dale, in Ripon Minster. As he could not just then be found, her daughter asked John Exilby, perp. vic. of preb. of Thorp, in the same church, if he would go, who, being broken down by old age and infirmity, gave fraternal commission and plenary power to some monk of Fountains to administer the sacraments to the dying woman, for that time only. Two monks accordingly did so, and the woman died the same night. The abbot wished that she should be buried at Fountains, but the Chapter of Ripon claimed her as their parishioner, and her body was brought by parishioners who had been her neighbours and by some of the servants of Fountains Abbey to Ripon Minster, and there buried (Ripon Chapter Acts,' Surtees Society, pp. 223-5). This well illustrates the relations between a great abbey and a great collegiato and parochial church. J. T. F. Bp. Hatfield's Hall, Durham. "ALE-DAGGER" (8th S. iii. 387),"contayning some two or three pounds of yron in the hylte," was doubtless such an instrument as is described in the following lines : His puissant sword unto his side, And could have warmed ale, if he had a mind to. That was but little for his age: 1 A man who carried such a sword at his back would scarcely be satisfied with a stick in his hand. In robberies a dagger would be more likely to be used than a sword, hence it might stupidly be called a filchman," as many of the epithets used by Nash and such writers were undoubtedly stupid and coined for the occasion. The satirist seems to say, "Here is one of your fine preachers going about armed more like a thief or desperado than anything else." Boston, Lincolnshire. R. R. We may, if we like, take ale here in the sense of "ale-house." Hence the explanation of the compound in the N. E. D.' as a dagger worn for use in ale-house brawls." The quotation given by Dr. Murray is decisive of the meaning :"1589, Pappe w. Hatchet (1844) 8. He that drinkes with cutters, must not be without his ale dagger." F. ADAMS. JUDGES' ROBES COUNSELS' GOWNS (8th S. iii. 127, 193, 312). The following brief description of the forensic costume of a serjeant-at-law some two hundred years earlier than the interesting communication on the subject given by MR. T. W. TEMPANY at the second reference above cited may, perhaps, be acceptable to some of the readers of N. & Q.: "Thomas Yonge, the person herein referred to, was a native of Bristol and was appointed Recorder of that Borough in 1463. In that year he was engaged by the Rector and Churchwardens of St. Ewens, in the Town for the recovery of certain rents, in which he was suc(now destroyed) to conduct a suit against one John Sharp cessful. During the course of the proceedings in this case Mr. Yonge was summoned to take the degree of Serjeant-at-Law, and the next day was appointed a King's Serjeant. The following account is given of his the first time after attaining that degree. In a official robes on his appearance in court apparently for memorandum it is written, then come vp our seid Mr. Thomas Yonge, arrayed yn a long blue gowne, vngurd, with a scarlet hode [? hood] vnrolled, and one standyng jeants to go. In 1468 Serjeant Yong was appointed one Roon [? round] Cap of scarlet, as the custom is for Serof the Justices of the Common Pleas, and he died in 1476."- Church Warden's Accounts for St. Ewen's, Bristol,' Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archæological Society, vol. xv. pp. 175 n., 227. JOHN MACLEAN. Clifton, Bristol. OLD GLOVES: DENNY FAMILY (8th S. iii. 324). -There must be errors here which probably some correspondent versed in genealogy will put right. I suppose that "Edward Denny, Esq., son of Sir Anthony " should read "Sir Edward Denny, grandson of Sir Anthony." Edward was knighted in 1587, made Baron Denny of Waltham in 1604, and Earl of Norwich in 1626. Perhaps the Denny to whom Charles I. gave the scarf was Sir William, a Royalist and an author, who was made a baronet in 1642; but I am not aware that he was a descendant of Sir Anthony. I. C. GOULD. Loughton. 66 MISUSE OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (8th S. iii. 286). It is indeed sad to find that the misuse" of sphere which disturbs MR. E. LEATONoutrageous BLENKINSOPP has been sapping the sense of the actually backed in their ignorance by such writers language for centuries. Those newspapers are as Shakespeare, Milton, Keble, and Tennyson, to say nothing of any others, and they get encouragement from dictionary-makers, who are, Prof. Skeat included, so disregardful of etymology as to define sphere after this fashion: "A globe, orb, circuit of motion, province or duty.” All this must be very trying to a scholar unless he happen to agree with Archbishop Trench that, "It is not of necessity that a word should always be considered to root itself in its etymology and to draw its life-blood from thence. It may so detach itself from this as to have a right to be regarded independently of it: and thus our weekly newspapers commit no absurdity in calling themselves 'journale'; we involve ourselves in no ten, or any number of days more or fewer than forty.”real contradiction, speaking of a 'quarantine' of five, The Study of Words,' p. 92. Mystical dance, which yonder starry sphere She was the daughter of a cottager 'Will Waterproof.' But enough of this. In no case in these citations does sphere mean "a round ball," which MR. LEATON-BLENKINSOPP seems to think it must ever signify. I should like to draw attention to the fact that Trench uses "from thence" and Tennyson "from hence." Unless I mistake, such behaviour as that has, ere now, been unfavourably commented on in 'N. & Q.' ST. SWITHIN. MR. LEATON-BLENKINSOPP must expect those who are content to take words in common use, when they are not vulgar, after the suggestion of si volet usus, Quem penes arbitrium est et jus et norma loquendi, of the Ars Poetica,' to challenge his statement, as well as to offer some remarks upon his own expression. There is such a word as bombino in Low Latin. I am aware also of the more classical bombilo, or more properly bombito, which means to hum like bees. But how can bees hum in vacuo, where there are no vibrations of air, which are essential to sound? ED. MARSHALL. common than "the larger half," when a half is the result of an equal division into two parts. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. PENAL LAWS (8th S. iii. 188, 213, 276).-Can any one tell me, in regard to this point, whether the ringleaders of the Bonny Muir rioters (I think their names were Hardy and Wilson) were or were not beheaded alive at Stirling in 1819 or 1820? My authority was an old guide-book to Stirling. C. R. L. FLETCHER. Magdalen College, Oxford. "DIMANCHE DE QUASIMODO" (8th S. iii. 409). -The phrase quasi modo geniti occurs in Piers the Plowman,' B. xi. 196, C. xiii. 110. My note on the passage explains that the reference is to the First Sunday after Easter," because, in the Sarum Missal, the Office for that day begins with the text 1 Pet. ii. 2: “Quasi modo geniti infantes, rationabile sine dolo lac concupiscite." I give the reference to the passage in my "Index I." WALTER W. SKEAT. The "introitus" on the Sunday begins : Quasi modo geniti infantes," from 1 Pet. ii. Brady's Clavis Calendaria,' vol. i., Lond., 1815, p. 316, has: 666 Quasi modo' is another name for this Sunday, which frequently occurs in old records. of the ancient introit, or hymn for mass on this 'Festi (?) Quasi modo geniti,' being the first words day; and it is to be remembered that in former ages, all Sundays throughout the year, not high like cause." festivals, had names assigned to them from the ED. MARSHALL. [Very many replies are acknowledged.] "ENGENDRURE" (8th S. iii. 384).—I have discovered this word in an English dictionary after all. It is given, as old French, in Cassell's 'Encyclopaedic Dictionary,' 1884, and is there said to mean "the act of begetting or generation." This is not quite the sense in which the word is used by Mr. Sala and Chaucer; but Chaucer's use of the word appears not to have been known to the compiler of the 'Enc. Dict.' W. F. WALLER. MR. LEATON-BLENKINSOPP hits a blot. Euclid has suffered much from writers and talkers. Thus, what is more common than "a great point" and 'stretching a point,"-expressions ridiculous when NOVEL NOTIONs of Heraldry (8th S. iii. 366). applied to that which has neither parts nor magni--There is plenty of material for a supplement to tude. Again, how often "broad lines" are men- Lower's 'Curiosities of Heraldry.' I was recently tioned, to say nothing of "the thin red line "; in an old manor house in the Midlands, and noted but what nonsense is this to people who know that that the crest of a former owner (a blue eagle) disa line is length without breadth; or what more played over some of the doors had been covered POSTIL (8th S. iii. 408).-Reference to the index to Dyce's 'Skelton' gives the passage at once. "To postell upon a kyry" is the 755th line of 'Colyn Cloute'; and the phrase is duly explained in the notes. WALTER W. SKEAT. WESTMORLAND AND CUMBERLAND WILLS (7th S. v. 348, 434).-The Westmorland wills referred to at the second reference, from the Carlisle Diocesan Register, only relate to that part of Westmorland which was in the ancient diocese of Carlisle. The whole of the 130 wills, ranging in date from 1350 to 1390, are now in the press, and will be shortly published by Mr. Titus Wilson, Kendal, as one of the extra volumes of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archæological Society, under the title Testamenta Karleolensia.' Q. V. "ENGINES WITH PADDLES," A.D. 1699 (8th S. iii. 388).-1682 is the earliest date recorded for the application in Great Britain of paddle-wheels to the propulsion of vessels, in which year Prince Rupert's state barge was propelled by paddlewheels. As regards the pamphlet by Jonathan Hulls, published in London in 1737, it would appear that during the previous year Hulls obtained a patent for an atmospheric engine for moving a boat by a steam engine, or rather "for the application of the atmospheric engine to actuate or propel a boat by paddles for towing vessels in and out of rivers and harbours." Hulls's proposal was also to drive a fan or wheel at the stern of a boat by a steam engine working a series of pulleys with straps or ropes passing over them; and there were arrangements for preventing a back motion of the stern wheel. I am indebted for these particulars to Mr. Henry Sandham's paper read before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1885. 71, Brecknock Road. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. The apparatus referred to by Mr. HYDES is doubtless that of Thomas Savery, the inventor of one of the earliest forms of steam pumping engines, who made known his 'Art of Rowing Ships in Calms' in a 4to. tract printed in London in 1698. The paddles were actuated by a capstan in the hold of the vessel, over which was a crown wheel gearing into a spare pinion or “trundle-head," as Savery called it, on the paddle-shaft, and the design was simple and practicable. The original tract is very rare, and I quote from an admirable facsimile reprint, produced by my friend Mr. R. B. Prosser. The idea of using paddle-wheels is older than Savery's time. I have before me two curious engraved Dutch broadsides, of the years 1653 and 1654, illustrating the "submarine boat" of M. Duson, likewise impelled by to destroy a hostile fleet, and the projector had a paddle-wheel. This contrivance was intended hopes of going in his craft in ten weeks to the East Indies and back. It is a common delusion that a description of a boat impelled by paddles is to be found in Vitruvius, and at first sight an engraving in the early editions (I quote from the 'Giunta' of 1522) gives countenance to the idea at once dispelled by the heading of the chapter, Quâ ratione rheda vel navi peractum iter dimetimur." The paddle-wheel placed in the centre of the boat merely serves to give motion to a series of toothed wheels by which the speed of the vessel is measured. Papin, in his Traité de plusieurs Nouvelles Machines' (Paris, 1698). speaks of a machine made in London by the Prince Palatine Robert, in which oars fixed on the two ends of an axis were driven round by horses so successfully that the boat thus impelled rapidly passed the king's barge with its sixteen oars. And, moreover, Papin proposed to drive a boat so fitted by steam. A little research would, I feel sure, elicit other early notices of paddle-wheels. J. ELIOT HODGKIN. DIBDIN'S SONGS (8th S. iii. 307, 375).—Mr. MARSHALL'S reply does not quite answer my query. I wish to know in what year the song True Courage' first appeared in print. I J. D. WORKS OF KING ALFRED (8th S. iii. 347).— have a copy of the Jubilee Edition of the whole works of King Alfred the Great. and published for the Alfred Committee by Messrs. It was printed J. F. Smith & Co., Oxford and Cambridge, 1852. C. LEESON PRINCE. a favourite romance of the Middle Ages, The Knight of the Swan.' The real Knight of the Swan was Roger de Toni, or d'Espagna, a great Crusader, standard-bearer of Normandy, who delivered Catalonia from the Moors. He married the Princess Godhilda. A descendant, Godhilda de Toni, was wife of Baldwin de Bouillon, King of Jerusalem. Although the ladies of the house of Toni appear to have conveyed into female branches the knighthood of the Swan, the English Queen Godhilda could not have so conveyed the order to the houses of Bouillon, Cleves, and Brandenburg. She was not an heiress, nor had she any issue. This, however, is the only alliance between the houses of Toni and Bouillon. Stimulated by a favourite romance of the Knight of the Swan (of which copious particulars will be found in the second series of Baring-Gould's 'Curious Myths of the Middle Ages'), in 1440 Frederick II. of Brandenburg founded an Order of the Swan, and the same idea was taken up by the Duke of Cleves, from whom the King of Prussia claimed succession, and it is enrolled among the Prussian orders. The Toni Chivaler au Cygne will be found in the Caerlaverock Roll. Lord Lindsay ('Lives of the Lindsays') says that his house bore the swan, and Wynkyn de Worde and Caxton published the legend of the knight, dedicated to Edward, Duke of Buckingham, as representing the Knight of the Swan (Gould, p. 326). The origin of the title is obscure, but myths as to swans and swan-maidens (for which also see Gould, p. 313) were prevalent among the Norse, the ancestors of the Norman Tonis. The attribution of the swan myth to the house of Bouillon was posterior to the Tonis; but still it is referred to as early as 1180, for William of Tyre says that many believed the fable that Godfrey of Bouillon had his origin from a swan. HYDE CLARKE. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. Walt Whitman: a Study. By John Addington AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL rather than biographical are the neither flesh nor fowl nor good red herring. It is not with him, and we share his views or go far beyond them. We express, moreover, no dissent from the opinions be expresses. When, however, he heads "Martyrdom " the chapter which treats of her death in Rouen, he passes from the position of historian to that of enthusiast. which the rhapsodist does not conquer the historian; Very few lives of Joan of Arc have been attempted in and Voltaire even, the greatest of Frenchmen who have doubted her mission and vilified her character, had the grace to be ashamed of himself, or to pretend, at least, that he was. For the rest, the account of Lord Ronald brought within the reach of the English reader. A is readable and animated, and valuable information is are French and an English bibliography precede the index. In the account of Joan of Arc in poetry Lord Ronald gives a list of poems and plays on the subject. He omits, however, mention of Jeanne d'Arc à Orléans,' a threeact piece of Desforges, given at the Italiens in 1790, with music by Chreich. Special attractions spots in France. The views in Chinon, Rheims, Comassigned the volume by the etchings of Mr. Bateman of The work is in all respects handsome and attractive. piègne, and St. Ouen, taken on the spot, are admirable. Handbook of Greek and Latin Palæography. By E. Maunde Thompson, D.C.L. (Kegan Paul & Co.) Or all the volumes of the International Scientific Series," to which it belongs, this invaluable volume of the Principal Librarian to the British Museum most directly appeals. Not at all a subject to be lightly taken up is that with which it deals. If ever there was a subject in regard to which a smattering is of no value. it is this. Arduous labour is necessary to a conquest which, unless it is practically complete, is useless. To those who are in earnest this handbook is priceless. In his first chapter, concerning the alphabet, Dr. Maunde Thompson has been anticipated by Canon Taylor, whose Alphabet' was reviewed in our columns. In subsequent chapters, moreover, dealing with the various implements and materials necessary to the preparation of MSS., he: has, of course, known predecessors. Nowhere, however, is so much information condensed into so small a space or rendered so easily accessible. Its avowed aim is modest, while its information is far-reaching, and it will do good work towards fostering a study that has been sadly neglected in England. Cinderella. By Marian Roalfe Cox. (Nutt.) It is natural and desirable that books printed like this for the Folklore Society should be thorough. The prettiest of children's tales has its value as a contribution to our knowledge of comparative folk-lore, and has to undergo classification and analysis. If in the hands of the botanist the flower suffers, there is always the consolation of knowing that the reproductive forces of nature are inexhaustible, and that flowers enough to satisfy the lover of beauty will be forthcoming. In the present case a similar form of consolation has to be sought. Miss Cox has given 345 variants of Cinderella,' Catskin,' and Cap o' Rushes,' abstracted and tabulated. These shrink to the shortest dimensions, and are as bald as they can be. For the purpose of the comparative......it had come from a considerable height in the atmofolk-lorist, however, they are all that can be desired, and further expansion would swell to gigantic dimensions a book already large. The tales, meanwhile, in extended or literary form, are accessible elsewhere. In the prefatory portion and in the bibliographical index is matter of enduring value. In the former Miss Cox shows information practically inexhaustible. A pregnant introduction by Mr. Andrew Lang ushers in one of the most important and scholarly of contributions to folk lore. Our Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy. A NEW edition of this popular account of travelling on Introduction to Shakespeare. By Edward Dowden, WE have here, from that admirable scholar Prof. Dowden, Finnish Legend. By R. Eivind. (Fisher Unwin.) WE have every desire to speak well of this little volume, are here quite out of place. If a gentleman who has been engaged in the education of members of families of the upper ranks finds himself moved to record his experiences in print, we can see no objection to the course. A disciple of Dr. Arnold, as Mr. M'Knight evidently is, might, one would suppose, give to the world, without the violation of private confidences, much that it might be well to bear in mind, but the rector of Silk Willoughby has nct accomplished this. His recollections mostly relate to himself and his own feelings-things which are of very little importance to any one except the author's immediate friends. The only thing we can find which will remain in the reader's memory when he has shut the volume is the account of a circular storm which visited Lydiard on November 1, 1873. It seems to have prevailed over a very circumscribed area, but to have caused great destruction within the narrow limits wherein its effects were felt. It was, Mr. M'Knight thinks, "a perpendicular cyclone," that is, "that instead of sweeping over a certain horizontal space on the earth's surface sphere, with its centre of gyration high in the air." We are not sure whether this will meet with the approval of meteorologists, but the author's interpretation of the phenomena he witnessed is certainly worthy of attention. Lydiard Manor deserves a good history. Mr. M'Knight's book will certainly not stand in the way of any such work. We may be excused from further criticizing the author's labours when we tell our readers that for the meaning of the word "demesne" be thinks it necessary to refer to a modern essay-writer who is in no sense distinguished for his knowledge of feudal tenures, and that he regrets that the history of Lydiard during its occupation by members of the house of Clinton-that is from 1105 to 1421-"is without any Record Office, we wonder? or is Fetter Lane to him an existing memorials." Did he ever hear of Her Majesty's unexplored region? number is, we find, by a lady, Miss Sarah T. Prideaux, THE volume on bookbindings reviewed_in_our last a well-known enthusiast and executant, and not, as in our ignorance we supposed, by a gentleman. a portion of our issue of May 27 into 804. Our readers THE figures of p. 408 were accidentally transposed in will kindly alter this in their copies. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." ACRES.-Send full address. NOTICE. Editorial Communications should be addressed to " The Editor of 'Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception. |
