dently reappear in the second and third of the five Divisions of the Twelfth Book. The Second is under Paris, with Alcathous, son-in-law of Ẩntenor, and Agenor, one of his sons. In the command of the Third, Helenus and Deiphobus, two sons of Priam, are associated with, and even placed before, Asius. The position given in these divisions to the family of Priam appears to prove, that the troops forming them were among his proper subjects. Again, the territorial juxtaposition of these districts, between Phrygia, which lay behind the mountains of Ida, on the one side, and the sea of Marmora with the Ægaan on the other, perfectly agrees with the description in the Twenty-fourth Iliadi of the range of country within which Priam had the preeminence in wealth, and in the vigour and influence of his sons. Strabo quotes this passage as direct evidence that Priam reigned over the country it describes, which is rather more than it actually states; and he says that Troas certainly reached to Adresteia and to Cyzicus. Again, we have various signs in different passages of a political connection between the towns we have named and the race of Priam. Melanippus, his nephew, was employed before the war at Percotek. Democoon', his illegitimate son, tended horses at Abydus; doubtless, says Strabo, the horses of his father. The partial inclusion of the Dardanians within the name of Troes is further shown by the verse", Αἰνεία, Τρώων βουληφόρε and by the appeal of Helenus to Æneas and Hector jointly, as the persons chiefly responsible for the safety i Il. xxiv. 543-5. k Il. xv. 548. 1 Il. iv. 99. n Il. xiii. 463. Priam and his dynasty in Troas. 229 of the Troes and Lycians: the name Lycians being taken here, as in some other places, to denote most probably a race akin to and locally interspersed with the Trojans. But the Dardanians have more commonly their proper designation separately given them. It never includes the Troes. And we never find the two appellations, Troes and Dardans, covering the entire force. Whenever the Dardans are named with the Troes, there is also another word, either ἐπίκουροι, οι Λύκιοι. The word Troes, it is right to add, is sometimes confined strictly to the inhabitants of the city: but the occasions are rare, and perhaps always with contextual indications that such is the sense. Another sign that Priam exercised a direct sovereignty over the territory which yielded the five contingents may perhaps be found in the fact, that we do not find any of his nephews in command of them. They were led by their local officers, while the brothers of Priam constituted a part of the community of Troy, and chiefly influenced the Assembly: and their sons, though apparently more considerable persons than most of those local officers in general, simply appear as acting under Hector without special command. The brothers of Priam are Lampus, Clytius, and Hiketaon. His nephews and other relatives are Dolops the son of Lampus; Melanippus the son of Hiketaon; Polydamas, Hyperenor, and Euphorbus, the sons of Panthous and his wife Phrontis. Had the senior members of the family held local sovereignties, we should have found their sons in local commands. But we find only two sons of Antenor in command, as either colleagues or lieutenants of Æneas, • See Il. iv. 197, 207. xv. 485. over the Dardans, whom we have no reason to suppose they had any share in ruling. Strabo, indeed, contends, that there are nine separate SuvaσTeia immediately connected with Troy P, besides the Tíkovρo. Of these states one he thinks was Lelegian, and was ruled over by Altes, father of Laothoe, one of Priam's wives. Another by Munes, husband of Briseis. Another, Thebe, by Eetion, father of Andromache. Others he considers to be represented by Anchises and Pandarus: but this does not well agree with the structure of the Catalogue. He refers also to Lyrnessus and Pedasus; which are nowhere mentioned by Homer as furnishing contingents, but they had apparently been destroyed, as well as taken, by Achilles. He places several of the dynasties in cities thus destroyed and they all, according to him, lay beyond the limits marked out in the Twenty-fourth Iliad. This assemblage of facts appears to point to a very great diversity of relations subsisting between Priam, with his capital, and the states, cities, and races, of which we hear as arrayed on his side in the war. There are first the cities of Troas, or Troja proper, furnishing the five, or if we except Dardania four out of the five, first contingents of the Catalogue. Over these Priam was sovereign. There are next the cities, so far as they can be traced, under the Suvarreial mentioned by Strabo, such as Thebe, and the cities of Altes and Munes. These were probably in the same sort of relation to the sceptre of Priam, as the Greek states in general to that of Agamemnon. Thirdly, there are the independent nations. Of these eleven named in the Catalogue; others are added as p Strabo xiii. 7. p. 584. Political institutions of Troy. 231 newly arrived in the Tenth Book, and further additions were subsequently made, such as the force under Memnon, and the Keteians under Eurypylus". Nothing perhaps tends so much, as the powerful assistance lent to Priam by numerous and distant allies, to show how justly in substance Horace has described the Trojan war as the conflict between the Eastern and the Western world. The two confederacies, which then came into collision, between them absorbed the whole known world of Homer; and foreshadowed the great conflicts of later epochs. We may now proceed to consider the political institutions of the kingdom of Priam, which has thus loosely been defined. The Baries of the Trojans is less clearly marked, than he is among the Greeks: for (as we shall find) they had no Bouλn, and therefore we have not the same opportunities of seeing the members of the highest class collected for separate action in the conduct of the war. Still, however, the name is distinctly given to the following persons on the Trojan side, and to no others. 1. Priam, Il. v. 464, xxiv. 630. 2. Paris, iv. 96. 3. Rhesus, x. 435. 4. Sarpedon, xii. 319. xvi. 660. 5. Glaucus, xii. 319. Among the Trojans, as among the Greeks, it was the custom for the kings, as they descended into the vale of years, to devolve the more active duties of kingship on their children, and to retain, perhaps only for a time, those of a sedentary character. Hence Hector at least shares with Priam the management of Assemblies, as it is hes who dissolves that of the Second q Il. x. 428-30. r Od. xi. 519-22. s Il. ii. 808. viii. 489. Book, and calls the military one of the Eighth. Hence, too, he speaks of himself as the person responsible for the burdens entailed by the war upon the Trojans. 'I did not,' he says to the allies, 'bring you from your cities to multiply our numbers, but that you might defend for me the wives and children of Trojans; with this object in view, I exhaust the people for your pay and provisions.' Hence we have Æneas leading the Dardanians, while his father Anchises nowhere appears, and, as it must be presumed, remains in his capital. Hence, while ten or twelve sons of Antenor bear arms for Troy, and two of them are the colleagues of Æneas in the command of the Dardanian contingent, their father appears among the Snuoyéρovтes, who were δημογέροντες, chief speakers in the Assembly within the city. We do not know that Antenor was a king; more probably he held a lordship subordinate to Priam, in a relation somewhat more strict than that between Agamemnon and the Greek chieftains, and rather resembling that between Peleus and Menoetius; but the same custom of partial retirement seems to have prevailed in the case of subaltern rulers, as indeed it would be dictated by the same reasons of prudence and necessity. The Barini's Tμn of Troy was not, any more than those of Greece, an absolute despotism. In Troy, as in Greece, the public affairs were discussed and settled in the Assemblies, though with differences, which will be noticed, from the Greek manner of procedure. It was in the Assembly that Iris, disguised as Polites, addressed Priam and Hector to advise a review of the army". And it was again in an Assembly that Antenor proposed, and that Paris refused, to give up Helen: whereupon Priam proposed the mission of Idæus to t Il. xvii. 223-6. u Il. ii. 795. |