from the logic of Mr. Gräve-we should rather lean to the conclusion, that the worthy German has strained a point in his devotion for that quality' of liquid, which 'Cometh, as the gentle rain from heaven On the place beneath-and is twice bless'd Two Catholic ladies of Würzburg, named Von Hutten, are in possession of a large collection of letters addressed by the most celebrated men of the 16th century, to Ulrich von Hutten. This is, probably, the collection which Hutton, during his residence in Switzerland, wished to publish under the title of Epistolarum Opus. Steps have been taken to procure the publication of this treasure, but the possessors withhold their consent, because from the printing of these heretical letters, they anticipate danger to the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Religion. It is really to be regretted, that at this time of day the scruples of bigotry should be suffered to oppose the interests of literature. Conciliation, to be effective, should be mutual, and while every concession is made by Protestantism, Catholicism should, nay, must beware how it evinces that ancient and execrable love of darkness and mental tyranny, which of old, in its power, was the curse, and now, in its drivelling, is the scorn, of reason and a truly Christian charity. Niebuhr's Römische Geschichte, which has excited so much attention among his countrymen, and no less among the learned of our own, does not appear to be equally calculated for the historical readers in America. A reviewer in the National Gazette' expresses himself thus philosophically on the subject: So then, that part of the Roman history which was knocked into us at the schools we must unlearn, and read the greater portion of Livy as people read Homer and the Chinese annals. Better had it been that these German scholars had never been born, than that they should afflict us with the necessity of beginning our studies anew.' In this pathetic lament we by no means sympathize, yet we pity the lamenting and lamentable writer from our inmost heart: and, therefore, counsel him not to begin his studies anew, for should he study in the same enlightened and truth-loving spirit, as that in which he writes, more knocking than has already, so much to his grief, been perpetrated upon him, would be requisite, ere he could perceive, that it is better, far better, for the interests of mankind, that these German scholars have been born.' The study of the Greek language is generally neglected in the Austrian states, and also in Poland. In the latter country, this study can scarcely advance when, in the schools, every scholar is left at liberty to learn Greek, or not, as he pleases. The grammar in use is a little work, which is but an abridgment from an Austrian school-book. The best part of it is the preface, which is in Polish, and strongly inculcates the necessity of a more diligent study of the Greek language and literature among the youth of Poland.. Professor Blumenbach of Göttingen, possesses a small library of books, all of which are written by Negroes, showing that there is hardly a science in which some Negro has not been distinguished. By the abdication of Professor Eichhorn, this university has sustained a very severe loss; but the state of his health, which has been very precarious since several years, has obliged this eminent jurist to close his lectures, and to retire to private life. Italy. In the neighbourhood of the ancient Fiesole in Tuscany, on the territory of Count Pietro Mozzi, 3000 Roman coins, from the time of the consuls, and a wall wall built of rectangular stones, have been excavated. At Cahors a beautiful Mosaic, which served as pavement to the ancient temple of Diana at that place, has rewarded the labours of antiquarian research. A Statue of Venus has been excavated at Bonavia, in the neighbourhood of Syracuse. In beauty of form and purity of execution, it is said to excel that of Medici. Unfortunately the head is wanting, but, as it is, the statue measures six palms four inches in height. It has been placed in the Syracuse Russia. museum. By the fortunate termination of hostilities between the Russians and Persians, the former have been enabled to do something towards the extension of knowledge, as well as of their own unwieldy empire. During the campaign, Prof. Senkofski, of St. Petersburg, presented to the Government a memorial, in which he proposed that, in the event of peace, a number of rare oriental manuscripts should be stipulated for with the Persians. He subsequently, in conjunction with a friend, furnished a catalogue of 400 of the most rare and costly manuscripts, of which he wished the Russians to obtain possession. The emperor, who, from reasons of state, is highly favourable to oriental studies, sent the memorial and the catalogue to the general commanding in Persia, with the injunction to search carefully in all the convents and mosques of the vanquished provinces for the manuscripts indicated in the catalogue, and if found to bear them off. Prof. Senkofski particularly requested that search should be made for Ptolemy's Geography, and other Greek works, which were translated by the Arabians, and the originals of which has been lost. The Persians freely gave about sixty works, and were well pleased that no copy of the Koran, or any other religious work, was required of them. Independently of the above requisition, General Suchtelen, after the capture of Ardebil, selected from the library of that place 300 works, some of which are very voluminous, and transmitted them to St. Petersburg. The Russian minister at the court of Persia was a man of great learning and taste, and further, an excellent orientalist. But the hopes placed in him have been terribly dispelled by the catastrophe which befell him, and it is now to be feared that many of the sanguine expectations of the orientalists will remain unfulfilled." Dr. Erman is now on his return to Europe through Kamtschatka, China, and round the Cape. Dr. E. has made two very singular discoveries: first, that the whole of Siberia from the European frontier up to the Bay of Ochotock is intersected by good roads: secondly, that in as far as the geological structure of mountains can lead to conclusions relative to their contents, it is highly probable that the northern descent of the chain of the Ural may contain gold and plátina, in the same quantity as lately discovered on the western and southern declivity of the same mountain ridge. Should this latter conjecture prove well founded, Russia will be abundantly supplied with the sinews of war. The great importance of old coins and inscriptions for the illustration of the history of the Crimean Bosphorus, is manifest from an essay in the 78th number of the Journal de St. Petersburgh' for the present year, in which new chronological data are mentioned, founded on recently discovered coins. The names and reigns of twenty kings of that country, concerning whom no mention whatever is made by the old historians, have been gradually and consecutively discovered from old coins, by which, with a few slight breaks, a regular succession is established through several centuries. Some of these breaks have been recently filled up. It was known that King Sauromates III. had reigned till the year 420 of the Pontian era, his name and image having been found on a coin bearing this date, on the reverse of which was the image of the Emperor Hadrian. His successor, Cotys II. is known first from a coin of the year 426, and from an inscription of 424; but a gold coin lately brought from Staropol to St. Petersburgh, bears on one side the image and name of Cotys II. and on the other the head of Hadrian, with the number 420. Herefrom it is evident that in this year Sauromates III. died, and Cotys II. ascended the throne. The latter reigned till 428, when he was succeeded by Rhoemetalces, who died in 450, and before 452 King Eupatir is known by a coin found in the Bosphorus, bearing date 451. It has been discovered that Cotys IV., Rhescopuris V. and Erus, reigned before the year 531. The rule of Thothorses lasted from 575 to 604; and concerning the hitherto doubtful King Rhadamcadis or Rhadamsadis, whose reign ended in 616, it has been discovered that he reigned already in 607. The reign of his successor, Rhescopuris VIII. the last known king in the Bosphorus, lasted from 616 till 631, though formerly he was not known to have governed after 629. Our minister for the home department has caused a Kalmuckian Institute to be erected here, for the purpose of teaching the language to young men who might afterwards serve the crown as officers and interpreters among the Kalmuck tribes. At a Gymnasium at Moscow, founded by the rich Armenian family of the Lasareffs, the Armenian and Turkish languages are taught by the Russian Archimandrit Michael, who some time ago published a complete Grammar of the Armenian language. THE FOREIGN REVIEW. ART, I.-La Vie de Saint Ignace, Fondateur de la Compagnie de Jésus, par le R. P. Bouhours, de la même Compagnie. Nouvelle Edition, revue et soigneusement corrigée, ornée d'un Portrait. 1820. THE restoration of the Jesuits was so remarkable an event both in itself, and as an indication of the spirit which prevails in the Romish church, that though it did not excite quite so much attention at the time in France, as the affair of Fualdes,' or in England, as the murder of Mr. Wear, or the execution of Fauntleroy, it did not pass in either country without remark. The old contest concerning the society was renewed; pens were again drawn on both sides, and ink shed, little to the credit of the authors, or the country on either* part; and as little, it may be suspected, to the advantage of the publishers. The years which have elapsed have shown that the apprehensions then entertained, however injudiciously expressed, would have appeared well founded, if the authors who expressed them had been masters of their own case. A sect may change its character, as the Anabaptists, the Quakers, the Moravians, and, in a less degree, the Wesleyan methodists, have done; and yet to understand the constitution and nature of these sects rightly, it is necessary to be acquainted with the circumstances of their rise and progress. So is it with regard to the Jesuits, and the probable consequences of their restoration: for speculations concerning the future must, in such things, be altogether worthless, unless they are founded upon a knowledge of the past. The character of that society is indeed indelible. Linguet said of its founder, that the only miracle which he worked after his death, was that of inspiring two and thirty authors with the desire of writing his life. Linguet himself made the thirty-third; and it will not be performing a superfluous task if we add another to the list. The original *The New Conspiracy against the Jesuits detected and briefly exposed, with a short Account of their Institute, and Observations on the Danger of Systems of Education independent of Religion. By R. C. Dallas, Esq., 8vo.' This was a bad book, written by a man of good principles, upon an erroneous view of the subject. It called forth a 'History of the Jesuits, to which was prefixed a Reply to Mr. Dallas's Defence of this Order, in two vols. 8vo.' This was a worse book, in which the right cause was maintained by an advocate too ignorant even to suspect his own incapacity for the task which he had undertaken. VOL. V. NO. X. T authorities authorities are not easily accessible in this country, even to the few studious persons who might be desirous of perusing them; and for the compilations and abstracts which are to be found in our biographical dictionaries and books of common reference, the manufacturers of those miserable articles have generally been as careless in research as they were deficient in ability. Yñigo de Loyola y Oñez was born in 1491, of an old and honourable family, at the castle of Loyola, not far from Azpeytia, in the province of Guipuzcoa. His father's name was Beltran lañez de Loyola y Оñez, his mother's, Marina Saenz de Licona y Balda, and he was the youngest of thirteen children. That he was born, for the purpose of signifying a mysterious conformity, in the stable, is a tradition which, though asserted by some of the earlier Jesuits, the later and more critical admit to be apocryphal; and that before he was christened, he desired to be called Ignatius (the name by which he latinized Yñigo) is a circumstance, they say, which requires stronger evidence than can be adduced to prove it-so careful are they not to offend with gnats the throat which is to swallow a string of camels, each with a high-piled load upon its back. Well would it be for the Jesuits if their whole history could bear investigation as well as the genuine and unadorned memoirs of their founder might do! Ignatius, however, being the name by which he was canonized, and is generally known, is that whereby he may most conveniently be called. It was appointed, say his disciples, that he should be born of noble blood on both sides, to the end that men of like noble extraction in all parts of the world should not disdain to come under the strict and severe, but well considered laws which he instituted; and it was also appointed in the ways of Providence, that he should be trained in war, because, in that school, he could best obtain a practical knowledge of discipline, and of the sufferance, the promptitude, the enterprise, and the unhesitating obedience to be required in the members of the society which he was to found. Having received the first part of his education at home, it seems that he was placed by his father at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella; and nothing more is known of him, till, in the thirtieth year of his age, he appears as a soldier in garrison at Pamplona, then besieged by the French. Till that time he has described himself as having been devoted to the vanities of the world; his eulogists have discovered in him all the latent qualities of a lamb; and his enemies, with that slanderous malice which characterises bigotry in whatever communion it is found, represent him as a monster of ferocity. But that he was a brave soldier, and a person of no little consideration |