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distinguished) were distributed in 14 arrondissements bordering on the sea, and one (the Isles of Aland) surrounded by it. Of these 15 the last named is said to have contained more than 90 per cent. of Swedes. Its population was comparatively thick, marriages high, births and deaths and growth of population medium, illegitimate births 5 to 8 in every hundred, but crimes at the lowest rate, perhaps from a possible difficulty in escaping detection and apprehension. In the other 14 mixed arrondissements Swedes were found in varying proportions from 2 to 90 per cent. of the population. Helsingfors and Abo, the two largest places in the country, with populations exceeding (in 1865) 25,000 and 18,000 respectively, are situated in two of these arrondissements, and in them crimes, marriages, and illegitimate births attained their highest proportions; this is only what might be expected, but the average of crime is probably unduly swelled, as the births, deaths, and marriages appear to have depended mainly on lists compiled by the clergy, whose attention is evaded by many inhabitants of the towns, while the records of crime must have been obtained from other and more all-embracing sources.

Finally we have 33 arrondissements which are said to have been practically all Finnish, and here I may say M. Ignatius points out that these people call themselves Suomalaiset,' and do not appear to have got into Finland from their habitations on the middle Wolga till the eighth century of our era-600 years after Tacitus introduced the name Fenni; they are generally classed as "Turanians," but I have no statistics as to their physical characteristics. In these 33 arrondissements the density of the population varied from less than 1 to 11.20 inhabitants in the square kilomètre, and its rate of growth, marriage, death, fecundity, crime, and illegitimacy were no less various.

In a country so large the conditions of life must be very varied, and it is no doubt greatly owing to this that, although I have diligently scrutinised these statistics, I have not been able to deduce any general conclusions from them, except that the illegitimate birth rate of the Lapps and Russians is said to have been from 3 to 5 per cent. only, and that of the almost entirely Swedish population of the Isles of Äland from 5 to 8 per cent., while that of the Swedish and Finnish arrondissements varied from below 3 to over 10 per cent., the latter figure being attained not only in Helsingfors and Abo, which gave 21 and 14 per cent. respectively, but in rural arrondissements, where the Finns perhaps contribute the highest number, although, on the other hand, in the arrondissement containing Wiborg, the third largest place in the country (population over 8,000), and considered as purely Finnish, the rate was only from 3 to 5 per cent., and its purity is commented on by

1 Mr. Howorth says that this means Marshmen." (See "Westerly Driftings, &c., Part 9, Fins."-Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. ii, p. 205.)

2 Mr. Howorth quotes Mr. De Capel Brooke as describing the Finns as tall and fair.

M. Ignatius. The percentage of illegitimate births varied then in 1861-5 from under 3 to over 21 per cent. in different localities, but the general average of the whole of Finland was nearly 7 out of every hundred. In England the rate of illegitimacy has declined from 7 per cent. in 1845 to between 6 and 61 in 1863-5, and 5.2 in 1873, varying in the latter year from 4 per cent. in London, Surrey, and Middlesex, to 11 per cent. in Cumberland. In Scotland the rate is higher than in England, and in Wurtemburg and Bavaria higher still.

The general birth rate in Finland in 1861-5 was 3.73 per cent. of the inhabitants, while that of England varied in 1868 from 3.19 in Devon to 4.29 in Durham, so that there was no great difference between the two countries in that respect.

The best kept registers of deaths in Finland seem to have been those of some Lutheran congregations, but they disclose a very inferior duration of life to that prevailing in this country as given by our colleague, Mr. Cornelius Walford, in his excellent "Insurance Guide and Handbook." Thus out of every hundred persons born in 1860, 1861, 1862

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The Finnish statistics do not divide the deaths into periods after 50, a fact which speaks for itself.

From 1865 to 1869 great hardships were endured by the people of Finland, and the birth rate decreased, while the death rate, which in 1860, 1861, and 1862 was, as I have shown, very high, increased to one in every thirteen people, and more than three deaths for every birth; but the years 1860, 1861, and 1862 may, I think, be taken as not showing any unusual mortality.

In conclusion, I may perhaps be allowed to point out that the fact that these statistics are about twenty years old makes them more valuable, as we all know that populations everywhere become more mixed and lose their distinguishing characteristics more and more quickly every year.

DR. FINSCH'S COLLECTION of CASTS.

DR. OTTO FINSCH has prepared a large collection of plaster casts, taken from living individuals, illustrating the physiognomy of the various peoples whom he studied during his travels in the South Sea Islands between 1879 and 1882. These casts may be obtained on terms to be had on application to Dr. Finsch, in Bremen.

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INDEX.

A.

Address by the President, 488. Africa, South, notes on stone implements from, 162-see Stone Implements.

Africa, Western, on the races of the Congo and the Portuguese colonies in, 461; Bushmans, 462; Hottentots, 463; domestic animals, 466, 475; religion, 468, 475; the Wa-buma, 469; villages, 471; superstitions, 472; phallic worship, 473; languages, 477.

America, South, on the aboriginal

races of the north-western provinces of, 240; Indians of the north-west of Antioquia-their tumuli, 241; Indians of the valley of the Atrato, 243; Indians of the north of Antioquia-the valley of Aburrá, 245; cremation-graves, 246; stone implements, 247; pottery, 248; the State of Cauca-the valley of the San Juan, 249; mountains to the east of Novita, 250; treatment of disease-poisons, 251; ornaments, 252; vocabulary, 254. Annual General Meeting, 480. Anthropological Miscellanea :-the Varini, Varangians, 119, 238; stone implements from India, 119; statistics relating to the population of Finland, 502; Dr. Finsch's collection of casts, 504. Arango, Dr. Andres P., 253.

Dr. Manuel U., 253.
Leocadio M., 253.

Australian Beliefs, 185; tribes observed, 185; the physical universe -the human individual, 186; ghostland, 191; the Supreme Spirit, 192; wizards and ghost-land, 195; significance of the beliefs, 198. Australian Ceremonies of Initiation,

432; tribes referred to, 433; assemblage for initiation, 435; the ceremonies of initiation, 440; the

procession, 444; the magic camp, 445; the ceremonial performancesthe pantomimic representations, 449; object of the ceremonies, 457. Australian Tribes, 276; the tribal territories, 276; Mycoolon, 276; Myappe-Mythuggadi-Mygoodano

Yerrunthully Kalkadoona Koogobatha, 277; Goonine-Kombinegherry, 278; physical and social characteristics, 279; cannibalism, 282; hunting game, 283; food and cooking, 284; personal marks, 285; weapons, 286; manufactures and ornaments, 287; drawings and marks, 288; amusements, 289; beliefs and superstitions, 290; myths and knowledge of the stars, 293; Bora ceremonies, 294; rainmaking-burials and mourning, 297; healing craft-class systems, 299; languages, 307; plant knowledge-plants used for food purposes, 310; plants used for medicine, or for stupefying fish, and for manufacture of weapons and cordage, 321; plants used principally for manufactures, 323; Appendix I. Vocabulary, 326; Appendix II. remarks on the class systems, 335. Ayres, T., 163.

B.

Barron, Dr. G. B., 273.
Beddoe, Dr. J., 86.

Berdoe, E., 275, 276, 347, 356. Blackheath, Surrey, on the discovery of some worked flints, cores, and flakes at, 137.

Bleak, Dr. W. H. T., 47.
Bloxam, G. W., 265, 498.
Bonney, F., on some customs of the
Aborigines of the river Darling,
122-see Darling.

137.

Botocudos, on the, 199; name

habitat, 199; lip-ornament, 200;

type-affinities, 203; cultureweapons-nose-flute, 204; sexual

relations, 206;

dwellings-can

nibalism-burials, 207; language, 209; craniometry, 210. Bowditch, Prof., 60. Bowker, Colonel H., 167. Bowman, W., 143.

Brittany, notes on stone circles in, 143-see Stone Circles.

Broca, Dr. P., 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 75, 81, 387, 391, 401.

Brock, E. P. L., 107.

Brooke, Jocelyn, 305, 336, 343.
Browne, Jukes, 120.

Brown, R., 351.

Buckland, Miss A. W., 173.

Busk, Prof. G., 76.

C.

Cameron, A. L. P., 338, 433.
Carey-Hobson, Mrs., 172.
Carmichael, C. H. E., 4, 31.
Carr, Lucien, 461.

Ceremonies of Initiation, Australian, 432-see Australian.

Chester, Rev. Greville, 108. Civilisation, Old Scandinavian, among the Modern Esquimaux, 348; the Skrällings, 348; Danish missionaries, 349; costume of the Greenlanders, 350; lamps, 352; "nith-songs,' 353; games, 354. Clarke, A., 376.

Bruce, 7.

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Hyde, 108, 119, 174, 182, 198, 257.

Classification of Languages in conformity with Ethnology, 32; monosyllabism original to all languages, 34; manner of naming is twofold, 36; concrete and abstract dialects contrasted, 39; divisions of concrete languages, 42; determination of the concrete character of a language, 44; scheme of system, 48; summary, 49.

Clouston, Dr. C., 56.
Cockburn, J., 119, 120.

Colquhoun, A. R., on the Aboriginal and other tribes of Yunnan and the Shan Country, 3.

Congo, on the races of the, 461-see Africa.

Cranz, David, 350, 351, 352, 354, 355.
Cuer, Edouard, 268.

Cunningham, Dr. D. J., 273.
Curtis, Colonel, 168.

Dall, W. H., 353. Dana, 204.

D.

Darling, River, on some customs of the Aborigines, 122; population of the territory, 123; physical and moral characteristics, 124; life historyinfanticide, 125; names of children -initiation ceremonies, 127; tribal classes, 128; marriage-greetings, 129; charms, 130; treatment of sickness, 131; "Tarree," 132; burial, 133; mourning, 135; graves, 136., Darwin, G. H., 362.

Davis, Dr. Barnard, purchase of photographs, &c., from the library of the late, 2.

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Egede, Hans, 349, 350, 351, 353, 354, 355.

Egyptians, the ancient, on the mechanical methods of, 88; stone-cutting, 89 use of jewels, 91; forms of tools, 92; tapering of cores and holes, 95; use of plaster-of red-ochre, 99; system of laying the stones in pyramid building, 100; quarrying, 101; moving large stones-raising the blocks, 102; organisation-postscript, 103.

Eirek, 348.

Emin Bey, Dr., 276.

Esquimaux, Old Scandinavian Civilisation among the Modern, 348-see Civilisation.

Ethnology of Germany, Part VI, Section 2, 213.

Evans, Dr. J., 8, 31, 106, 142, 357 360, 368, 371, 372, 374, 380, 381, 382. Norman, 357, 360. Evershed, F., 142. Exhibitions::

photographs of the West Indies and British Guiana, 2; photographs of cases of hypertrichosis, 6; photographs of i habi tants of Britain of Jutish type, 86;

ethnological objects from Oransay and Colonsay, 122; ethnological objects from Bolivia, 162; stone implements from North-West India, 184; Botocudo Indians and their manufactures, 198; objects from ancient grave-mounds in Peru, 273; lamps from the Orkney Islands, 275; deformed skull of a Chimpanzee, 276; photographs of North-American Indians, 431.

F.

Feilden, Major H. W., notes on stone implements from South Africa, 162 -see Stone Implements. Fison, Rev. L., 439. Flaxman, 269.

Flower, Prof., President' Address, 488.

7, 30, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 71, 72, 73, 78, 80, 81, 86, 108, 118, 136, 200, 268, 269, 276, 347, 356, 389, 391, 394, 402, 431, 479.

Flower, W. H., 336, 344.
Foot, Human, on the relative length of

the first three toes, 258-see Toes. Forbes, H. O., on some of the tribes of the Island of Timor, 402-see Timor; on the Ethnology of Timor-laut, 8 -see Timor-laut.

273, 347, 386, 389, 391, 392, 393, 402, 479.

França, Major da, 402.

Franks, Mr., 213.

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Gooch, W. D., 163, 166, 169, 172.
Goodchild, J. G., 86, 394.
Goode, G. B., 353.
Gratiolet, 389.

Greenhill, J. E., 142. Greenwell, Canon, 86, 147. Griffith, A. F., 163, 169. Group-Marriage, the nature and origin of, 151; earliest form of the class division, 151; social condition of the community, 152; principles that underlie the system custom among the Polynesians, 153; development of the Australian system, 154; operation of the laws of marriage and descent, 156; Diĕri legend, 158; expiation for marriage, 159; Hawaiian license on the death of a chief, 160.

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