Julian Pe- things are hidden from him; for this thing was not done Cesarea. riod, 4773. in a corner. Vulgar Æra, 60. 27 King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets ? I know that thou believest. 28 Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. 29 And Paul said, I would to God, that not only thou, but also all that hear me this day, were both almost and altogether such as I am, except these bonds. 30 And when he had thus spoken, the king rose up, and the governor, and Bernice, and they that sat with them. 31 And when they were gone aside they talked between themselves, saying, This man doth nothing worthy of death or of bonds. 32 Then said Agrippa unto Festus, This man might have been set at liberty, if he had not appealed unto Cesar. SECTION XXXVI. St. Paul being surrendered as a Prisoner to the Centurion, ACTS xxvii. 1. 1 And when it was determined that we should sail into Italy, they delivered Paul and certain other prisoners unto one named Julius, a centurion of Augustus' band". 41 St. Luke here relates that, " when St. Paul was sent from Cesarea to Rome, he was with the other prisoners committed to the care of Julius, an officer of the Augustan cohort, that is, a Roman cohort, which had the honour of bearing the name of the emperor. Now it appears from the account, which Josephus has given in his second book on the Jewish war (a), that when Felix was Procurator of Judea, the Roman garrison at Cesarea was chiefly composed of soldiers who were natives of Syria. But it also appears, as well from the same books (b), as from the twentieth book of his Antiquities (c), that a small body of Roman soldiers was stationed there at the same time, and that this body of Roman soldiers was dignified with the title of ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ, or Augustan, the same Greek word being employed by Josephus, as by the author of the Acts of the Apostles. This select body of Roman soldiers had been employed by Cumanus, who immediately preceded Felix in the Procuratorship of Judea, for the purpose of quelling an insurrection. And when Festus, who succeeded Felix, had occasion to send prisoners from Cesarea to Rome, he would of course intrust them to the care of an officer belonging to this select corps. Even here then we have a coincidence, which is worthy of notice-a coincidence which we should never have discovered, without consulting the writings of Josephus. But, that which is most worthy of notice is the circumstance, that this select body of soldiers bore the title of Augustan. This title was known of course to St. Luke, who accompanied St. Paul from Cesarea to Rome. But that, in the ime of the Emperor Nero, the garrison of Cesarea, which conisted chiefly of Syrian soldiers, contained also a small body of Julian Pe riod, 4773. Vulgar Æra, 60. CHAPTER XIV. The fourth Journey of St. Paul. SECTION I. St. Paul commences his Voyage to Rome, as a Prisoner. ACTS xxvii. 2. 2 And entering into a ship of Adramyttium, we launched, meaning to sail by the coasts of Asia; one Aristarchus', a Macedonian of Thessalonica, being with us. SECTION II. The Ship arrives at Sidon, from whence it proceeds to Cyprus. ACTS xxvii. 3, 4. 3 And the next day we touched at Sidon. And Julius courteously entreated Paul, and gave him liberty to go unto his friends to refresh himself. 4 And when we had launched from thence, we sailed under Cyprus, because the winds were contrary. SECTION III. After changing their Ship at Tyre, they proceed to Cnidus, ACTS xxvii. 5-8. 5 And when we had sailed over the sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia, we came to Myra, a city of Lycia. 6 And there the centurion found a ship of Alexandria, sailing into Italy; and he put us therein. 7 And when we had sailed slowly many days, and scarce were come over against Cnidus, the wind not suffering us, we sailed unto Crete, over against Salmone; 8 And, hardly passing it, came unto a place which is Roman soldiers, and that they were dignified by the epithet (a) Bell. Jud. lib. ii. cap. 13. sect. 7. (b) Antiq. Jud. lib. xx. cap. 6. Aristarchus is mentioned, Col. iv. 10. as St. Paul's fellow prisoner; and in Philem. ver. 24. as his fellow-labourer. No records remain to enable us to elucidate his history. 2 For a very curious and interesting account of the ships of Alexandria, and the trade in corn between that place and Puteoli, see Bryant's treatise on the Euroclydon, Analysis of Mythology, vol. v. p. 343.349; and Hasæus treatise in the Critici Sacri de navibus Alexandrinis, vol. xiii. p. 717, &c. Cesarea. Cesarea. Julian Period, 4773. SECTION IV. Vulgar Era, St. Paul warns the Master of the Ship of the Danger they 60. were in-They attempt to reach Phenice in Crete. ACTS xxvii. 9-13. 9 Now when much time was spent, and when sailing was now dangerous, because the fast was now already past, Paul admonished them, 10 And said unto them, Sirs, I perceive that this voyage will be with hurt and much damage, not only of the lading and ship, but also of our lives. 11 Nevertheless, the centurion believed the master and the owner of the ship, more than those things which were spoken by Paul. 12 And because the haven was not commodious to winter in, the more part advised to depart thence also, if. by any means they might attain to Phenice, and there to winter; which is an haven of Crete, and lieth toward the south-west and north-west. 13 And when the south wind blew softly, supposing that they had obtained their purpose, loosing thence, they sailed close by Crete. SECTION V. The Ship is wrecked, but the Lives of all on Board are saved, as St. Paul had foretold. 3 14 But not long after there arose against it a tem 3 There is some obscurity in this expression. Commentators are divided, whether the wind arose against the island or the ship. By the words κατ ̓ αὐτῆς, Boisius and Wolfius understand πρώρας, the ship. Boltenius refers it to τὸ πλοῖον, ver. 10. and thinks that αὐτῆς is put for αὐτοῦ. Kuinoel is of opinion that the island is referred to. Schleusner on this passage (voc. βαλλῶ) interprets the words κατ ̓ αὐτῆς to mean the ship. It seems however evident, that the island is meant, from the grammatical construction, and that it refers to τὴν Κρήτην, in the preceding line. Our translation points, though rather obscurely, to the same meaning ("There arose against it"), which is rather more clearly expressed in the Rheims translation-("A tempestuous wind called Euro-Aquilo drove against it"); and the Vulgate ("Misit se contra ipsam, Cretam, scilicet, ventus typhonicus) and Castalio's version (" In eam procellosus ventus impegit") agree in the same manner. This acceptation of the signification of this passage contradicts the idea that the wind Euroclydon blew from a northerly quarter, as it must in such case have driven the vessel from the island, and not towards it, as it appears to have done. The course of the wind from the south-east would impel the ship towards the island of Crete, though not so directly but that they might weather it, as they in fact did, and got clear, though it appears that they incurred some risk of being wrecked, when running under, or to the south of the island of Clauda, or Gaudos, which lies opposite to the port of Phenice, the place Julian Period, 4773. Vulgar Æra, 60. pestuous wind, called Euroclydon1. 15 And when the ship was caught, and could not bear where they proposed to winter. See Kuinoel Comm. in Lib. Hist. • This wind is generally supposed to be that tempestuous and The learned Jacob Bryant (a) examines at great length the decision of Dr. Bentley, who endeavoured to prove that the Euroclydon was the same as Euro-Aquilo, in the Vulgate; and though it is not found in any table of the winds among either the Greek or Roman writers, nor in the temple of the winds of Andronicus Cyrrhestes, at Athens, that it corresponded to the wind Cæcias Καικίας. Mr. Bryant contends there was no such wind as Euro-Aquilo. An anonymous writer, No. 38, of the Class. Journ. has drawn up the argument in a very satisfactory manner. The Latin Vulgate translation, that of Castalio, and some others, render the word Euroclydon, by Euro-Aquilo, a word found no where else, and inconsistent in its construction with the principles on which the names of the intermediate or compound winds are framed. Euronotus is so called, as intervening between Euro and Notus, and as partaking, as was thought, of the qualities of both. The same holds true of Libonotus, as being interposed between Libs and Notus. Both these compound winds lie in the same quarter, or quadrant of the circle, with the winds of which they were composed; and no other wind intervenes. But Eurus and Aquilo are at ninety degrees distance from each other; or, according to some writers, at fifteen degrees more, or at 105 degrees; the former lying in the south-east quarter, and the latter in the north-east; and two winds, one of which is the east cardinal point, intervene, as Cæcias and Subsolanus. The Carbas of Vitruvius occupies the middle point between Eurus and Aquila, in his scheme of the winds; but this never had, nor could have, the appellation of Euro-Aquilo, as it lies in a different quarter, and the east point is interposed, which could scarcely have been overlooked in the framing of a compound appellation. The word Euroclydon is evidently composed of Eurus, or Εύρος, the south-east wind, and κλυδων, a wave, an addition highly expressive of the character and effects of this wind, but probably chiefly applied to it when it became typhonic or tempestuous. Indeed the general character under which Eurus is described, agrees perfectly with Cesarea. Julian Pe- 16 And running under a certain island which is called Cesarea. riod, 4773. Clauda, we had much work to come by the boat: Vulgar Era, 60. 17 Which when they had taken up, they used helps, undergirding the ship; and, fearing lest they should fall into the quicksands, strake sail, and so were driven. 18 And we being exceedingly tossed with a tempest, the next day they lightened the ship; 19 And the third day we cast out with our own hands the tackling of the ship. 20 And when neither sun nor stars in many days appeared, and no small tempest lay on us, all hope that we should be saved was then taken away. 21 But after long abstinence, Paul stood forth in the midst of them, and said, Sirs, ye should have hearkened unto me, and not have loosed from Crete, and to have gained this harm and loss. 22 And now I exhort you to be of good cheer: for there shall be no loss of any man's life among you, but of the ship. 23 For there stood by me this night the angel of God, whose I am, and whom I serve, 24 Saying, Fear not, Paul; thou must be brought before Cesar: and, lo, God hath given thee all them that sail with thee. 25 Wherefore, sirs, be of good cheer: for I believe 26 Howbeit, we must be cast upon a certain island. the description of the effects of the wind which caused the dis- (a) Bryant's Analysis of Mythology, vol. v. p. 330-341. Shaw's Travels, * The island on which St. Paul was shipwrecked was in Adria. Kuinoel, and the commentators who adopt the general opinion, that St. Paul was wrecked at the African Malta, interpret Adria, in a very wide sense, of the sea between Greece, Italy, and Africa, in such manner, that the Ionic, Cretic, and Sicilian seas, are comprehended under that appellation. Bryant, in his dissertation above referred to, limits the application of the word, to the waters of the gulf, still called the Adriatic. The Adriatic Sea in early ages comprehended only the upper part of the Sinus Ionicus, where was a city and a river, both called Adria, from one of which it took its name. It afterwards was advanced deeper in the gulf; but never so engrossed it as to lose its original name. It was called for many ages promiscuously, the Adriatic and Ionian Gulf. Thucydides (lib. i.), Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. lib. viii. cap. x.), and Polybius (lib. |