tioned it to me, told me that the only copy he had ever seen was a German reprint of it.

How uncertain is the fate of periodicals! How difficult to meet with are copies of the older ones! Here is a magazine which was thought worthy of being reprinted in Germany; and yet one of our best English bibliographers and most intelligent and extensive dealers in old books, declares that his only knowledge of it was gathered from such German reprint. WILLIAM J. THOMS. Whitgift's Answer to Cartwright.-It is generally asserted that Abp. Whitgift disclaimed for Episcopacy any claim to a divine authority; but Sir Francis Knollys writing on this subject to the Lord Treasurer (1592), says:

"If this were true, then it were requisite and necessary that the Lord Abp. of Canterbury should recant his saying in his book of the great volume against Cartwright, where he said in plain words, by the name of Dr Whitgift, that 'the superiority of Bishops was by God's own institution.'"

Can any of your contributors—a —an easier reader of "black letter"—give me a precise reference to the passage "of the great volume" alluded to by Mr. Treasurer ? M. W. J. A. Shakspeare's Sonnets, &c. May I trouble you with a question which I asked about two months since, but which I dare say in the mass of your correspondence has been accidentally overlooked? To whom is the sonnet commencing,

Outbreak at Boston in 1770.-Can any of your correspondents in England or America explain the allusions in the following extract from a letter written on August 29, 1770? The sinking of the tea in Boston Harbour did not take place till more than three years after this.

"For a protection almost miraculous, afforded to our dear Connections at Boston in hour of the greatest danger, we have great reason to pay the most grateful acknowledgments. How are poor Capt. Preston's friends? How my heart bleeds for them! But I hope yet he will be delivered from the Hands of his merciless Enemies. Mr H[ulton] and family, your dear Brother, with the rest of the Government's Servants, were all got safe to Castle William, on the Island which was their Asylum before, on the 1st July last, and were well; but I should not think them safe anywhere, but for a trust in that power and

goodness which has defended them from the attempts of those that came with a design to destroy them."

Henry Hulton, Esq., Commissioner of Customs in New England, was nephew to the writer of the letter; and her son held a subordinate situation in his department. The sources of her information were, therefore, of the best description. Mr. Hulton had married a Miss Preston; and the Capt. Preston who is mentioned was probably a relative of hers. It appears from the letter that the party had taken refuge on the Castle Island on a former occasion as well as on this. E. H. D. D.

Emblem of the Lamb and Cross. — I see in a recent Number of "N. & Q." reference to a work on the subject of the emblems of saints. It reminds me of a singular circumstance which I noticed when in Egypt last winter. I was very much surprised to see sculptured on one of the old temples (I think at Thebes) the emblem of St. John, viz. a lamb bearing a cross. Query, Did the Christians borrow it from the Egyptians ? The Christian cross was very common, and is to be found on many of the temples; I believe it was the emblem of life. All these temples date many centuries before the Christian era. R. G. Glasgow.

Prideaux, Bishop of Worcester.-In my researches respecting the bishops of the Church of England who were natives of Devonshire and Cornwall, I find it stated in Prince's Worthies of Devon that John Prideaux, Bishop of Worcester, married for his first wife the daughter of Dr. Should Taylor, the martyr of Queen Mary's days. it not be granddaughter? I should also be glad of further information respecting his parents than that given in Prince; also if there are any descendants of his daughters now living, as they both married, but whether they had any children I have been unable to learn.

Were either of his sons married and had children? AN ECCLESIASTIC.

peculiar tenure? And next, whether they know of any other tithe-free estates similarly circumstanced? Or lastly, whether the auctioneer's representation is not mistaken in limiting the exemption from the tithes to an occupier who is also owner of the lands?

I am not aware that the subject is noticed in Mr. Larking's Knights Hospitallers in England, lately published by the Camden Society, or in the historical introduction to the work by the late J. M. Kemble, Esq. S. I. W.

Edmund Ironside the Place of his Death. There are three accounts of the death of Edmund Ironside, by the agency of Edric Streona. One statement is, that he was killed at London, another at Oxford, and a third at Brentford in Middlesex. I believe that Henry of Huntingdon gives the last named place. Is there any other authority for the assertion? or is it not very possible that Brenteforde may have been a misreading of the MSS. for Oxeneforde? HENRY T. RILEY. Passage from Bishop Berkeley. — Bishop Berkeley says:

"The continual decrease of fluids, the sinking of hills, and the diminution of planetary motions, afford so many natural proofs which show this world had a beginning." -Minute Philosopher, Dialogue VI. s. 23.

What does this mean? Does it refer to some theory now exploded?

With regard to the supposed diminution of planetary motions, I am aware of the hypothesis of an ethereal resisting medium pervading space; but that of course cannot be alluded to, for it is an inference drawn from comparatively recent observations. J. W. PHILLIPS.

Haverfordwest.

America and Caricatures. - The Americans do not enjoy caricatures: they cannot relish their point, or enter into their spirit. No publication like the English Punch, or started with a view of rivalling it, has succeeded! And yet they show considerable humour at times, and give evidence of much originality. The holding up their public men to ridicule, as is done in Punch, would not be tolerated in New York or Washington.

It is a national singularity. Is this aversion from satires of this character a matter of idiosyncracy with republics, or is it first shown by America? C. ROBERTS.

members for this city, in his place in Parliament when referring to the ministers' money in Ireland' stated, that in no other part of the United Kingdom, except in Edinburgh and Montrose (in each of which towns there is an annuity tax, as it is called), was any similar tax known. Lord Palmerston is reported to have said in reply, that the ministers' money in Ireland, and the annuity tax in Edinburgh, stood on a perfectly different footing; and I apprehend Mr. Black was misinformed when he stated that no similar tax to that in Edinburgh, for the support of the clergy, existed anywhere else, except in Montrose, in any part of Great Britain. A similar tax of 2s. 9d. in the pound upon all houses and other buildings has existed in the city of London (and now exists) since the reign of Henry VIII. And I observe, from a pamphlet of Dean Prideaux, published at London in 1707, entitled Vindication of King Charles's Award of 2s. in the Pound out of the Rents of the Houses in Norwich, for the Support of the Clergy, that a similar tax existed in that exists in Norwich, and whether any of your corcity. Now I wish to know whether such tax still respondents can inform me whether a similar tax exists in any other town of England or Wales? In Edinburgh the annuity tax is six per cent. on the rental. S. M.

Edinburgh.

Gallon of Bread. Is this measure for bread common throughout England? It prevails in Wiltshire, but I do not remember to have heard A. A. D. it used elsewhere.

Kirkham Families. - Information is desired respecting the Kirkham families of Yorkshire and of Lancashire, their arms, and if any earlier memento of them is extant than the inscription in Howden Church to the memory of Kirkham, Bishop of Durham, who died August 4, 1260. branch did this personage belong, and is tory of them to be found?

To what

hisany A. K. M.

Minor Queries with Answers. "Life of Molière." - Wanted the titles of any editions of the Life of Molière that may have been published, either in French or English. H. I. M.

[A Life of Molière will be found prefixed to the following French editions of his Works: 6 vols. 4to., Paris, 1734, par M. de la Serre; 7 vols. 12mo., Londres, 1784, par Voltaire; 8 vols. 12mo., Paris, 1799, par Voltaire; 6 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1813; 2 vols. inip. 8vo., Paris, par M,

Sainte Beuve; 3 vols. imp. 12mo., Paris, 1852, par C. Louandre. See also Histoire de sa Vie et de ses Ouvrages, par Taschereau, 8vo. Paris, 1828; Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages, Paris, 12mo., 1844; Select Comedies, with a life in French and English, 8 vols. 12mo., Lond., 1732-52. His Works, French and English, with life by M. de la Serre, 10 vols. 12mo., 1755.]

What was

Mary Tofts, the Rabbit Woman. the character of the rabbit-imposture by which

Miss Tofts deluded Whiston and St. André in 1726? Where may I find the fullest narrative? QUINTIN.

[A complete list of the works, tracts, squibs, plates, and plays, connected with this curious imposture of rabbitbreeding by the heroine of Godalming in Surrey, would fill about two pages of our work. Some collector at the time has filled a thick octavo volume of these fugitive tracts and plates, which is now in the British Museum, press mark 1178, h. 4. But for more accessible works consult Mackay's Memoirs of Popular Delusions, 8vo., 1841; The English Rogue, or the Life of Jeremy Sharpe, vol. iii. 1776; Hogarth's Works, by Nichols and Steevens, vol. ii. pp. 49-60; and Reliquiæ Hearnianæ, ii. 614.]

Tisdale's Press. -Can you furnish me with a copy of the title-page and date of a 12mo. blackletter book, and its probable value and scarcity? It is somewhat of a concordance: the first chapter is "Of Miracles showed by the Divine Power of God;" next, "Of Goddes Prouidence and Secreat Iudgementes ;" then, "Of the Benignitie of God to hys Seruauntes;" in all, there are 134 chapters. The imprint at the end of the work ist as follows: "Imprinted at London by Jhon Tisdale, dwelling in Knyght Riders Streat,― Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum Solum.'" T. B.

[This work is entitled The Ensamples of Vertue and Vice, gathered oute of holye Scripture. By Nicolas Hanape, patriarch of Jerusalem. Very necessarye for all Christen men and women to loke upon. And Englyshed by Thomas Paynell. Anno 1561." Then follows the Epistle Dedicatory: "To the moste noble, most excellent, and mooste vertuous Lady Elizabeth, Quene of Englande, Fraunce, and Irelande, defender of the faith, &c. Thomas Paynell wisheth all felicity:" and "An Exhortation to the study of holy scripture." See Ames's Typog. Antiq., by Herbert, ii. 767. Lowndes states that it sold for 12s. at Inglis's sale.]

Rev. W. Adams.-Where can I find an account of the Rev. W. Adams, M.A., author of The Old Man's Home, The Shadow of the Cross (1842), and other Sacred Allegories?

Norwich.

ROVILLUS.

[A Memoir of this accomplished author is prefixed to the collected edition of his Sacred Allegories, London, 1849; but the most interesting sketch of him, accompanied with a portrait, will be found in Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, 8vo., 1849. Mr. Adams died on January 17, 1848, at the age of thirty-three, and reposes in the churchyard he has so beautifully described in The Old Man's Home. See also "N. & Q.,” 1st S. iii. 135. 140. 249.]

"Pennynged."—A paragraph has gone the rounds of the High Church papers, in which a certain letter is said to have been written by the

[The blunder is that of the newspapers. The original letter, in the State Paper Office, has no heading; but is endorsed on the back, "From Geste, Bishop of Rochester, to Sir Willm Cecill, Knight, Principal Secretaire to ye Queens Matie." We believe the discovery of this remarkable letter was owing to the publication of Mr. Lemon's Calendar of State Papers, noticed in our present volume, p. 80.; and is only one of many similar cases. We look forward with great anxiety to the other Calendars, some of which, we hear, are rapidly approaching completion.]

German Periodicals.-Is any periodical similar to "N. & Q.," or the Gentleman's Magazine, published in Germany? If so, what is the price, &c.? ROVILLUS.

[There is no work published in Germany similar to "N. & Q." There are periodicals published in Germany and Switzerland termed Jahrbücher, such as those of Sinsheim, Grand Duchy of Baden, which treat of mediæval and earlier Antiquities in a learned but unpopular form; but do not embrace the general scope of subjects comprehended in the Gentleman's Magazine. The titles and prices of these German periodicals will be found in the Catalogues of Books which are published from time to time at Leipzig, and by the principal German publishers. A new German periodical will shortly appear, similar in its literary character to the London Athenæum.]

Replies.

66 GOD SAVE THE KING.” (2nd S. iii. 137. 412.)

The reasons why I protested against the assertion that 66 no doubt can exist of Dr. John Bull's having been the composer of "God save the King," are as follows. In the first place I am of opinion that the manuscript of Dr. Bull's compositions has been tampered with, and the resemayre to the national anthem blance of the " the same (although not the exact notes), I think thereby so increased, that, whereas now essentially it very questionable whether the similarity would have been half so striking, or indeed more so than to several other airs, in its original state. When Mr. Clark played it over to me, with the book before him, I thought it really to be the original of the national anthem; but, on examining the manuscript, the sharps appeared to be in ink of a very much darker colour, and I consider the difference as very perceptible, in spite of Mr. Clark's having covered the face of those portions of the manuscript with varnish. These alterations did not seem to me of so much importance in changing

the character of the air, as I have since thought them, and I was pleased to believe that "God save the King" had been composed by so thoroughly national a person as John Bull.

Let the reader try the notes at the commencement of the " ayre." For want of music type, it must be expressed thus: Suppose two bars of music, three notes in a bar, and neither sharp nor flat at the signature. Instead of A, the key-note, sounded thrice, as in the oldest printed copies of "God save the King," it begins on the fourth below -E, A, A, and then G, A, B. The G being natural, the resemblance to "God save the King" is slight, but by making the G sharp, and (to speak in modern terms) changing the whole from the key of A minor into A major (three sharps), the tune will be essentially like "God save the King."

There are three different arrangements of Dr. Bull's tune in the manuscript, and the remaining two are still unvarnished, and in what may be called minor keys. The resemblance to "God save the King" should therefore be decided by those copies, and not by the "ayre." It was Dr. Bull's habit to arrange the same subject in two or three ways, at different periods, and I may mention his "Jewel" as an instance.

Mr. Clark seeing, by a letter in the Gentleman's Magazine, that Ward's Lives of the Gresham Professors contained a list of some compositions by Dr. Bull, and that among them was one entitled "God save the King," printed a book to prove him the author of the national anthem, although he had not then seen the manuscript. This was in the year 1822. In 1841 Mr. Clark, in an address to the masters and wardens of City companies, writes thus:

"Determined, if possible, to set the matter still further at rest, I continued my inquiries until eventually I was enabled to obtain a sight of, and finally to purchase (in the handwriting of the composer Dr. John Bull), this longlost manuscript."

The manuscript is certainly not the autograph of the composer, but a Dutch transcript of some of his compositions, throughout which he is styled Dr. Jan. Bull. It bears a date of 1619.

Dr. Kitchener set one question at rest, viz. as to the piece called "God save the King" in the manuscript, by publishing it in his Loyal and National Songs of England. It is a composition on four notes (C, G, F, E), with twenty-six different basses. These four notes were probably intended to represent the cry of "God save the King," which is as old as the time of the Kings of the Jews. That piece occurs at folio 56. of the manuscript, and at the end of it another specimen of garbling is now visible through the varnish. It is an attempt to make the figures "98" out of the scroll which concludes the composition. The object is to refer to the page where the " ayre' (that does resemble "God save the King") is

written, and so to connect the two. This would have escaped my observation, had not Mr. Clark drawn my attention to it, and used it as an argument that the one was only a prelude to the other, If Mrs. Clark will now submit the manuscript to any competent judges of writing, and they shall decide that it has not been tampered with, as I have described, I hereby engage to give 10l. to a charity to be agreed upon.

The last point I have to adduce about the manuscript is, that it was in the library of Dr. Pepusch until his death in 1752; and the National Anthem was performed at both the great theatres in 1745. Although some may possess rare books, and not acquaint themselves with their contents, I do not think Dr. Pepusch ought to be classed among the number; indeed, he must have given Ward the catalogue of contents for his Lives of the Gresham Professors. Had the resemblance of Dr. Bull's "ayre" been then as great to "God save the King" as it now is, I can scarcely imagine it would have escaped his observation. Again, while in Dr. Kitchener's possession, the manuscript was submitted to the scrutiny of Edward Jones, the Welsh Bard, who wrote out one of the pieces for Dr. Kitchener in modern notation. Finally, in 1840, I looked through it to find any popular tunes, when asked by Mr. Edward Walsh to estimate its value. This was prior to its passing into the hands of Mr. Clark.

I repeatedly urged the late Mr. Clark to print Dr. Bull's "God save the King," and to show the manuscript, in order to set the question at rest; indeed, the whole of my correspondence with him was to endeavour to clear up the matter before I had occasion to write about it. Finding his publication still delayed, I offered 50l. for the manuscript, in order to submit it to proper scrutiny; and to print the air as it should be, in my Popular Music of the Olden Time. In the mean time, I wrote to Antwerp, where Dr. Bull was organist at the date of the manuscript, in the hope of hearing of some other copy in the library of the cathedral, but without success. I learnt, however, the curious fact, that there were eight Englishmen and one Scotchman among the Prêtres Chapelains of that cathedral in Dr. Bull's time.

In the second place: having within the last few months made considerable researches to ascertain whether any trace could be found of "God save the King" as a National Anthem in the time of the Stuarts, I have come to the following conclusions: Firstly, that there is not a particle of evidence to connect it (as Mr. Clark does) with the Gunpowder Plot; and secondly, that we have no proof of any such National Anthem in the reigns of Charles I., Charles II., or James II.; but that, in the last three reigns, even the cry of "God save the King" was in a great measure superseded by that of "Vive le Roy!" It often

puzzled me to find such passages, as in Pepys's Diary, where, on May 4, 1660, "The loud Vive le Roys were echoed from one ship's company to another." I could not understand the sailors crying out in French; nor why, as on March 28, 1660, before Charles II. was proclaimed, "a gentleman named Banes was brought as a prisoner, because he called out of the vessel that he went in Vive le Roy!" I have now traced it to an English national song, with Vive le Roy as a burden; and have printed both words and music in my Popular Music of the Olden Time (Part IX. p. 429.), adding thereto the proofs of its general use. Among the songs which were sung to the tune of Vive le Roy, one on the restoration of Charles II. has the following chorus to each

verse:

"Then let us sing, boyes, God save the King, boyes, Drink a good health, and sing Vive le Roy." Here then is "God save the King" sung to the tune of Vive le Roy.

I have trespassed largely upon the space of your readers; but before concluding, I would beg DR. GAUNTLETT to be careful in the use of inverted commas. By altering the editorial "we have no reason to believe," into direct assertion, he has given the impression that I was referred to on this subject by the EDITOR of "N. & Q." in July last, which is not the fact. DR. GAUNTLETT is also mistaken as to my not having seen the manuscript before it passed into the late Mr. Clark's hands. He has explained the origin of that mistake to me: there are two manuscripts of Dr. Bull's compositions, and he supposed the only one I had seen to be that still in my possession. The minor point, of some misquotation in my letter of Sept. 12, will be of no interest to your WM. CHAPPELL.

readers.

3. Harley Place, N. W.

ITALIAN CITY MENTIONED BY THEMISTOCLES.

(2nd S. iii. 328.)

In Xerxes' invasion of Greece, Attica was overrun and Athens destroyed. Athens had been previously deserted by its inhabitants, who retired to their fleet and some friendly cities. The Grecian fleet was stationed in the Gulf of Salamis; but on hearing the destruction of Athens, alarm seized several of the leaders, and the commander, the Lacedæmonian Eurybiades proposed to retire to the Isthmus of Corinth. Themistocles urged him to await the approach of the Persian fleet in the narrow gulf, which would deprive them of the advantage to be derived from their superior force, besides preventing the possible separation of the Grecian fleet. In the course of his argument Themistocles threatened, if his advice were not

acceded to, that the Athenians would embark their families in their ships, and remove with them to Siris in Italy; which from remote times had been considered as belonging to the Athenians, and where, if the oracle might be credited, they should found a city. The result, and the glorious battle of Salamis, every one knows.

Siris in Lucania, the modern Basilicata in the kingdom of Naples, situated at the mouth on the left bank of a river of the same name (now Sinno), which falls into the Gulf of Tarentum, was said to have been founded by a Trojan colony, afterwards expelled by Ionians from Colophon in the time of Alyattes king of Lydia. It rivalled Sybaris in riches and luxury, and reached its height of prosperity about 540 B.C. Shortly after, it was nearly destroyed in a war with the neighbouring cities Metapontum and Sybaris. At the date of the battle of Sulamis, 480 B.C., it would appear, from the expression of Themistocles in his remonstrance with Eurybiades, to have been deserted; and when the Tarentines settled at Heraclea, founded after its ruin, they removed the Sirites to the new town. Of its present state and the cadavera oppidum, Swinburne tells us in his Travels through the Two Sicilies (section 37., vol. i. p. 279., 4to.) :

"At the wood, near the banks of the Agri, and about three miles from the sea, are some heaps of rubbish that fix the situation of Heraclea. And, according to the most probable conjecture, near the mouth of the Sinno was Siris, the port of that city. At present there is only an open road."

No vestige of Siris is said to exist. Vide Herodotus, book viii. c. 62.; Cramer's Description of Ancient Italy, vol. i. p. 350., and ancient authors quoted in it. Micali says of the origin of Siris :

"It is said farther, that in the time of Alyattes and Croesus, Ionian fugitives of Colophon landed at the mouth of the river Siris, and founded there a city of the same name."― Antiche Popoli d' Italia, tom. i. p. 324.

I have not found any farther trace of the connexion of the Athenians with Siris. W. H. F. Kirkwall.

RHOSWITHA.

(2nd S. iii. 368.)

The name of this learned lady is variously written, Roswida, Rosvitis, Roswitha, Hroswitha, Hroswita, Rhosovita, Rhosoita, Hrotsuitha, and Hrosvita. She was a nun of the great abbey of Gandersheim, in Wolfenbuttel, and flourished about the year of our Lord, 980. Lilius Gyraldus (Hist. Poet. Dial. V. prope finem) describes her as having been learned both in Greek and Latin; and he states her to have written a Historical Panegyric on the Emperor Otho; also Six Comedies; the Praises of the B. V. M. in elegiac verse; and the Life of St. Dionysius, in the same measure. Cave (Hist. Liter., p. 588.) is somewhat