government for the sea-forts were granted by 53 to 39 votes, while the demand for two new war-vessels, an ironclad and a corvette, was denied by 56 to 80 votes. The provisional financial law, which expired on May 15th, was extended to June 15th; and on June 14th the Chambers adjourned. the line, the reserve, and the landwehr, the last named forming two classes. The line is intended for active operations, the reserve and the first section of the landwehr for the defense of fortified places, and the second section of the landwehr for coast defense. The line is to consist of ten regiments, each having three battalions of infantry and the guard, the regiments being formed into brigades by groups of two each. The cavalry of the line is to consist of four regiments, each with four squadrons, a squadron of escort, and cavalry school. The artillery is to be made up of four regiments of field artillery, with three batteries of eight guns and a train company, and of two regiments with four battalions for the defense of fortresses. There are to be ten companies of engineers, sappers, and miners, two companies of telegraph-men, one of railway-men, and one for pontoon-work. The reserve is to be made up of one battalion of the guard; four reserve battalions for Copenhagen, five regiments each, with three battalions for the provinces; four field batteries and four fixed batteries, two of which are to be at Copenhagen. The first section of the landwehr is to comprise old soldiers under forty-two years of age, and the second section those between forty-two and fifty. The field officers in the landwehr are to be nominated by the Crown, and the others elected by the troops. The preamble of the bill gives a sketch of the plan proposed for defending the country from invasion, from which it appears that the Government would not attempt to protect the whole of the territory, but would concentrate their defense upon Copenhagen and the island of Seeland, abandoning Jutland and the rest of the country to the enemy. The whole of the army would be concentrated in Seeland, covered by the fleet; and, in order to facilitate operations, it is proposed to complete the railway system of Seeland, and to fortify the capital both seaward and inland. On June 16th the Superior Court of Justice gave judgment in a political trial, which in Denmark had become a cause célèbre. On June 3, 1877, a manifesto was published in the "Morgenbladet," signed by nine of the leading members of the Radical party in the Lower House, in which, without actually preaching treason, the Cabinet Ministers were, among other things, charged with having, "knowingly and with malice aforethought, kept the King in ignorance of, or wickedly miscepresented to his Majesty, the true political feeling in the country," as well as with having violated the Constitution. The Premier, M. Estrup, on behalf of himself and his colleagues, prosecuted the nine signataries of the manifesto, among whom were M. Berg and Count The new Chambers were opened on October Holstein-Ledreborg; and the judgment con6th. In November the Minister of War in- demned each of the defendants to three troduced a bill for the reorganization of the months' imprisonment, without the option of army. His proposal was that the military a fine. forces of the country should be divided into On June 4th the four hundredth anniver sary of the University of Copenhagen was celebrated with great pomp. The university is situated opposite the metropolitan church, called "Frue Kirke," in which stand Thorwaldsen's "Twelve Apostles," hewn in marble. The ceremonies were held in this church. Several members of the royal family, the whole corps diplomatique, delegations from the Universities of Christiania, Upsala, and Lund, the most prominent members of the clergy, and a large number of poets, statesmen, actors, painters, and singers, were present. The principal speaker was Geheimeraad Madvig, Rector Magnificus of the University. Four hundred years ago, he said, the King of Denmark, together with some of the most prominent men of the country and a host of foreign doctores et magistri, assembled on the same spot where the anniversary was celebrated to-day, for the purpose of founding, with the permission of the Pope, a Danish university. If we would compare these men with those who stand at the head of the university to-day, we would find a great difference. They would hardly be able to understand that it was their work which was being continued. They would even be astonished to hear that such a solemn ceremony as the present one was carried on in the vernacular instead of in Latin. In the course of his speech Geheimeraad Madvig mentioned several eminent men who had graduated from and taught at the university, and whose genius and vast learning bad carried the name of Denmark to the remotest corners of the globe; among others Hans Christian Oersted, whose discovery, he said, is every minute of the day whispered through all the telegraph wires in the world. It was at first intended to send out invitations to all the universities in the world; but on the abrogation of Article V. of the Treaty of Prague, by which North Schleswig was incorporated with Prussia, an influential section of the professors of the university, headed by the Rector Magnificus, M. Madvig, determined not to invite deputations from German universities; and finally, but not without protests from the entire press, it was decided to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the creation of the university solely as a national fête. This decision was much regretted; but as the only alternative was that of losing the services of M. Madvig, his decision was submitted to. The Althing, the Parliament of Iceland, which sits every other year, met in 1879 on July 1st, and adjourned on August 27th. This was the third session since the grant of the new Constitution in 1874, and with it closed the first parliamentary period, the elections for the new Parliament occurring in the course of 1880. Both Houses seized the occasion of a general dissolution to vote addresses to the King, congratulating him and the country upon the complete success of the experiment of selfgovernment, and thanking him anew for the gift of a Constitution. Many old laws had been carefully remodeled, and the new ones had been such as greatly to promote the prosperity of all classes. The biennial budget had been promptly voted, and the taxes had been so liberally levied that each period of two years had shown a surplus of from 50,000 to 100,000 crowns. Of the new laws, the one most nearly concerning foreigners was that completely abolishing the tonnage duty on vessels entering Icelandic ports, which had hitherto amounted to two crowns a ton. To make good the deficiency likely to result from the loss of these imposts, the customs duties on spirituous liquors were largely increased. The postal laws were so amended as to provide for the issue of postal cards and for the increase of the number of trips made by the post-steamers. Several important educational schemes came before the assembly. One of the last bills passed made it the duty of each priest to see that all the children of his parish are taught writing and arithmetic, and authorized him, together with the civil overseer of the parish, to remove any children whose parents are negligent in the matter to another farmstead, where they are to be instructed at the expense of the parents. The laws passed during the previous session establishing a school of law at Reykjavik and a technical school at Mödruvellir, in the north of the island, were greatly modified, both the number of teachers and the amount of the annual appropriation being increased. Some changes were also made in the government of the National College at Reykjavik, rendered necessary by the larger number of students who yearly frequent it. Within a few years the National Library had outgrown its old quarter in the large loft of the cathedral at the capital, while a considerable collection of Icelandic antiquities had grown up, chiefly through the exertions of a single enthusiastic artist and scholar, the late Sigurdur Gudmundsson. To provide for these and for the accumulating collections in natural history, as well as to furnish increased accommodation for its own body and various public departments, the Althing voted 80,000 crowns for the erection of a Capitol, or Althing-house. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE. See UNITED STATES. DISCIPLES OF CHRIST. The General Christian Missionary Convention of the Disciples of Christ met at Bloomington, Ill., October 17th. The Treasurer reported that his total receipts during the year in cash and pledges had been $24,510, and his disbursements had been $5,891. The Society had employed nine men for a greater or less part of their time, who had preached 1,220 sermons, and through whose instrumentality 408 persons had been added to the church. The Board had circulated about 60,000 pages of tracts within the field of its operations. The report of the Board showed the following aggregate results: Whole number of baptisms, 1,803; of other accessions, 983; whole amount of money received for mis DIX, JOHN A. sions, $31,414; whole amount of pledges received, $32,484; making the total amount of money and pledges together, $63,898. The Foreign Christian Missionary Society met at Bloomington, Ill., October 16th. The report of the Board was published in the It "Christian Standard" of October 25th. stated that the "general current of sentiment was that, after fulfilling our present obligations to our missions in Paris, Copenhagen, Constantinople, and in England, any enlargement of our work should look to France, Italy, Japan, Africa, and China; and that at least one new mission should be undertaken, if possible, in some one of the three countries last named during the next year." The receipts of the Treasurer for the year had been $12,547, His reand his expenses had been $11,577. port showed that pledges of an estimated value of $25,000 would fall due between the time of the meeting and October, 1884. The operations of the Society in the foreign field embraced stations at Southport, Chester, Southampton, and Tranmere, England; Paris, France; Copenhagen, Denmark; and Constantinople, Turkey; all of which, except those at Southampton and Copenhagen, which were established in 1876, had been established since the beginning of 1878. The stations in England had 464 members and 2,161 attendants; the station at Copenhagen, 99 members and 325 attendants; and that at Paris, 27 members and 250 attendants; making an aggregate of 590 members and 2,740 attendants. The Rev. G. N. Shishmanian, an Armenian, had been appointed a missionary to Constantinople, where there were already two members. A missionary had been dispatched to Acapulco, Mexico, where he had immersed seven members, but had since been obliged to give up his enterprise. The Society adopted a report recommending that new missions should be entered upon at the first possible moment, and mentioning Japan, Africa, and China, among the heathen, and Italy and France (outside of Paris or new quarters in Paris), among civilized nations, as the most suitable fields. The Christian Woman's Board of Missions met at Bloomington, Ill., October 14th. The total receipts of the Treasurer for the year had had been $4,283, and the expenditures $2,130. The Society had an endowment fund of $1,020, of which $1,000 were lent at interest. A report was made from a mission in Jamaica, where a branch society had been organized, and an appropriation was made for the salary of a teacher in the French mission. DIX, JOHN ADAMS, an eminent public officer, born at Boscawen, New Hampshire, July 24, 1798, died in New York, April 21, 1879. His father, Timothy Dix, was once Lieutenant-Governor of New Hampshire. The son early went to a school in Montreal, where he had the opportunity of learning the rudiments of the French language, which became of much service to him when he was Minister to France in 1867. In 1812 he was made a cadet in the else he ever said, and meant much for the Union cause. The sentence was the last one of a brief telegram to Treasury Agent W. Hemphill Jones of Delaware, then at New Orleans. It was sent January 29, 1861. In the same year President Lincoln made him a major-general in the army. His commands during the war comprised in succession the departments of Maryland, of Virginia and North Carolina, and of New York. It was while holding the latter command, on May 16, 1864, that he received orders from Washington to place a strong military guard in the newspaper-offices of the New York "Journal of Coinmerce " and "World," and issued warrants for the arrest of the editors and their imprisonment in Fort Lafayette. At the same time a vessel was lying under steam at one of the wharves to convey them there. The suppression of the papers continued for two days, when the offices were restored to the proprietors. Governor Horatio Seymour caused the arrest of General Díx and his officers, but an order came from Washington directing the General "not to relieve himself of his command or be deprived of his liberty for obeying any order of a military nature while the civil war lasts." (See "Annual Cyclopædia," 1864, page 391.) In 1866 General Dix was President of the Philadelphia Union Convention. In the same year he was appointed Minister to France by President Johnson; in 1869 he resigned that position. In 1872 he received the Repub. lican nomination for Governor of New York, and was elected. On the expiration of his term he was renominated, and defeated by Samuel J. Tilden. He afterward made public addresses in political campaigns, but held no other political office. For a short time he acted as President of the Board of Directors of the Erie Railway. In every sphere of life to which he was called he acquitted himself well. He had many qualities which insure success in public positions. He was careful of details and fond of them. He was punctual, diligent, orderly, and deliberate. This made him a good executive official. Moreover, he had learned the duties of command in the school of obedience, and his career was an ascensive instruction. As a soldier, he was identified with no battles of the civil war. He tempered martial law in loyal or unmenaced posts, and he yielded less to the spirit of arbitrary arrest than others. An officeholder by profession, he was an honest one, as well as a citizen of many virtues, fair talents, and marked and varied cultivation. Industrious, courteous, abstemious, and honorable in his inclinations, his career will be at least as notable for duration as for service, and his service will be more notable for quantity than for any extraordinary results. He was a man of culture and fine literary tastes, and his writings were always models of good English. His works of travel were widely read, and he was the author of a very useful volume on "The Resources of the City of New York." His miscellaneous speeches and addresses have been collected into two handsome volumes of interesting reading. He remained a scholar throughout his busy life. In manners he was ever the calm and courteous gentleman to all coming into his presence. In person he was erect and soldierlike, with a native dignity of bearing. DIXON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH, a British author, born in Yorkshire, June 30, 1821, died December 27, 1879. He had no academic training, but was very observing and fond of reading, and when still quite young made his literary début by privately printing a five-act tragedy, which has remained unknown to the public. He was an early contributor of verse to Douglas Jerrold's "Illuminated Magazine," and about 1844 became literary editor of a paper at Cheltenham. In 1846 he settled in London as a law student at the Inner Temple, and began contributing to the "Daily News a series of articles on the "Literature of the Common People" and on "London Prisons," which were well received. His first published book, "John Howard, a Memoir," appeared in 1849. In 1850 he was appointed a deputy commissioner for the organization of the World's Fair of 1851. In 1851 he published a "Life of William Penn," in which he defended the celebrated Quaker from the attacks of Macaulay in his "History of England." In 1852 he made a tour of the Continent, and the following year became chief editor of the "Athenæum," which post he held until 1869. His treatment of American subjects and American authors in this journal, as well as in his books on America, was considered in the United States unjust and incorrect, although he made many friends in his visits to this country. In 1864 he made a long tour in the East, which resulted in a work on "The Holy Land " (2 vols., 1865). He spent a few months in 1866 in travel in the United States, paying especial attention to Mormonism and spiritualism. As a result he published his two best known works, "New America" (1867) and "Spiritual Wives" (1868). The former waS translated into most of the languages of Europe. In 1869 he made a tour of Russia, the narrative of which he entitled "Free Russia" (2 vols., 1870). His largest work was entitled "Her Majesty's Tower (4 vols., 1869–71), which was supplement 1 in 1878 by a similar work on "Royal Windsor." He made many other trips to the Continent, and revisited America in 1874-75. This visit produced his "White Conquest" (2 vols., 1876), which contained some useful information about the condition of the negroes, the Indians, and the Chinese in America, and which was generally regarded as his best book on America. 1878 he visited Cyprus, and wrote a book on that island. Other of his writings are: “The Lives of the Archbishops of York" (1863); "The Switzers (1872); "The History of Two Queens-Catharine of Aragon and Änne In |