for the hardships of the army, and rose to high rank in its service; and lastly, Surgeon Solomon Drowne, M.D., the associate of Ward, Warren, Arnold, Binney, Morgan, Varnum, Franklin, and others, who not only rendered important services in New York, Rhode Island, and other States during the revolution, but also delivered many patriotic addresses, and later became distinguished as professor of botany and materia medica in Brown University.

[Dr. Barnabas Binney, of Philadelphia, grandfather of the President of the Pennsylvania Historical Society-Jonathan Arnold, the ancestor of George William Curtis, and of Judge Noah Davis-Hon. James M. Varnum, of Rhode Island, first Judge of the Northwest Territory at Marietta, Ohio-Dr. John Morgan, director-general of the New York hospitals in 1776-Dr. Joseph Warren, of Bunker Hill fame-and Dr. Benjamin Franklin- -are the gentlemen referred to in the text.-EDITOR.]

Another name, assigned to no state, but appropriated by the nation, illumines the rolls of the society-the name of one who, having devoted himself in the darkest hours of Liberty to her cause in one hemisphere, shed the lustre of his name on her cause in another-the name of Lafayette.

Associated with him, as members of the society, are the following officers of the French army and navy, the timely and generous alliance of whose king, Louis XVI., contributed essentially to the triumph of the American arms, their Excellencies the Count de Rochambeau, the Count de Grasse, and the Count D'Estaing.

John Cochrane

A BALTIMORE PENNY

In June, 1880, a remarkable coin was unearthed in a trench opened in the principal street of the village of Waterville, in Maine. It was found about three feet below the surface of the roadway. The coin is now in the possession of Mr. A. A. Plaisted, of Waterville. It is described in none of the ordinary books on coins; it bears no date; but there is reason to believe that this piece of copper is a specimen of the earliest coinage for any English colony in America. The workmanship is excellent; the impression was made by machinery and not by the hammer; it must have been made, then, after Antoine Brucher invented his mill in 1553. The weight of the coin is 292 grains. This is the weight of the English

ling, originally a pound of silver, was then less than a third of a pound troy. The silver farthings had disappeared, and the halfpennies were so small that Pinkerton says " a dozen of them might be in a man's pocket, and yet not be discovered without a good magnifying glass." It was no longer possible to avoid using the inferior metal, and yet it had been employed so often to falsify and debase the coin of the realm, that Queen Elizabeth dared not offer it to the people unmixed with silver, and King James hesitated long. The tradesmen had no such qualms of conscience, and their copper tokens increased and multiplied until at last, in 1613. King James decided to issue his royal farthing tokens, not as money, but as pledges to be redeemed in silver if desired. Upon these copper farthings was stamped a harp, with the purpose, it is believed, of sending them to Ireland if the English people refused them. * But the English people

* Pinkerton's Essay on Medals, 2d ed., vol. ii., p. 82.

found them useful and convenient, and the new coins slowly passed into circulation. In 1635 King Charles ventured to substitute the English rose for the harp on the copper farthings.

It may be inferred, then, that the copper penny with a harp for its chief device was probably coined during the period between 1613 and 1635, when the harp appeared upon the only copper coins as yet authorized by the British crown. The English penny was still coined in silver. Its copper counterpart was not for the home market.

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The cross is also an English emblem. The coins struck by Cromwell in 1649 displayed the cross of St. George and the Irish harp on two shields, joined at the upper corners to symbolize the union of Great Britain and Ireland. The two shields thus joined together bore a fantastic likeness to a pair of breeches, and the coinage of the Commonwealth was commonly known as Breeches money; "a fit name," said Lord Lucas, "for the coins of the Rump." The cross and harp on the Waterville penny have evidently the same significance as the cross and harp on the Breeches coins. It is to be noted, too, that in both cases the cross, being inscribed in a shield, departs from the true form of the cross of St. George, the shape of the shield requiring a prolongation of the vertical shaft, though there is no doubt whatever that Cromwell's emblem was intended for the cross of Protestant England and not for the Roman cross which it resembles.

SIXPENCE OF THE COMMONWEALTH.

From Humphreys's Coin Collector's

Manual.

The legend Pro Patria et Avalonia, "for Fatherland and Avalon," corresponds perfectly to the indications already noticed; for Avalon is the name of the Newfoundland province granted by King James in 1623 to Sir George Calvert, afterward Lord Baltimore. If Calvert had coined a penny for his province at any time within the next dozen years, he would have adopted as its principal device the harp which then figured upon the king's copper tokens; he would have placed the English cross upon the reverse, as Cromwell did upon the coins of the Commonwealth twenty years later; he would have marked the penny, Pro Patria et Avalonia.

Sir George had undoubtedly the right to issue coin for his province, for the grant bestowed upon him viceregal powers. He was made lord palatine of Avalon, as Sir William Alexander two years before had been made lord palatine of Nova Scotia, as the second Lord Baltimore became. lord palatine of Maryland in 1632, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges became lord palatine of Maine in 1639. The rulers of these remote provinces were in

vested with absolute civil and ecclesiastical authority within their several domains. They were empowered to grant titles, establish courts, found churches and appoint clergymen as well as civil and military officers. It was provided that their laws should not be repugnant to those of England, and that God's true and holy religion, meaning the religion of the church of England, should suffer no prejudice. But their acts required no royal sanction; their doings were not even to be reported to the king; nor was any royal tax or duty to be levied upon their people. In England at that time there was but one county palatine remaining-the northern county granted six hundred years before to the bishop and lord palatine of Durham, whose successors still held both titles. The scheme of government for the American provinces was modeled upon the medieval plan of the Durham palatinate. The mitre, crosier and pastoral staff on the Avalon penny may likewise have been borrowed from the coat of arms of the bishop of Durham to serve as insignia of the ecclesiastical authority of the lord of Avalon.

GEORGE CALVERT.

First Lord Baltimore.

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It is no mere inference that powers so extensive carried with them the right to coin money. Sir William Alexander was expressly authorized to coin copper, and it is well known that the second Lord Baltimore, under a charter copied from the Avalon patent, issued silver and copper coins in 1659 for his colony in Maryland. The shilling and sixpence of this issue are now rare, and the groat and penny are extremely rare, if not unique. The shilling bears on the face a portrait of Lord Baltimore with his title, Cæcilius, Dominus Terræ Mariæ, &ct., and on the reverse the arms of the palatinate with the motto Crescite et multipliThe arms which camini. appear on this coin are now quartered on the shield of the State of Maryland with the cross found on the Avalon penny.

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BALTIMORE SHILLING.
From Mathews's Coinages of the World.

The word Orpheus, under the harp on the Avalon copper, plainly signifies the introduction of order and the arts of civilization in a savage land. The place Spina Sanctus, "sanctified by the thorn," was Avalon, and the thorn