Hospitaller consisted in the mantle, which was thrown over the shoulders and hung upon the ground.* The Templar's mantle was white, with a red cross upon the left shoulder; the Hospitaller's black, with a white cross in the same position. Good engravings were etched by Hollar, for Dugdale's Monasticon, of both these dresses, which are copied below from the last edition of that work.t The authority from which these figures are copied is not mentioned; but from the mixture of plate with the chain-mail, they evidently exhibit their costume as worn just previous to their suppression. They are certainly not older than the reign of Edward I.

The only undoubted effigy of a Knight Templar known to exist is the one engraved by Montfaucon, in his Monuments de la Monarchie Française, tom. ii. pl. 36; and which, when that book was published (in 1730), existed in the Church of St. Yved de Braine, near

In the very curious satire on the monks, entitled The Order of Fairease, written in the reign of Edward I., and published in Wright's Political Songs, mention is made of the Hospitallers, "who are very courteous knights, and have very becoming robes, so long that they drag at their feet." Of course this praise is ironical.

Sir Walter Scott is not to be depended on for accuracy, when he describes the Templar in Ivanhoe as wearing a white mantle, upon which is a black cross of eight points. Such a cross was never worn by either Templar or Hospitaller. The cross they wore originally resembled that on which the Saviour suffered, the lowest of the four arms being the longest. His description of the armour of these early warriors is also far from accurate.

Soissons, in France. It is here copied. The effigy was that of Jean de Dreux, knight of the Order of the Temple, second son of

Jean I., Comte de Dreux and de Braine, and Marie de Bourbon. This Templar was living in 1275, but the year of his death is unrecorded. He is entirely unarmed; but he wears the mantle of his order, over the left side of which is the cross, which is of Greek form, the horizontal arms being rather shorter than the perpendicular ones; and it is not at all of the patée form, which strengthens the conjecture that Hollar's figures (the only ones we possess) have been copied from later representations, when alterations of the original costume had been adopted with the alterations of worldly prosperity in these communities. Jean de Dreux is bearded, and wears the coif or close cap of his order (again differing from Hollar), and a long gown or tunic. This simple costume was the undress of the fraternity, and this figure is of much value for its undoubted delineation of one of these knights; as the cross-legged effigies called Templars are by no means proved to represent knights of the order, including even those in the Temple Church, London.

Mr. Richardson, the sculptor, who restored the Temple Church effigies, has given, in the descriptive portion of his work devoted to these figures, a very good summary of the Templars' costume. He says, they wore long beards, and their general dress consisted of a hauberk or tunic of ringed mail, reaching to the knee, with sleeves and gloves; chausses, covering the legs and feet, of the same kind of mail; a light sleeveless surcoat, over the hauberk, girded about the waist with a belt; a guige, or transverse belt, passing round the body, over the right shoulder and under the left arm, by which a long or kite-shaped shield was supported; a sword-belt, obliquely round the loins, with a long heavy sword attached; and singlepointed or goad-shaped spurs. Over all, a long white mantle, fastened under the chin, and reaching to the feet, upon which was the cross on the head was worn a linen coif, and above that a bowlshaped skull-cap of red cloth, turned up all round. When completely armed, the coif and cap were exchanged for a hood of mail, covering the neck and head, and over that, some one of the variously

formed helmets, or caps of mail or steel, then in use. The parts of their dress peculiar to the order were, the mantle with its cross, the coif, and the cap. Now, none of these peculiarities are visible in the Temple effigies: they have not the beard and mantle similar to that worn by Jean de Dreux, the distinguishing feature of the order, and in which they would most probably have been represented; for in Stothard's Effigies, those of Sir Roger de Bois and his lady wear the mantle of the order of St. Anthony, to which he belonged. On the right shoulder of each is the circular badge here engraved, bearing what is called the Tau cross, and the letters ANTHON, in the uncial character. If the crosslegged knights were not Templars, they may still, however, have been Crusaders, in whose ranks appeared the scions of our noblest families; and who may have been thus distinguished upon their tombs; for cross-legged figures are not found before or after the Crusading era.

The effigies in the Temple Church, nine in number, are certainly the finest and most interesting collection of monumental figures of this early period possessed by any one church in the kingdom. As works of art they are deeply interesting, from the correct idea they give of the state of sculpture at this early period; and they exhibit the military costume as it is said to have been worn at the Crusades, and with the addition then invented to suit the torrid climate in which the "warriors of the cross" fought. Thus we are told, that the surcoat, or tunic without sleeves, worn over the iron armour of the knights, was adopted to veil that defence, as it was apt to heat with the sun to a degree that rendered it inconvenient to the wearer. The figure here engraved, from one of these effigies, displays this surcoat hanging lower than the ringed hauberk beneath; it had also the advantage of distinguishing different nations by its colour and form when congregated on the battle-plain. chausses of the knight are also formed with rings set edgewise; which Bohadin, the secretary of Saladin, speaks of as excellent protections from the arrows of their opponents, which, he declares, stuck upon them without injury to

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the wearer. 'I have seen," says he, "not one or two, but nearly ten, sticking upon a soldier." The large shield of the knight is supported by an ornamented strap, passing across the shoulder; a similar one crosses the waist, towards the right side, where the sword hangs. His hands are crossed upon the breast, probably with the same intention that the legs of other effigies of this class are placed in a similar position, to indicate their militant profession of the cross and are covered by the chain-mail not separated for the fingers; he wears a close cap or helmet of iron, which is sometimes seen in use at this period. The figure is altogether a good illustration of military costume now generally worn.

There is a remarkably spirited effigy among this series, here engraved from Mr. Richardson's book, who says, "It is now considered to be that of Gilbert Mareschal, Earl of Pembroke, who died in 1241. It represents a young knight, in ring-mail, with the legs crossed; the hood, which is covered with a coif

of mail, seems fastened by a tie, as two ends appear, but no buckle. A strap or fillet runs round the face, through the rings, at intervals. The surcoat is long. No belt appears at the waist, but the folds of the surcoat appear to fall over it. The guige is enriched with small shields. The sword-belt is ornamented with bars only. The mode of fastening the buckle on the belt is well shown. The shield is long and plain. The sword-hilt is in the form of an escallop shell. The knight is in the act of drawing the sword from the scabbard. Between the hauberk and surcoat is a plain, thick under-garment, fastened with straps or clasps, which appear under the arms; probably some kind of haqueton. The feet are treading on a winged dragon, which is biting the spur-strap of the left foot." The action of this figure is exceedingly energetic, and it exhibits the first introduction of plate-armour, which eventually superseded the ringed mail, commencing with the small knee-caps, as worn by this knight.

The effigy now believed to be that of William Mareschal the younger, Earl of Pembroke, furnishes us with the excellent example in next page of the way in which the coif de mailles was secured on the head, and lapped round the face, being fastened to

the left side, near the temple, by a strap and buckle. In Pershore Church, Worcestershire, is an equally curious effigy of the same era, which represents the knight, with this lappet unloosed, and reposing on the breast. It is a valuable additional illustration of this peculiar portion of early military costume. The form assumed by the coif in covering the iron skull-cap worn under it will also be observed, as well as the band which passes around the forehead, and seems, by the bracing springs at intervals over it, as if intended to keep the iron cap in its proper place. These cuts may help us to understand the more imperfect representations of armed knights in the Bayeux Tapestry; and the omission of such minor details accounts for the apparent impossibility of getting into such tightfitting dresses of mail.

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In the helmets the principal changes would appear to have taken place, their heat and inconvenience being modified in various ways, without exactly rendering the wearer less secure; although the necessity for guarding the face from a sword-cut, now that the nasal was abandoned, led to the perfect envelopment of the head in the barrel-shaped helmet worn during the reign of Richard I. Some few varieties have been selected in the accompanying engraving. Fig. 1, from an effigy in

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