66 the English Works and Life of Roger Ascham (in which the dedication and life at least are the work of Dr. Johnson), instead of "crye out, haroe," the editor has given crye out harde," altering as well the punctuation as the word itself and in this very ridiculous depravation he has been followed by Mr. Walters, a Glamorganshire clergyman, in an 8vo. edition, 1788, and in an edition of all his English Works, 8vo. 1815, White, Fleet-street. From this Norman usage, Ritson says the word “is erroneously supposed by some to be a corruption of Ha Rou,* i. e. Rollo, Duke of Normandy: Pharroh, however, was the old war cry of the Irish. Camd. Britann. 1695, p. 1047, and Spenser's View of Ireland. The word too, or crie de guerre, of Joan of Arc, was Hara ha. Howell's Letters, 8vo. 1726, p. 113. Anc. Metrical Romances, III. 349, 8vo. 1802. But, whatever its real origin, the tradition of the country, and the form of the invocation of their revered chieftain (à l'aide, mon prince), demonstrates what must have been the opinion of the inhabitants of Normandy and its adjacent isles upon this subject and in those islands this form of invocation is continued to the present day. The 53d chapter of the Grand Coustumier de Normandie treats De Haro, rendered in the Latin text or : : translation, "De clamore, qui dicitur Harou." It states, "that in his court of Haro the Duke of Normandy makes inquest, whether this cry is raised with just cause or otherwise, heavy penalties attending a false clamour and directs, that it shall not be raised, unless in criminal cases or offences against the state." Rouen, Fo. 1539, fo. 10 and 74. But the practise is, and as far as appears, ever has been, directly opposite and we are well informed, that in Jersey and Guernsey it is the constant usage, interjetter le clameur de haro, in civil cases, to prevent trespass or entry under the colour of right; and if any such inroad is repeated after this cry has been raised, heavy penalties ensue. That it ever could have been confined to criminal cases will hardly be allowed, if any credit is due to the story recorded of the stoppage of the Conqueror's funeral. He had violently dispossessed the owner of the ground, in which it was proposed to deposit his remains. The owner, conceiving this to be a new invasion of his property, and possibly that the death of the invader operated as a renewal of those rights, a suspension of the exercise of which he had hitherto been compelled to acquiesce under, threw in the clameur de haro. Falle, from Paulus Æmilius, states his challenge to have been made in these words : Qui regna oppressit armis, me quoque metu mortis hactenus oppressit. Ego, injuriæ superstes, pacem mortuo non dabo. In quem infertis hunc hominem locum, meus est. In alienum Raoul is the real and proper name, Rou or Ro the abbreviation, Rollo the latinised name, and now universally adopted; in the same way as we say Thuanus for De Thou. From whatever other sources derived, this word may have been engrafted into our language, it seems clear, that it has been transmitted to us by our Norman ancestors. solum inferendi mortui jus nemini esse defendo. Si, extincto tandem indignitatis authore, vivit adhuc vis, Rollonem, conditorem parentemque gentis, appello; qui legibus a se datis quam cujusquam injuria plus unus potest polletque." Hist. of Jersey, 1734. P. 16, 17. It appears too, that this exclamation is, down to the present times, used still more extensively; and that it is resorted to by those who meditate or make attack, as well as those who are assailed. In his private memoir of Louis XVI. Mr. Bertrand de Moleville says, speaking of himself, "There was a general shout of Haro sur l'Intendant, accompanied with the most furious imprecations:" and it is added in a note, that " this cry is used by the populace of Brittany and Normandy, when they intend to insult* or attack any body." 8vo. 1797, Vol. I. p. 84. It occurred at Rennes. And in Pryce's Antient Vocabulary of Cornwal (which lies opposite the coast of Normandy) 4to. 1790, we find this word; and in a corresponding sense making other modifications of it, as harow, harow! sad, sad. Har, slaughter. Hara, an arrow [i. e. the cause of slaughter] whence heir, a battle, and heirva, a place of battle. In the text, and in familiar and vernacular language, the language of Shakespeare, the word is used in the metaphorical sense, which it takes, as before stated, from the operation of the harrow, in tearing asunder the clods of ploughed earth; and signifies "rend or tear to pieces." He smote the sledded Polacks on the ice] i. e. when in an angry conference on the ice, he dealt out his blows upon the Poles, who are accustomed to travel in sleds, i. e. sledges, carriages without wheels, on the ice. The Poles were formerly called Polacks, in all the old editions written Pollar: the spelling, doubtless, in conformity with the pronunciation. "The Polonian, whom the Russe calleth Laches, noting the first author or founder of the nation, who was called Laches or Leches, whereunto is added Po, which signifieth people, and so is made Polaches; that is, the people or posteritie of Laches: which the Latines, after their manner of writing, call Polanos." Giles Fletcher's Russe Commonwealth, 12mo. 1591, fo. 65. Steevens cites Vittoria Corombona, 1612. "I scorn him like a shav'd Polack." (9) just at this dead] For dead, one of the quartos and the folio of 1632, read same. Upon the reading of the quartos, which, instead of just, is jump, Malone observes, that in the folio we sometimes find a familiar word substituted for one more ancient nor is this idly said, though the words are : * But it has been questioned, whether the Intendant was not here considered as a wrongful intruder and malfeasor, against whose tortious entry the cry was raised. synonymous. B. Jonson speaks of verses made on jump names, i.e. names that suit exactly. Nash says-" and jumpe imitating a verse in As in præsenti." So, in Chapman's May Day, 1611: "Your appointment was jumpe at three, with me." And in Kyffin's Terence's Andria, 1588: "Comes he this day so jump in the very time of this marriage?" See V. 2. Horat. (10) impress of shipwrights] It is not any where shewn by the commentators, who have laboured the point, that the prestmoney for the retainer of soldiers, has any thing to do with shipwrights. The word seems to be here used in its ordinary signification, as in Tr. and Cre. II. 1. "No man is beaten voluntary. Ajax was here the voluntary, and you as under an impress." Achil. But it is said to import a retainer from Prét, Fr.; as by the acceptance of what was called prest-money being bound to hold themselves in readiness to be employed. (11) ratified by law, and heraldry] By St. 13. R. II. c. 2. the court of Chivalry has "cognizance of contracts, touching deeds of arms or of war, out of the realm." Upton says, that Shakespeare sometimes expresses one thing by two substantives, and that law and heraldry means, by the herald law. Ant. & Cl. IV. 2. "Where rather I expect victorious life, "Than death and honour. i. e. honourable death. STEEVENS. See Sc. II. " leave and favour." Laertes. Puttenham, in his Art of Poesie, p. 148, speaks of The Figure of Twynnes: "horses and barbs, for barbed horses, venim and dartes, for venimous dartes," &c. FARMER. And carriage of the article design'd] i. e. " tenor, force, or import of the article drawn up." Design, says Malone, is to mark out or appoint for any purpose. Cowdrey Alph. Tab. 1604. To shew by a token. Minshieu, 1617. Designed is yet used in this sense in Scotland, as is designated with us. Instead of covenant, the quarto, 1604, gives co-mart, i. e. compact, joint treaty; and formed, as another word of our author's, that does not often occur, co-mates. As you, &c. II. 1. Duke S. Comart was doubtless the original reading, first changed probably on the stage for its more familiar substitute, covenant; and this word was continued by the player editors in 1623 and the other folios. (13) unimproved mettle] i. e. unimpeached, unquestioned : and the 4to, 1603, reads inapproved. The modern editors adopt the modern sense of this word " untrained or undisciplined." The verb, improve, does not occur : in many of our early dictionary writers, as Baret and Minshieu; and on its introduction it was used in the sense of reprove, impute, or disprove." Tooke says, "it was taken from the French, who used it, and still continue to use it, in the same meaning and that it was perpetually so used by the authors about Shakespeare's time, and especially in theological controversy." "For ye fondely improve a conclusion which myghte stande and be true."-Declar. agt. Joye by Gardiner, Bish. of Winchester. "Ther did they worshyp it in their scarlet gownes with cappes in hand, and here they improved it with scornes and with mockes, grennynge upon her lyke termagauntes in a playe." Bale's Actes of Eng. Votaries. Divers. of Purley, 4to. 1798, I. 165. And he says the word here means "unimpeached," from the verb to blame, censure, &c. But the use of the word was certainly not appropriated to any one science. "Whiche thynge as I do not improve, so I denye it to be necessarye."-Paynel's Hutten "Of the wood, guiacum, that heleth the French Pockes." 12mo. 1533, c. 7: Anesse, coryacides, &c. none of the phisitions, that have any judgement, improvethe, but they affirme these to be good."-Ib. c. 11. "Some forbidde washinges and all maner bathes, I thynke bycause they mollifie the sinowes and lose them, and yet they do not improve sweatynges."-Ib. c. 26, p. 78, b. In all these instances the original, rendered improve, is improbo. Ulrick. Huttenus de Guiaci Medicina, Mogunt. 4to. 1520. Sir Tho. More, in his letter to H. VIII. Mar. 1534, says, "Not presuming to looke, that his Highnes should any thyng take that point for the more proved or improved for my poore minde in so great a mater." Johnson, in his dictionary, instancing from Whitgift, points out this as the French use of the word. We now use the word reprove, from the Lat. reprobo, (whence we also take the verb and noun, reprobate) instead of improve. Of the compound in the text, unimprove, no instance has occurred in the above sense and Dr. Johnson (as the word has been in use for the last century at least, and with a satisfactory sense) has interpreted it, and it may be rightly, "not regulated or guided by knowledge or experience." In Jonson's Every Man in &c. III. 2. where Bobadil says, Sir, believe me on my relation; for what I tell you the world shall not reprove,"—it is said, in a late edition of his works, that the quarto edition of 1603 in this place reads improve. Hence, as well as from this use of it by Sir Tho. More, it may reasonably be inferred, that it was known in this sense to our author. (14) Shark'd up a list of landless resolutes For food and diet, to some enterprise That hath a stomach in't] i. e. "snapped up with the eager voracity of a shark, caught up from any or all quarters for a bellyful, a gang of sturdy beggars, sharpset, and of courage equal to any enterprise." "That's but the scum and sediment of wit "Which sharking braines do into publike thrust." Berkenhead's Comm. Verses to Cartwright, 1651. The redundancy of "food and diet" may have been employed for the purpose of fixing in the mind the continuation of the metaphor in the use of the word stomach, here put in an equivocal sense, importing both courage and appetite. We have a similar play upon the word in Two G. of V. where, on Julia's asking her waiting woman, with whom she had been peevish, whether it was near dinner time, she replies: "I would it were, "That you might kill your stomach on your meat, (15) romage] Romelynge, prevy mustrynge. Ruminatio. Militatio. Musitatio." Promptuar. parvulor. clericor. 4to. 1514. This rendering of the word applies closely to the military use or bearing of it in the text but to rummage trunks or papers is in every day's use, for making a thorough ransack or search. Philips says, "It is originally a sea term, and properly signifies to remove goods out of a ship's hold, when there must be searching and tumbling about.' Todd's Dict. (16) question of these wars] i. e. whose acts were and are the ground, or point that draws on debate, " word of war;" as in Ant. & Cl. II. 2. Cæs. and Ib. III. 2. Enob." your being in Ægypt might be my question." "At such a point, "When half to half the world oppos'd, he being (17) moth]_Moth is throughout our author, M. N. Dr. V. 1. Dem. K. John IV. 1. Arth. & H. V. IV. 1. K. Hen. the reading for mote or atom. Malone instances the preface to Lodge's Incarnate Devils: 66 They are in the aire like atoms in Sole, mothes in the sonne." 4to. 1656, and Florio's Ital. Dict. 1598, "Festuceo, a moth, a little beam." "Mowghe, tinea" in Prompt. parvulor, is in Ortus Vocabulor. spelt mought. (18) palmy state] i. e. outspread, flourishing. Of victory palm branches were the emblem. "Like Augustus' palmy reign be deem'd." Drummond's Forth Feasting. Nares' Gloss. "This tree is of a most aspiring nature: it will bear no coales : it resisteth all burden, bearing it upward with his armes and boughes. Therefore it is a hieroglyphical or emblem of victory or conquest." Butler's Dyer's dry dinner. 1599. MALONE. (19) As stars with trains of fire and dews of blood, Disasters in the sun] Shakespeare having told us, that, |