though in different proportions, throughout the whole of the region of the earth they inhabit; and it is to the rapid extension of both branches of this race that the great changes now taking place in the ethnology of the world are mainly due.

A. The Xanthochroi, or blonde type, with fair hair, eyes, and complexion, chiefly inhabit Northern Europe-Scandinavia, Scotland, and North Germany-but, much mixed with the next group, they extend as far as Northern Africa and Affghanistan. Their mixture with Mongoloid people in North Europe has given rise to the Lapps and Finns.

B. Melanochroi, with black hair and eyes, and skin of almost all shades from white to black. They comprise the great majority of the inhabitants of Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and South-west Asia, and consist mainly of the Aryan, Semitic, and Hamitic families. The Dravidians of India, the Veddahs of Ceylon, and probably the Ainos of Japan, and the Maoutze of China, also belong to this race, which may have contributed something to the mixed character of some tribes of Indo-China and the Polynesian Islands, and, as before said, given at least the characters of the hair to the otherwise Negroid inhabitants of Australia. In Southern India they are probably mixed with a Negrito element, and in Africa, where their habitat becomes conterminous with that of the Negroes, numerous cross races have sprung up between them all along the frontier line. The ancient Egyptians were nearly pure Melanochroi, though often showing in their features traces of their frequent intermarriages with their Ethiopian neighbours to the south. The Copts and fellahs of modern Egypt are their little-changed descendants.

In offering this scheme of classification of the human species I have not thought it necessary to compare it in detail with the numerous systems suggested by previous anthropologists. These will all be found in the general treatises on the subject. As I have remarked before, in its broad outlines it scarcely differs from that proposed by Cuvier nearly sixty years ago, and that the enormous increase of our knowledge since that time should

have caused such little change, is the best testimony to its being a truthful representation of the facts. Still, however, it can only be looked upon as an approximation. Whatever care be bestowed upon the arrangement of already acquired details, whatever judgment be shown in their due subordination one to another, the acquisition of new knowledge may at any time call for a complete or partial re-arrangement of our system.

Happily such knowledge is being abundantly brought in by workers in many lands, and, among others, by members of our own Institute, whose contributions, published in our Journal, form no mean addition to the general advancement of the science.

This leads me to speak of some of our own more immediate affairs. During the past year two members of our Council have been removed by death. Dr. Allen Thomson was for many years an eminent and successful teacher of human anatomy in the University of Glasgow. His researches into the history of the early stages of development of the embryo gained him a world-wide reputation, and he was beloved by all who knew him personally for the singular modesty and gentleness of his nature. He had been a Vice-President of the Institute, and a contributor to its proceedings. Mr. Alfred Tylor, the brother of our distinguished former President Dr. E. B. Tylor, though greatly interested in many branches of Anthropology, and a frequent attendant at our meetings, was better known as a geologist. He died at his residence at Carshalton, on the last day of 1884, in the sixty-first year of his age.

At the conclusion of my address last year, I announced that a critical time was coming for the Institute, as circumstances had rendered a change of domicile a necessity. The rooms in St. Martin's Place, in which the Institute had met since its foundation, were required for Government purposes, and we were obliged to move elsewhere. I think it will be generally admitted that the accommodation we have succeeded in obtain

ing is in every way superior to that which we left behind, and the annual cost will be but very trifling in excess of that we were paying before. The expenses of moving and of new fittings have, however, made a heavy inroad in our slender income, and notwithstanding the special assistance of some of our members to meet it, it was necessary to sell out a portion of our capital stock. We ought to replace this, if possible; and, what is still more important, we ought to have the means of spending more money upon our publications, especially in illustrations, and more upon our library, for the increase of which we are chiefly dependent upon donations. Binding our serial publications is an item for which provision should especially be made. We should also look forward to the time when the inevitable extension of our collection of books will require additional accommodation. For all these necessities, we need, as I have often said before, additional members. At the present time, as you will have gathered from the Report of the Council, we are stationary in this respect; but our change of abode ought be a starting point for acquiring a wider circle of interest in our work.

Under the guidance of our able and painstaking Director, Mr. Rudler, and presided over by the gentleman who I trust you will in a few minutes elect in my place, the Institute can not but flourish. Mr. Francis Galton is, as you all know, a man of most versatile genius. As an explorer of regions where man may be studied under conditions most opposite to those which obtain in our island he is well known. In one of his early adventurous expeditions he visited Khartoum, a place as then unknown to English ears as it is now unhappily familiar. His subsequent journey in the opposite extremity of the African continent led to the publication of very useful observations, as well as the work called "The Art of Travel." His ingenious researches on the subject of characteristics transmitted by inheritance, and his methods of testing physical capabilities, have frequently been brought before the notice of the Institute.

His anthropometric laboratory, organised last year at the International Health Exhibition, brought before thousands the interest and importance of the subject. I have much satisfaction in resigning into his hands the office with which you have honoured me for two consecutive years.

It was moved by Mr. F. GALTON, seconded by Mr. E. W. BRABROOK, and carried unanimously

"That the thanks of the meeting be given to the President for his address, and that it be printed in the Journal of the Institute."

The Scrutineers gave in their report, and the following gentlemen were declared to be duly elected to serve as Officers and Council for the year 1885:

President.-Francis Galton, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.

Vice-Presidents.-Hyde Clarke, Esq.; John Evans, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S.; Prof. W. H. Flower, LL.D., F.R.S.; Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S.; Major-General Pitt Rivers, F.R.S.; E. B. Tylor, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S.

Director.-F. W. Rudler, Esq., F.G.S.

Treasurer.-F. G. H. Price, Esq., F.S.A.

Council.-S. E. B. Bouverie-Pusey, Esq.; E. W. Brabrook, Esq.; F.S.A.; C. H. E. Carmichael, Esq., M.A.; W. L. Distant, Esq., A. W. Franks, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.; J. G. Garson, Esq., M.D.; Prof. Huxley, F.R.S.; Prof. A. H. Keane, B.A.; A. L. Lewis, Esq.; Sir J. Lubbock, Bart., M.P.; R. Biddulph Martin, Esq., M.P.; Prof. A. Macalister, F.R.S.; J. E. Price, Esq., F.S.A.; C. H. Read, Esq., F.S.A.; Charles Roberts, Esq., F.R.C.S.; Lord Arthur Russell, M.P.; W. G. Smith, Esq., F.L.S.; Prof. G. D. Thane; C. Staniland Wake, Esq.; M. J. Walhouse, Esq., F.R.A.S.

Prof. A. H. KEANE moved, and Mr. G. W. ATKINSON seconded, a vote of thanks to the retiring meinbers of the Council, to the Auditors, and to the Scrutineers, which was carried unanimously.

A vote of thanks to Mr. RUDLER for his services as Director and Editor of the Journal was moved by Mr. A. L. LEWIS, seconded by Dr. GARSON, and carried by acclamation.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL MISCELLANEA.

ANNUAL REPORT of the BUREAU of ETHNOLOGY, 1880-1.

(Washington Government Printing Office, 1883).

THE noble volume containing the "Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution," contains several articles of great interest, admirably and profusely illustrated. The first is an instalment of Mr. Frank Cushing's report on the Zuñis, among whom he has lived for several years, during which time he has not only become a member of the community by adoption, but has also been admitted to the "Priesthood of the Bow." This has given him exceptional opportunities of examining into the nature of their beliefs, and of describing the peculiar customs and ceremonies connected therewith; and the account he here gives of their philosophy, and that which may be termed their animistic fetichism, cannot fail to interest all students of anthropology; and especially of that branch of the science which treats of the development of religion.

The myths of the Zuñis are embodied in a long unwritten epic, publicly recited every four years, but only to the priests, and Mr. Cushing, although admitted to the priesthood, was only permitted to listen to one-fourth of it in 1881, the date of the last recitation. Their worship appears to be directed not only to sun, moon, stars, and all the forces of Nature, but to every natural object, animate and inanimate, which are all supposed to be connected together in one system of relationship, of which man is the centre. "In just so far as an organism, actual or imaginary, resembles that of man, is it believed to be related to him and correspondingly mortal; in just so far as it is mysterious, is it considered removed from him, further advanced, powerful, and immortal. It thus happens that the animals, because alike mortal and endowed with similar physical functions and organs, are considered more nearly related to man than are the gods; more nearly related to the gods than is man, because more mysterious, and characterized by specific instincts and powers which man does not possess." ." They have no general term for God, but there are many anthropomorphic, monstrous and elemental beings, godlike in attributes, known as the "finishers or makers of the paths (of our lives)," whilst the most superior of all is called "Holder of the paths (of our lives)." Their fetiches are either natural forms resembling prey-animals, or carvings of great antiquity representing these animals, which are regarded as the animals themselves, turned into