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Vifitation of the Virgin Mary. This feftival was inftituted in the year 1441, by Urban VI. to allay the ferment which had been excited by the oppofite claims of himself and Clement VII. to the Papacy. The day was dedicated to the remembrance of the journey taken by the Virgin Mary into the deferts of Judea to vifit the mother of John the Baptift; to the end "that the being honoured with this folemnity, might reconcile her "Son by her interceflion, who is now angry for the fins of men; and that "the might grant peace and unity among the faithful."

+ Tranflation of St. Martin. The 4th of July is dedicated to the removal of the remains of this faint (who was firft a foldier, and afterwards Bishop of Tours in France) from the place of their original obfcure interment to a fepulchre of expence and magnificence: this was performed by Bishop Perpetuus, one of his fucceffors in the fee.

Svithun, bishop of Winchefter; commonly called the crying faint, from the traditional obfervation, that if there be rain on his day, there will be rain more or lefs for forty days after. The occafion of this tradition is thus explained in the Antiquitates Vulgares: "The Monks do indeed "give fome fhew of reafon why rain should happen about the time of St. "Swithun; for about the time of his feaft there are two rainy conftella"tions, Præcepe, and Afellus, which arife cofmically, and generally pro "duce rain." Swithun was firft a monk, afterwards prior of the convent of Winchester, and promoted to the fee in 852. It is recorded, as an inftance of his humility, that he would not be buried in the church, aś bifhops always were, but in the church-yard.

Margaret. A virgin who fuffered martyrdom A. D. 278, in confequence of her refufing to marry Olybius, prefident of the Eaft, under the Romans. The papifts regard her memory with much refpect, and confider her (as the Romans did Lucina) the tutelary faint of women in labour.

St. Mary Magdalene, or of Magdala. This day continued to be a feftival for fome years after the Reformation in this country. The first Prayer-Book of Edward VIth contained a fervice for it. The Epiftle was part of the 31ft chapter of Proverbs, from the 10th verse to the end; the Gofpel was the 7th chapter of Luke, from verse 36; and the Collect was as follows: "Merciful Father, give us grace that we never prefume to fin “through the example of any creature; but if it fhall chance us at any "time to offend thy Divine Majefty, that then we may truly repent and lament the fame, after the example of Mary Magdalene; and by a lively "faith obtain remiffion of all our fins, through the only merits of thy Son "our Saviour Chrift. Amen." As it became a doubt, however, with our Reformers afterwards, whether Mary Magdalene were the woman men. tioned in Luke vii. or not, the festival was ordered to be difcontinued.

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St. Anne. In a fragment of Hippolitus the Martyr, preferved to us by Nicephorus, we find the following mention of this holy female: "There were three fifters of Bethlehem, daughters of Matthan the priest, "and Mary his wife, under the reign of Cleopatra, and Cafopares king "of Perfia, before the reign of Herod, the fon of Antipater. The eldeft "was Mary; the fecond was Sobe; the youngeft's name was Anne. The "eldeft, being married in Bethlehem, had for daughter Salome the "midwife. Sobe, the fecond, likewife married in Bethlehem, and was "the mother of Elizabeth. Laft of all the third married in Gallilee, and brought forth Mary the mother of Christ."

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* Lammas. Various reafons are given for the application of this name to the first of Auguft. Some fuppofe it to be called Lammas, or Lamb-Mafs; becaufe on that day the tenants holding lands under the cathedral of York were bound by their tenure to bring a live lamb into the church at high-mafs on that day. Somner derives it from the Saxon word Loaf-Mafs, it being an ancient custom with the Saxons to offer upon that day a certain number of loaves made of new wheat, as the firft-fruits of their corn.

+ Transfiguration of Chrift: a feftival in commemoration of that event, obferved from great antiquity in the Greek church. It was inftituted in the Romith church fo late 25 1455, but its obfervance was difcontinued at the Reformation, probably because it was found to be connected with many fuperftitious fervices and practices.

Name of Jefus. The occafion of this day being dedicated to the name of Jefus, and the time when it was fo, are entirely unknown. It was anciently confecrated to the memory of Afra, a Cretan courtezan, who was converted to christianity by Narciffus bhop of Jerufalem, and afterwards fuffered martyrdom.

St. Laurence. A Spaniard by birth, treasurer of the Church of Rome, and one of the feven deacons under Sixtus the bishop of Rome, who all fuffered martyrdom in the reign of Valerian, A. D. 260. He exhibited an example of incorruptible fidelity, and the molt patient chriftian fortitude; for being tempted with the moft feducing promites by the Pagans to deliver up the treafures of his church, and threatened on the other hand with the most grievous torments, if he refuted to comply; he boldly defied the latter rather than forfake his duty. The fentence pronounced against him in confequence of his perSeverance was a terrible one :-" Bring out the grate of iron, and when it is red-hot, on with him. Roaft him, broil him, turn him. Upon pain of our high difpleasure, da every man his office, oh ye tormentors!" The cruel orders were punctually obeyed; but fo far were the tortures from overcoming the patience of the martyr, that he is faid to have cried out to the tyrant Valerian, who ftood by, "This fide is now roafted enough: "Oh, tyrant, do you think roalted meat or raw the beft?" Robinton, in his Ecclefiaftical Refearches, fpeaking of St. Laurence, fays: "Philip II of Spain, having won a battle on "the 10th of August, the festival of St. Laurence, vowed to confecrate a palace, a church, and a monaftery, to his honour. He did erect the Efcurial, which is the largest palace in Europe. This immenfe quarry confifts of feveral courts and quadrangles, all difpofed in the shape of a gridiron. The bars torm feveral courts, and the royal family occupy "the handle." Page 260.

St. Augustine. An African, an elegant and accomplished fcholar; brought up (as Lardner informs us) in the errors of the Manicheans, but converted by St. Ambrofe to the true faith at the age of thirty. Auguftine himself tells us, that what feduced him in his youth to become a Manichean, was "the hope of understanding every thing by demonftration, and of knowing GoD by the fole light of reafon without faith." He was first prefbyter of Hippo, and afterwards made bishop of the fame city. He died A. D. 430, aged 76. Mofheim in his admirable Ecclefiaftical History, tranflated by the late Dr. Maclaine, bears this teftimony to the excellence of Auguftine:-"The fame of Auguf"ftine filled the whole Chriftian world; and not without reafon, as a variety of great "and fhining qualities were united in the character of that illuftrious man. A fublime genius; an uninterrupted and zealous purfuit of truth; an indefatigable application; an invincible patience; a fincere piety; and a fubtle and lively wit, confpired to establish his fame upon the most lafting foundations. His writings form a library in them"felves. They were published by the Benedictines in a fplendid form and manner."

St. John Baptift beheaded. The original name of this feftival was Feftum collectionis Johannis Baptifta, or the feaft of gathering up the relics of St. John Baptift; and afterWards by corruption, Feftum decollationis, or the feast of his beheading. Some miracles fad to be performed by his bones excited the jealoufy of the Emperor Julian, who ordered them to be burnt. Pious people, however, referved fome of them; and when Chrifti anty became the religion of the court, thefe remains were collected together, and a feast tuted in commemoration of the tranfaction.

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