He

Elwin was eminently autocratic, put a swift end to the dominance of Croker, and freely altered, condensed, expanded, and reconstructed his contributors' work without respect of persons. rarely or never answered letters, and often left them in piles unopened. He had strong opinions and prejudices-cared little for Tennyson, and was contemptuous of Browning, Matthew Arnold, and George Eliot. He loved science, but derided Darwin and belittled Huxley and Tyndall. In painting and music he had equally strong and individual likes and dislikes; and he rebuilt his church on imposing lines from his own plans without professional advice. A collection of his essays was published by his son, with a Memoir, as Some Seventeenth Century Men of Letters (2 vols. 1902).

Martin Farquhar Tupper (1810-89) was born at Marylebone, son of an eminent surgeon, and studied at the Charterhouse and at Christ Church, Oxford, where in 1831 he defeated Gladstone over a theological essay. Prevented by a stammer from taking orders, he yet was called to the Bar (1835), but soon found the vocation that pleased him in a life of authorship. His first volume, Sacra Poesis, had been published anonymously in 1832; Geraldine (1838), designed as a continuation of Christabel, was severely handled by the critics. But of his forty works, one had an amazing success-Proverbial Philosophy (1838-76) brought him and his publisher a profit of 'something like £10,000 apiece.' The first of the four series ran through sixty editions; by 1881 a million copies of the work had been sold in America; and it was translated into French and Danish. Though Proverbial Philosophy is but a heap of platitudes in stilted prose cut into lengths which have neither rhyme nor rhythm, texts from it were quoted as authoritative, and put to strange uses thus it is recorded that Mr Spurgeon proposed to the lady who became his wife by help of a passage from Tupper. His practical inventions were less successful-safety horse-shoes, glass screw-tops to bottles, steam-vessels with the paddles inside, and the like. And his War Ballads, Rifle Ballads (in support of the Volunteer movement), and Protestant Ballads never attained to popularity. Rides and Reveries of Mr Alsop Smith (1857) was a satire; on his novel, The Crock of Gold (1844), a two-act melodrama was founded by Edward Fitzball. Tupper was elected to the Royal Society, and received the Oxford D.C.L., as well as Prussian and other foreign distinctions; and he was twice received in America with enthusiasm. His home was at Albury in Sussex; from time to time he gave readings from his own works to audiences in England and Scotland. In 1873 he received a pension of £120, and next year Allibone's Dictionary intimated that a baronetcy was expected to be conferred. But he had some savage tomahawking to endure at the hands of the reviewers-as from Fraser in October 1852. From his huge

'archives' (in Bozzy's self-complacent use of the word) he compiled My Life as an Author (1886). The Child of Sensibility.

Yet I hear the child of sensibility moaning at the wintry cold,

Wherein the mists of selfishness have wrapped the society of men :

He grieveth, and hath deep reasons; for falsehood hath wronged his trust,

And the breaches in his bleeding heart have been filled with the briars of suspicion.

For, alas, how few be friends, of whom charity hath hoped well!

For it calleth any man friend, who is not known for an enemy;

And such be as the flies of summer, while plenty sitteth at thy board:

But who can wonder at their flight from the cold denials of want?

Such be as vultures round a carcass, assembled together for the feast;

But a sudden noise scareth them, and forthwith are they specks among the clouds.

There be few, O child of sensibility, who deserve to have thy confidence ;

Yet weep not, for there are some, and such some live for thee:

Albert Smith (1816-60)—in full ALBERT RICHARD SMITH-was the son of a surgeon at Chertsey, was educated at Merchant Taylors', and having qualified in London, commenced practice with his father; but taking to lecturing and light literature, he had erelong published over a score of books, some of them illustrated by Leech. He wrote much for Bentley's Miscellany and for Punch, and produced or adapted many pieces for the stage. His novels include The Adventures of Mr Ledbury (1844), The Scattergood Family (1845), The Marchioness of Brinvilliers (1846), Christopher Tadpole (1848), and The Pottleton Legacy (1849); of his 'entertainments,' the first (after a tour in the East) was 'A Month at Constantinople;' the most successful was 'The Ascent of Mont Blanc' (1852). Edmund Yates prefixed a Life of him to an edition (1860) of the Mont Blanc.

At

Edwin Waugh (1817-90), the Lancashire poet, was born a shoemaker's son at Rochdale, and after a little irregular schooling was apprenticed to a local printer and bookseller; he read industriously all books he could find about Lancashire and its traditions, as well as general literature, and on the expiration of his apprenticeship worked as journeyman in London and elsewhere. Rochdale he on his return established a literary institute, and in 1847 was made assistant-secretary to the Lancashire Public School Association; and with his removal to Kelsal near Manchester he became one of the most active members of the Manchester Literary Club. His first sketches of Lancashire life and character appeared in the Manchester Examiner, and at once attracted friendly attention to the author. Among his numerous prose writings may be cited his Factory Folk during the Cotton Famine, the Besom Ben Stories (possibly the best of his humorous pieces), The Chimney-Corner (a series of exquisite village idyls), and the admirable descriptions of natural scenery in his Tufts of Heather, Irish Sketches, and Rambles in the Lake Country. But it is as a singer rather than as a story-teller that our author will be best remembered. For several years he had been in the habit of contributing dialect songs to various periodicals, and these pieces, first collected in 1859 as Poems and Songs, secured for their author immediate recognition as a poet. Rivalling all known north of England dialect poems, and comparing favourably with the best work of the rustic followers of Burns, these rude lyrics won the hearts of his countrymen by the power, pathos, and kindly humour with which he paints the homely ways and thoughts of his

country-people; indeed, few poems enjoy such popularity in Lancashire as Waugh's 'Come whoam to the childer an' me.' As an expositor of dialect Waugh merits high praise. The nice shades of local patois current in villages separated by only a few miles are tenderly discriminated, and the idiom is nowhere maintained to the tedium of the general reader, but relieved by brilliant descriptive passages written in terse and pure English. Outside his native country Waugh's rendering of dialect is somewhat less happy, and the specimens of the country speech of Cumberland and Ireland, as given in Jannock and Irish Sketches, can scarcely be accounted a success. For some years he lived solely by writing in prose and verse, giving occasionally readings from his own pieces, and in 1882 received a small pension from the Civil List. In failing health he removed to New Brighton, Cheshire, where he spent his last years.

The best edition of Waugh's collected works is that in eleven volumes, with Caldecott's illustrations (1881-89). A selection in eight volumes (1892-93) has a Memoir of him by the editor, Mr Milner.

Charles William Shirley Brooks was born 29th April 1816, in London, and was the son of an architect. At the age of sixteen he was articled to his uncle, a solicitor at Oswestry, and passed the examination of the Incorporated Law Society, but drifted into journalism, and became a contributor of poetry and prose to the periodicals. For five sessions he was in the reporters' gallery in the House of Commons, and wrote the parliamentary summary for the Morning Chronicle. Much miscellaneous writing was done by him for this journal, and in 1853 he was its special commissioner to inquire into the condition and labour of the poor in Russia, Syria, and Egypt. The result of his investigations was given in a series of letters, subsequently reprinted in a book called Russians of the South. Brooks edited the Literary Gazette 1858-59, and for a time the Home News. He wrote several light and bright pieces for the stage, and two novels, Aspen Court (1853) and The Gordian Knot (1858). For a while a contributor to rival comic papers, in 1851 Brooks joined the staff of Punch, and was soon recognised as its leading contributor, his 'Essence of Parliament' being extremely popular. At the death of Mark Lemon in 1870 he was appointed editor, and conducted the paper until his death on 23rd February 1874. On his deathbed he wrote Election Epigrams and The Situation, which appeared in Punch after his death. His best poetical pieces contributed to Punch were issued in book form in 1883 under the title of Wit and Humour.

Francis Edward Smedley (1818-64), a cripple born at Marlow, took early to writing, his half-dozen works including Frank Fairlegh (1850), Lewis Arundel (1852), and Harry Coverdale's Courtship (1855), in which horsemanship and

hunting divide the interest with the orthodox passion. Bright cheery books, these appeared originally in Sharpe's Magazine, of which he for a time was editor, and they were illustrated by Cruikshank and 'Phiz.'

Frederick William Robertson (1816-53) was born in London, the son of an artillery captain, and was educated for the army at Beverley, at Tours, at Edinburgh Academy, and at Edinburgh University. Resolving, however, to take orders, he studied at Brasenose, Oxford, from 1837 to 1840, but was in nowise moved by the current Newmanism to depart from the Evangelicalism in which he had been brought up. Ordained in 1840, he for nearly a year held a curacy at Winchester, where his health broke down; but a walking tour on the Continent restored it, and at Geneva he married the daughter of a Northamptonshire baronet. In 1842 he became curate of Christ Church, Cheltenham. Here he suffered much from despondency, and having passed through a severe mental struggle, he found his faith in Evangelicalism shaken by the intolerance of its partisans. After preaching to the English church at Heidelberg for a time, and holding a curacy in Oxford, in 1847 he became incumbent of Trinity Chapel, Brighton, where his earnestness, originality, and wide sympathy arrested public attention. But the comprehensiveness of his Christian ideal exposed him to not a little odium-he was suspected alike by Evangelicals and High Churchmen; for he was unquestionably a Broad Church thinker, though not of the school of Maurice or of Kingsley. Indeed, he could not be said to belong to any school; and while he sympathised warmly with what was best in all schools, he was strongly conscious of his differences from them, and never hesitated to denounce what he thought contrary to his own fervent conception of Christian truth, based essentially on the historical significance of the life of Christ, revealing at once sonship with God and brotherhood with man. He was naturally vehement and even passionate; and his keen, perhaps morbid, sensitiveness contributed its share to the power of emotion, the spirituality of thought, the delicate suggestiveness, the infectious enthusiasm of his sermons, which, without rhetorical eloquence or striking originality, wielded a quite extraordinary influence on English religious temper. During his last years he suffered from disease of the brain. He resigned in June 1853 because the vicar of Brighton had refused to confirın his nomination of a curate, and died two months later. He published but one sermon-the five series (1855-90) so well known over the English-speaking world are really recollections, sometimes dictated and sometimes written out by himself for friends, but in abbreviated form; yet even so they reveal an exceptional religious genius and an unique type of the preacher's power. Expository lectures on the

Epistle to the Corinthians (1859) and notes on Genesis (1877) were printed, and a volume of Lectures and Addresses (1858), reissued with additions as Literary Remains (1876). He had translated Lessing's Education of the Human Race (1858), and prepared an admirable analysis of In Memoriam (1862). Some early verses, not of much importance, were privately printed. His letters are hardly inferior to his sermons in charm and power; and the Life and Letters by Mr Stopford Brooke (1865) at once took a place amongst classic English biographies. The extracts are from lectures delivered in 1852 to the Mechanics' Institute at Brighton.

Poetry and the Working Classes.

And this alone would be enough to show that the Poetry of the coming age must come from the Working Classes. In the upper ranks, Poetry, so far at least as it represents their life, has long been worn out, sickly, and sentimental. Its manhood is effete. Feudal aristocracy with its associations, the castle and the tournament, has passed away. Its last healthy tones came from the harp of Scott. Byron sang its funeral dirge. But tenderness, and heroism, and endurance still want their voice, and it must come from the classes whose observation is at first hand, and who speak fresh from nature's heart. What has Poetry to do with the Working Classes? Men of work! we want our Poetry from you-from men who will dare to live a brave and true life; not like poor Burns, who was fevered with flattery, manful as he was, and dazzled by the vulgar splendours of the life of the great, which he despised and still longed for; but rather like Ebenezer Elliot, author of the Corn Law Rhymes. Our soldier ancestors told you the significance of high devotion and loyalty which lay beneath the smoke of battlefields. Now rise and tell us the living meaning there may be in the smoke of manufactories, and the heroism of perseverance, and the poetry of invention, and the patience of uncomplaining resignation. Remember the stirring words of one of your own

poets:

'There's a light about to break,

There's a day about to dawn:
Men of thought, and men of action!
Clear the way!'

Poetry and War.

Through the physical horrors of warfare, Poetry discerned the redeeming nobleness. For in truth, when war is not prolonged, the kindling of all the higher passions prevents the access of the baser ones. A nation split and severed by mean religious and political dissensions suddenly feels its unity, and men's hearts beat together at the mere possibility of invasion. And even woman, as the author of the History of the Peninsular War has well remarked, sufferer as she is by war, yet gains; in the more chivalrous respect paid to her, in the elevation of the feelings excited towards her, in the attitude of protection assumed by men, and in the high calls to duty which arouse her from the frivolousness and feebleness into which her existence is apt to sink. I will illustrate this by one more anecdote from the same campaign to which allusion has been already made-Sir Charles Napier's campaign against the robber tribes of Upper Scinde.

A detachment of troops was marching along a valley, the cliffs overhanging which were crested by the enemy. A sergeant, with eleven men, chanced to become separated from the rest by taking the wrong side of a ravine, which they expected soon to terminate, but which suddenly deepened into an impassable chasm. The officer in command signalled to the party an order to return. They mistook the signal for a command to charge; the brave fellows answered with a cheer, and charged. At the summit of the steep mountain was a triangular platform, defended by a breast work, behind which were seventy of the foe. On they went, charging up one of those fearful paths, eleven against seventy. The contest could not long be doubtful with such odds. One after

BENJAMIN JOWETT. From a Photograph by Elliott & Fry.

another they fell: six upon the spot, the remainder hurled backwards; but not until they had slain nearly twice their own number. There is a custom, we are told, amongst the hillsmen, that when a great chieftain of their own falls in battle, his wrist is bound with a thread either of red or green, the red denoting the highest rank. According to custom, they stripped the dead, and threw their bodies over the precipice. When their comrades came, they found their corpses stark and gashed; but round both wrists of every British hero was twined the red thread!

I think you will perceive how Poetry, expressing in this rude symbolism unutterable admiration of heroic daring, had given another aspect to war than that of butchery; and you will understand how, with such a foe, and such a general as the English commander, who more than once refused battle because the wives and children of the enemy were in the hostile camp, and he feared for their lives, carnage changed its character, and became chivalry; and how it was that the British troops learned

to treat their captive women with respect; and the chieftains of the Cutchee hills offered their swords and services with enthusiasm to their conqueror; and the wild hill-tribes, transplanted to the plains, became as persevering in agriculture as they had been before in

war.

A fine poetic rendering of this story is 'The Red Thread of Honour' in Sir Francis Hastings Doyle's Return of the Guards, and other Poems (1866).

The

Benjamin Jowett (1817-95), Master of Balliol, was born at Camberwell and educated at St Paul's School and Balliol, Oxford, where he was eminently distinguished-for he won the Hertford in 1837, a classical first in 1839, and the Latin essay in 1841. Already a Fellow in 1838, he was tutor from 1840 till his election as Master in 1870; from 1855 to 1893 he was Regius Professor of Greek. He fought for toleration when the Newmanites were being persecuted in Oxford, and was himself early regarded as heretically 'Broad Church.' mastership of his college was not given him in 1854; and strenuous agitation kept from him the usual emoluments attached to the Greek chair for ten years. For his article 'On the Interpretation of Scripture' in Essays and Reviews (1860) he was tried but acquitted by the Vice-Chancellor's court. He published a famous commentary on the Epistles to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and Romans (1855; 3rd ed. 1894), in which his attitude to inspiration and to the doctrine of the atonement was by conservatives regarded as unsatisfactory. But he is best known by his translation, with learned and suggestive introductions, of the dialogues of Plato (1871; 3rd ed. 1892) and his (less happy) versions of Thucydides (1881) and the Politics of Aristotle (1885). With Professor Campbell he was responsible for an edition of Plato's Republic (1894). As Master of Balliol his influence permeated the college to a degree almost unexampled. He was made Doctor by Leyden (1875), Edinburgh (1884), and Cambridge (1890), and was Vice-Chancellor of the university from 1882 till 1886. On the whole it may be said that his work on Plato was more remarkable for the perfect English of the translation and the pregnant thoughts of the introductions than for his exact philological scholarship in rendering the Greek. He made no attempt to reconstruct Plato's philosophy as a system, nor did he think this possible or desirable. He did not greatly value system in philosophy or theology; many of those not unfriendly to him thought the sum of his own beliefs was no system, but a series of compromises. He certainly founded no party and headed no school, was to the end charged with vagueness and mistiness, and gave an uncertain sound on doctrines the Church has always regarded as fundamental. But he was an eminently pregnant and suggestive thinker and writer, warmly attached to what he regarded as the central truths of religion. His pupils included many of the men who have become most eminent in their time, and most of them regarded him with warm devotion.

In the latter years of his mastership he was the subject of a kind of hero-worship in Oxford; in spite of his formidable power of snubbing the inconsiderate, he was very popular with the students. His witty sayings were in everybody's mouth, and many others were fathered on him he would have failed to recognise. He cherished warm friendships with old pupils, delighted in the intimacy of his most eminent contemporaries, and was rather a striking than an eloquent talker; he uttered himself more copiously in letters to his friends. He worked hard for the well-being of his college, and was zealous in promoting educational reform. His essays and translations rank him high amongst English writers. Three collections of his sermons have been published (1895-1901), College Sermons, sermons on biographical subjects and the like, and Sermons on Faith and Doctrine.

Immortality.

Again, believing in the immortality of the soul, we must still ask the question of Socrates, 'What is that which we suppose to be immortal?' Is it the per

sonal and individual element in us, or the spiritual and universal? Is it the principle of knowledge or of goodness, or the union of the two? Is it the mere force of life which is determined to be, or the consciousness of self which cannot be got rid of, or the fire of genius which refuses to be extinguished? Or is there a hidden being which is allied to the Author of all existence, who is because he is perfect, and to whom our ideas of perfection give us a title to belong? Whatever answer is given by us to these questions, there still remains the necessity of allowing the permanence of evil, if not for ever, at any rate for a time, in order that the wicked 'may not have too good a bargain. For the annihilation of evil at death, or the eternal duration of it, seem to involve equal difficulties in the moral order of the universe. Sometimes we are led by our feelings, rather than by our reason, to think of the good and wise only as existing in another life. Why should the mean, the weak, the idiot, the infant, the herd of men who have never in any proper sense the use of reason, reappear with blinking eyes in the light of another world? But our second thought is that the hope of humanity is a common one, and that all or none have a right to immortality. Reason does not allow us to suppose that we have any greater claims than others, and experience sometimes reveals to us unexpected flashes of the higher nature in those whom we have despised. Such are some of the distracting thoughts which press upon us when we attempt to assign any form to our conceptions of a future state.

Again, ideas must be given through something; and we are always prone to argue about the soul from analogies of outward things which may serve to embody our thoughts, but are also partly delusive. For we cannot reason from the natural to the spiritual, or from the outward to the inward. The progress of physiological science, without bringing us nearer to the great secret, has perhaps tended to remove some erroneous notions respecting the relations of body and mind, and in this we have the advantage of the ancients. But no one imagines that any seed of immortality is to be discerned in our mortal frames. The result seems to be that those

who have thought most deeply on the immortality of the soul have been content to rest their belief on the agreement of the more enlightened part of mankind, and on the inseparable connection of such a doctrine with the existence of a God and our ideas of divine justice-also in a less degree on the impossibility of thinking otherwise of those whom we reverence in this world. And after all has been said, the figure, the analogy, the argument, are felt to be only approximations in different forms to the expression of the common sentiment of the human heart. (From the Introduction to the Phado of Plato.) The official Life and Letters by Dr Evelyn Abbott and Professor Lewis Campbell appeared in 1897, followed by another volume of Letters (1899). Studies of him were published by Mr Tollemache (1895), Sir Leslie Stephen (1898), and Mr C. G. Montefiore (1900). And two volumes of selections from his sacred and secular writings have been published by Professor Lewis Campbell (1902).

George Henry Lewes (1817-78) was born in London, the grandson of the comedian Charles Lee Lewes. Educated partly at Greenwich under Dr Burney, and partly in Jersey and Brittany, he spent some time in a notary's office, and then in the house of a Russian merchant; tried medicine, but could not stand the operating-room; and in 1838 went to Germany for two years. On his return to London he tried the stage as a profession, but soon was at work as a Penny Encyclopædist and Morning Chronicler, as contributor to a dozen journals, reviews, and magazines, and as editor of the Leader (1851-54), and of the Fortnightly (1865-66), which he himself had founded. His versatility was remarkable; many of his innumerable articles are on dramatic subjectsthe drama in Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Ancient Greece-but also on Browning, Tennyson,