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were advancing through the pass, the garrison had issued out, eighteen hundred against six thousand, and utterly routed the besiegers, burning their camp, and taking their cannon. Here Lawrence again met Havelock and attended some of his religious services. Even at this point Lord Ellenborough would have withdrawn. The responsibility of the rest was left with Pollock and Nott. Nobly they accepted it. One from the east, one from the south, both met at Cabul, burnt to the ground the grand bazaar where Britain had been defied in her ambassador, recovered all the prisoners, carried off the enemy's guns, and marched back to India with hardly a shot fired at them.

What had Lawrence done? He led a body of Sikhs right on to Cabul. Through him and others the pass was safely left in Sikh and Afghan hands,-our communications in the hands of doubtful friends, a measure against all the rules of war; but the smallness of our force left no alternative. By working day and night he kept up the supplies of food and carriage, without which the army. could not have moved. On the morning of the advance he was ill, "deadly sick and vomiting." Pollock never expected to see him again alive; yet by sheer strength of will he overcame the pain, and went with the force. In order to supply the troops with water"he purchased or made up hundreds of earthen jars and brass vessels, to be slung in panniers on camels, and skins to be carried on bullocks or by hand; and the result showed his foresight." Writing on the 7th, during the advance, he says, "I got twenty-one of the British wounded into Peshawur, which was good. I came out here twice yesterday." But here is a note by Edwardes: "He does not tell his wife what happened the second time. Here it is in a memorandum to Pollock: At four P.M. that day I again rode up from Jumrood to Ali Musjid ; but the enemy had now recovered their panic and waylaid me, killing two of the horses of my small escort.' The object of thus exposing himself so often in the pass was simply to be generally useful, and contribute to the success of a great operation by a hundred thoughtful acts which everybody else was too busy to attend to." Thus, finding the narrow parts blocked by stores and grain, he goes up to General Pollock to request him to send assistance. Clerk writes to him, "All along this frontier praises are loud of your exertions, alacrity, and spirit. The whole of this I know and reckoned on, and hence I sent you, as Govern ment knew. But it is gratifying to me to observe that you are everywhere thought of in the way which I well know is so much. deserved." On this Lawrence comments, "Very fine, is it not? It is wonderful what soft snobs we are, and how we like butter better than bread." "For his service in getting the Sikhs to

advance, and thus showing the Afghans that the Lahore court was with us, Mr. Clerk addressed to him a special letter of thanks, praising his persevering exertions, patience, and care.'" Nothing pleased Lawrence more than to live to be commended for "patience." We have forgotten one characteristic fact of this period. When George Lawrence came to Jellalabad with offers of negotiation from Akbar, and had to return into captivity, Henry was eager to take his place. Of course George would not consent. Henry's noble wife approved: "George is as much to Charlotte as you are to me. He has five children, and you have but one. ...... You have more than my acquiescence in changing places with George."

Again there was a pause, much needed, in Henry Lawrence's life. After some delay he was rewarded by Lord Ellenborough with one of the best posts in the gift of Government, the British Residency in Nepaul, a small native State right in the bosom of the Himalayas. Here for two years his business was to do nothing and observe everything. But though idle officially, he was never more busy in private; reading hard, and writing many Indian articles for the "Calcutta Review" which raised him to the first place as an Indian statesman. Mrs. Lawrence was a true helpmate to her husband in all these matters. They were their own society. She polished his writings, and journalized herself on all sorts of subjects from Himalayan sunsets to nursery incidents. At this time she had a serious illness, which took her home to England.

It was also during this highland retreat that Lawrence worked out a scheme which will perhaps do as much good as any measure of his life. He had long been struck with the neglected condition of the children of English soldiers in India, and formed the idea of schools in cool hill-stations, where they might be educated and trained for useful situations. In spite of official and private discouragement he succeeded in interesting others in the scheme, and the result is seen in the Lawrence Asylums at Sanawur and Murree for North India, Aboo for Bombay, and Ootacamund in the South. The "religious difficulty" of course cropped up. Roman Catholic priests and bishops, not parents, opposed. The biography is not clear as to the way in which the difficulty was met. In one place we read that the Bible was to be read, not commented on. (Vol. ii., p. 28.) In another, Lawrence speaks of the Scriptures being "daily read, daily taught, daily enforced." (P. 268.) Ministers of all Churches are admitted at certain times; but all proselytism is absolutely forbidden. Orphans are supported free; for others there is a moderate charge. Yet it is found that the private soldiers, whom Lawrence had most in view, avail themselves of the advantages

VOL. XIX.-FIFTH SERIES.

I

less than the class of non-commissioned officers. Henry Lawrence's own support in money and labour was unstinted.

Now came the call to the great field for his powers, for which his wide reading, life among the people, and former experience of the Sikhs were a providential training. The long-feared invasion of India by the Sikhs had taken place. It could only have one result. A man would be wanted to preside over the coming changes, and it is not too much to say that all India turned with Lord Hardinge to Henry Lawrence. The hurried summons came through his old friend Currie, then secretary to the Governorgeneral, January 6th, 1846. He set off the day after receiving it. He had now realized his ambition, to stand in the place of his old chief G. Clerk. His title was, Political Agent at Lahore and for the North-west. After the final British victory at Sobraon the question presented itself, what was to be done to bind the Sikhs over to keep the peace in the future? Some even then called for annexation; but this would have been premature. The Sikhs were defeated, but not subdued. They were not yet fully convinced of their inability to conquer the English; and any attempt at subjugating the country would have provoked an instant rising. The treaty, therefore, provided for the occupation of Lahore by British troops for a year, during which time it was hoped a strong and friendly native government might be established. The Governor-general had little hope of success; but the experiment was made in all sincerity. During the year, Lawrence's know. ledge of the Sikhs and influence over them were severely tested.

The treaty, in execution of a policy of securing the frontier by friendly independent chiefs, provided that Cashmere should be severed from the Punjab and made over to Goolab Singh, a chief bitterly hated by the Lahore court and ministry. The loss of a fine province was of course not to the taste of the Lahore durbar. The Sikh governor of Cashmere was secretly ordered to resist the transference. Lawrence carried out the obnoxious measure by means of the very troops who had just been fighting against us. He put himself at the head of ten thousand Sikhs, marched into Cashmere and duly installed Goolab Singh, one of the best-abused men in India, and not without good cause. The audacity was splendid and secured its own success; Lawrence himself called it a "ticklish operation." Returning to Lahore he brought Lal Singh, the prime minister who had issued the orders to the Cashmere governor, to trial for high treason, got him convicted before a court composed mostly of Sikh nobles, and sent him off to British India. The presence of a British force in the Sikh capital could not but be galling. Slight incidents might any day cause serious danger. Once an English sentry wounded some cows which obstructed the

street. At once the city was in a ferment, shops were closed, Lawrence and his staff, who came to explain and pacify, were insulted. Firmness and gentleness at last removed the difficulty. When the year of occupation closed, the English would gladly have withdrawn. It was at the request of the Sikh chiefs, after free discussion, that they consented to stay, but they stayed only on their own terms. The whole military and civil administration of the country was vested in the Resident, and a subsidy paid for the British troops. "And thus Henry Lawrence was left in all but name the master, uncontrolled save by the supreme Government at Calcutta, of the magnificent realm of the Five Rivers, the kingdom of Porus, the original India of the Greeks and Persians." It was a proud position, entailing labour and anxiety of proportionate magnitude. Army, revenue, police, everything had to be organized. The people, too, were still restless. We could not expect them to be anything but enemies. The centre of all the intrigues against us was the queen-mother, widow of the great Runjeet, originally a slave-girl, who, however she might affect submission, never forgave her minister's fall and our assumption of the power which she wished to grasp. Removal from Lahore and the neighbourhood of the young Maharajah Dhuleep Singh did not quiet her, and her plotting led eventually to the second Sikh war. This broke out during Lawrence's absence in England on sick furlough. He hurried back, and reached India shortly before the annihilation of the Sikh power by the great victory of Goojerat, February, 1849.

(To be concluded.)

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DISSENT IN ITS RELATION TO THE CHURCH OF
ENGLAND:

THE BAMPTON LECTURE FOR 1871.*

For nearly ninety years these annual Lectures, on the foundation of Canon Bampton, have been delivered before the learned body whose benefit the founder in the first instance, though by no means exclusively, contemplated. And while many of the volumes thus produced have soon sunk into obscurity, others have been long and widely circulated, and form a valuable contribution to that theological literature which is the glory of our country and our language. The pages of this Magazine record the praises of

"Dissent in its Relation to the Church of England. Eight Lectures preached before the University of Oxford. By George Herbert Curteis, M.A., Principal of the Lichfield Theological College, etc." 8vo, pp. 448.London. 1872.

more than one learned, orthodox, and able writer, who in this department has served his generation by the will of God," either by defending the faith of God's elect, or by elucidating and confirming the sacred records.

Among the themes of this long series of preachers ecclesiastical topics have by no means been overlooked, but have been both incidentally and directly treated. Occasionally a dignified protest against separation, or a solemn caution against the evils of schism, would point a paragraph in a volume devoted to other subjects; while the praises of "our excellent Establishment" and "our venerable formularies" are, as might be expected, sung to every tune. Just seventy years ago (1802) one lecturer devoted his whole time and strength to prove that Wesley and Whitefield were both enthusiasts and schismatics. Five years later another was fain to impress upon his audience "that the numerous enemies with which the Establishment was beset and hemmed in," showed that schism "was an evil of such magnitude and pressure as required to be resisted with all the vigilance and all the powers which Providence had bestowed upon them." It is a significant and instructive circumstance that this gentleman deemed Lord Viscount Sidmouth the fittest person to whom he could dedicate his published Lectures; and that in his Dedication he plainly speaks of measures which his Lordship "had in contemplation to provide for the advancement and security of ecclesiastical establishments, and for the counteracting, if not preventing, of those disorders which the lecturer had laboured to mark and reprove." Those "measures," which afterwards made the name of Sidmouth so unhappily notorious, were, it may seem, discussed with, and perhaps actually concocted by, this Bampton lecturer. Ten years afterwards (1817) the duty of unity among Christians, and the nature and hindrances of unity, were the subjects of a scholarly volume; and again, only three years subsequently, (1820,) another was occupied with the same or similar topics, with the addition of some melancholy predictions concerning the probable consequences of the repeal of the Test Acts, which then was under discussion. Since that time, except however the year 1861, the "sectaries" have been more left to themselves; and the lecturers have found better employment in discussing such subjects as the Supremacy of Scripture, the Means of Grace, the Doctrine of the Resurrection, Miracles, Millenarianism, and Missions, or "Christ as Prophet, Priest, and King," or the History of Dogma.

We have thus adverted to the past as the only means of enabling us to understand the contrast between former lecturers and Mr. Curteis, and the change which must have come over the Church of England, and the University, before such a volume as this could have been produced. Here is a discussion from the University pulpit

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