the Senate and People, who could not fuffer fo tempting a Prey to escape them. They were refolhave ved to hear it, on any Terms. The Inhabitants of Carthage, fo low as the Time of St. Auftin, acknow ledged, by the Report of that Father, on a partithem cular Occafion, that they still preserved fomething of this Character b. Plut. de BUT these were not the only Failings of the Carger. Rep thaginians. They had in their Humour and Genius fomething rough and favage, a haughty and impirious ous Air, a fort of Fiercenefs which in its first Sallies, deaf to Reafon and Remonftrance, threw it felf brutally into the laft Excefs and Violence. The People, cowardly and fervile under Fear, fiery and cruel in their Tranfports, at the fame Time that they trembled under the Awe of their Magiftrates, were dreaded in their Turn by their miserable Vaffals. Here is feen the Difference of Nations by the Happiness or Want of Education. The Athenians, with whom Learning flourish'd as in its Centre, were naturally jealous of their Authority, and difficult to manage; but a Fund of Generofity and Humanity, owing to Education, render'd them compaffionate to the Misfortunes of others, and indulgent to the Errors of their Leaders. Cleon one Day defired that the Affembly, in which he prefided, might break up, because he had a Sacrifice to offer, and Friends to entertain. The People laugh'd at the Propofal, and immediately separated. Such a Liberty at Car thage, fays Plutarch, would have coft a Man his Life. LIVY makes a Reflection parallel to this, with Relation to Terentius Varro. That General returning to Rome after the Battle of Canna, loft by his ill Conduct, was met by all Orders of the State out of Rome, and thank'd by them that he had not defpair'd of the Commonwealth, who, fays the Hiftorian, bad he been a General of the Carthaginians, must have expected the most extreme Punishment. Indeed a Court was purpofely eftablifh'd at Carthage, where the Generals were call'd to account for their Conduct, and made refponfible for the Events of War. Ill Succefs was punifhed there as if it had been a Crime against the State; and a General, who had loft a Battle, was almost fure at his Return, of ending his Days upon a Gallows. Such was the in- mexoral exorable, violent, cruel, barbarous Temper of the Carthaginians, always ready to fhed the Blood of one another, as well as of Strangers. The ftrange unheard of Tortures which Regulus endur'd from them, are a clear Proof of their favage Difpofition, and their History will furnish us with Inftances not to be read without Horror. PART PART the SECOND. ТНЕ. HISTORY OF THE CARTHAGINIANS. T HE whole Time which ran out from the Foundation of Carthage, to the Period of its Ruin, was feven hundred forty-two Years, and may be divided into two Parts. The firft, but by auch the longest and leaft known, as is ordinary with the Beginning of all States, extends to the first Punick War, and includes a Space of fix hundred feventeen Years. The fecond, which ends with the Destruction of Carthage, contains only one hundred twenty-five Years. CHA P. I. The Foundation of CARTHAGE, and its Growth till the Time of the first Punic War. C ARTHAGE in Africk was a Colony of Tyrus the most renown'd City for Commerce then in the World. Long before, Tyrus had tranfplanted another Colony into that Country which built Utica y celebrated by the Death of the fecond Cato, who for this Reafon was call'd commonly Cato Uticenfis. AUTHORS are in great Difagreement, relating to the Epocha of the Foundation of Carthage. It is difficult, and not very material, to reconcile them; at least in Profecution of the Plan propos'd by me, it is fufficient to come near the Truth with the Lofs of a few Years. IT is certain, that Carthage was deftroy'd under Solin: the Confulate of Cn. Lentulus, and L. Mammius,c. 30: the 607th Year of Rome, 3858th of the World, and 146 before Jefus Chrift. The Foundation of it therefore may be plac'd in the Year of the World 3121, when Athaliah was King of Judah, 135 Years before the Building of Rome, and 883 before Christ. By this Calculation, the Continuance of Carthage, from its Foundation, will be Years. 742 THE Foundation of Carthage is afcrib'd to Elissa Juftini. a Tyrian Princefs, better known by the Name of. 18. c. 4, 5, 6. Dido. Ithobal, King of Tyrus, and Father of the App. de famous Jezabel, call'd in Scripture Ethbaal, was her BelloPun. great Grandfather. She marry'd her near Relation Strab.1.17. Acerbas, call'd otherwife Sicharbas and Sichus, aPaterc. 1.1. Prince extreamly rich; her Brother was Pygmalion King of Tyrus. This Prince having put Sichaus Utica & Carthago ambæ inclytæ, ambæ a Phoenicibus condita Illa fato Catonis infignis, hæc fuo. Pompon. Mel. c. 67. Utica and Carthage both famous, both built by Phenicians, the firft renown'd in Cato's Fate, the fecond in her own. 2 Our Country man Howel endeavours to reconcile the three different Accounts of the Foundation of Carthage in the following Manner. He fays that the Town confifted of three Parts, Cothon or the Port and Buildings adjoyn ing to it, which he supposes to Cothon, to agree withAppian, L to to Death, for an Opportunity to feize his immense Treafures, found his cruel Avarice defeated by his Sifter Dido, who fecretly withdrew with her dead Husband's Effects. After many Wanderings, fhe at Jaft landed upon the Coafts of the Mediterranean, in the Gulph of Utica and Country of Africk, properly fo call'd, almost fifteen Miles from Tunis, fo well known at prefent by its Corfairs, and there fhe fettled her felf and her few Followers upon fome Land purchas'd of the Inhabitants of the Country MANY of the neighbouring Inhabitants, invited by the Prospect of Gain, repair'd thither to fell to thofe Strangers the Neceffaries of Life, and fhortly after incorporated themselves with them. From Inhabitants thus collected from different Places, a numerous Multitude foon arofe. Those of Utica regarding them as their Country-men, and as defcended from the fame common Stock, deputed Envoys with Prefents, and Encouragements to erect a City in the Place where they had first feated themselves. The Natives of the Place, from Sentiments of Efteem and Refpect commonly fhewn to Strangers, made them the like Offers. Things thus concurring with the Views of Dido, fhe built her City, which was charged with an annual Tribute payable to the Africans for the Ground it ftood upon, and call'd Carthadat, Carthage, by a Name, which, in the refembling Tongues of the Phenicians and Hebrews, * 120 Stadia. Strab. 1. 14. p. 687. a Some fay that Dido put a Trick upon the Natives, by dejiring to purchase of 'em, for her intend ed Building, only fo much Land as an Ox's Hide wou'd compass. The Requeft was thought too moderate to be deny'd. She cut the Hide into the fmalleft Thongs, and with them encompass'd a large 3 Tract of Ground on which be built a Citadel, from the Hide call'd Byrfa. But this Tale of the Thongs is generally exploded by the Learned, who obferve that the Hebrew Word Bofra, which fignifies a Fortification, gave Birth to the Greek Word Byrfa, which is the Name of the Citadel at Carthage. † Kartha Hadatt or Hadtha. fignifies |