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1822

ART. I.-1. Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau et sur celles de chacune de ses parties. Par F. J. Gall. 6 Vols. 8vo. Paris. -1825.

2. Lettre de Charles Villers à Georges Cuvier, sur une Nouvelle Théorie du Cerveau, par le Docteur Gall. Metz. 1802. 8vo.

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5. Essai sur les Principes Elémentaires d'Education. Par G. Spurzheim, 8vo. Paris. 1822. 6. Essai Philosophique sur la Nature Morale et Intellectuelle de l'Homme. Par G. Spurzheim, M. D. Paris. 1820. 7. Grundriss der Physiologie von D. Karl Asmund Rudolphi, &c. Berlin. 1821-1823.

IT

T had been well and wisely said, that from the prolific soil of German literature and philosophy, we had imported nothing, save the worst specimens. Justice, however, has been lately done to that literature, and the British public are now enabled to distinguish the chaff from the wheat. But its philosophy is still imperfectly known, and the little that has been attained is of the worst. From the host of writers on the philosophy of the mind, for which that country is celebrated, our modern dabblers in thought have selected Drs. Gall and Spurzheim; leaving the sublime speculations of the Kants, the Fichtes, the Schellings, and the Jacobis, to be the solitary delight of the laborious student. Be it our care to direct the popular taste into a better channel. Frequent and emphatic are the complaints which the supporters of the Phrenological scheme make against the ridicule with which they have been assailed. And true it is, that ridicule is a dangerous weapon for him who wields it;-at best it has a double edge. For if ridicule be the test of truth, which we are, by no means, inclined to admit; on the other hand, it is beyond controversy,

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that Truth is the test of Ridicule; and the chances are, that, if, in one instance, the ridicule be proved unfounded, we shall be inclined to suspect that it is altogether undeserved; the result of ready wit, too readily indulged, and fruitful in resources, rather than of sober reason, faithful to fact, and sincere in inference. Entertaining these sentiments, the disciples of the theory need not fear any attempt on our parts to make them ridiculous-it is not our fault if they make themselves so.

Not long since the Parisian journals teemed with the important intelligence that science had lost a distinguished member by the death of Dr. Gall. Our readers need not be told that Dr. Gall, once a physician of Vienna, and afterwards resident in Paris, was the founder of the new sect of Cranioscopists, called Phrenologists. This new light of science pursued his early studies, first at Baden, afterwards at Brucksal, continued them at Strasburg, and finished them, in the year 1781, at Vienna. He was, he says, but nine years old when he was first struck with the fact, that each of his brothers and sisters, and 'companions in play, and schoolfellows, possessed some distinguishing peculiarity of talent or disposition. Not a few manifested a capacity for employment which they were not taught. He further observed, that the individual, who, in one year had displayed selfish or knavish dispositions, never became, in the next, a good and faithful friend. The creed of Dr. Gall, it would seem, admitted of no converts, and shut out every sinner from repentance. The Doctor's own memory was very deficient, and the scholars with whom he had to compete, gained from him, by their repetitions, the places which he had obtained by the merit of his original compositions.' Bad management, we think, to set the merit of accurate repetition against that of original composition.-Well! these schoolfellows of his, thus gifted with great talent of learning to repeat,' possessed prominent eyes; and he afterwards found, he says, that individuals similarly gifted, were similarly organized. This singular coincidence laid the foundation of Phrenology. 'After much reflexion, he conceived, that, if memory for words was indicated by an external sign, the same might be the case with the other intellectual powers; and from that moment, all individuals, distinguished by any remarkable faculty, became the objects of his attention.' Encouraged by such evidence and such inferences, he accumulated coincidences, and felt satisfied that every previous metaphysical system was rotten at the core, and baseless as the fabric of a vision. These coincidences were to him demonstrations, and thus, with a mind prepared, he proceeded to anatomize the brain, and he found, as a general

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fact, that on removal of the skull, the brain, covered by the dura mater, presented a form corresponding to that which the skull had exhibited in life. What then? He wrote a book, and a letter upon the subject, and commenced giving private lectures in 1796. To inform the world of what? That there were inequalities in the skull, and that the shape of the brain corresponded? No, this tale was all too brief, this truth all too simple, for him-but that, therefore, the faculties of the mind were manifested in these inequalities. This was something like jumping to a conclusion,-but, however, it was to his interest to show his agility, and at the end of five years, the Austrian government began to get frightened with his feats. By a general regulation, implicitly directed against the doctor, all private lectures were suspended, unless a special permission were obtained from the public authorities. A natural consequence followed; the prohibition stimulated curiosity.

In 1800, his colleague, Dr. Spurzheim, joined him. From 1804 to 1813, they were constantly together, and their researches were conducted in common. In June 1813, Dr. Spurzheim paid a visit to Vienna; whence he came to Britain, and arrived here in March 1814. He is stated, by the advocates of the system, to have contributed largely to the advancement of Phrenology, by enriching it with important discoveries, by introducing into it philosophic arrangement, and by pointing out its application to many interesting purposes connected with the human mind. That he benefited the system greatly, and indeed gave it a name that it might live, is very clear, for Dr. Gall was no hand at a theory. In the disjointed items of information which he at first presented to the public, there was a want of even an ordinary regard for systematic arrangement. This, absurdly enough, the disciples of the scheme esteem as a merit in its founder. The head of these philosophers was no philosopher himself. The essence of philosophising has, as we think, been justly placed by Plato and others in the science of method; but Dr. Gall had not even an ordinary regard for systematic arrangement-without which, it is impossible to ascend from particular truths to general conclusions to discern the relations among different physical events, and the connexions among different relations-upon which ascent and discernment, the perfection of science depends in particular, and our warmer anticipations regarding the perfectibility of man, and the progress of society in general, are founded.

This want of philosophic aptitude, however, in the founder of this untheoretical theory, is, as we have already hinted, adduced

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