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England, which at this period occupied Toulon, and waged war, with a degree of vigour and of bitternefs, hitherto unexupled in the annals of that kingdom. He accordingly invited the British Admuiral, who had been recently foiled in an expedition against his native country, to invade it anew, with a fleet, accompanied by a body of troops, to whom he was prepared to give every poffible fuccour, having been once more elected Generaliffimo, in a grand council of the nation. That officer, having firft difpatched Colonel, now General Sir John Moore, together with the late Major Koehler, to examine into the profpećts and refources of the infurgents, an expedition failed from the bay of Hieres, January 24, 1795, for the exprefs purpofe of driving the French out of the Iland. A body of troops having been landed under Lieutenant General Dundas, the tower of Mortella was taken with fome difficulty; after which, Fornelli was attacked with fuccefs, and St. Fiorenzo having been evacuated, Bastia and Calvi, also, yielded to the victors.

Immediately after this, a general Confulta was affembled at Corte; and Paoli having been elected Prefident, the Reprefentatives of the nation unanimoufly voted the union of Corfica with the British Crown. This propofition having been readily accepted, on the part of Sir Gilbert Elliot, (now Lord Minto,) then his Majesty's commiffioner, he was immediately invefted with the dignity of Vice Roy. A new conftitution was foon after formed, which, if not exactly fuitable to the genius of the nation, must be allowed to have been exceedingly favourable to Liberty; for thefe fubjects now received as a boon, many of thofe very privileges which the inhabitants of England had long demanded in vain as a right, particularly fhort parliaments, and an equal reprefentation of the people,

It might have been fuppofed, that the triumph of Paoli was complete, and his happinefs placed on fuch a permanent bals, as never to be either ruffled or difturbed during the remainder of his life. But the fact, which proved directly the reverfe, tends not a little to demonftrate the mutability of human happiness. A jealoufy, how justly founded we are un able to determine, foon after took place between the British Viceroy, and the Corsican Chief, the refult of which was undoubtedly connected with the future

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fate of the Ifland. Paoli, however, on this occafion, cheerfully yielded to the force of circumftances, and was generous enough before his departure, to addrefs a valedictory letter to his countrymen, in which he exhorted them to cultivate the friendship of the English, and remain firm in their allegiance to his Majesty Geore III.

Thefe loyal effufions, however, during his abfence, were attended but with little effect; for the natives, naturally incon ftant, foon became diguited with their new allies and protectors. Dazzled alfo at the fame time, perhaps, with the splendour of the victories of their countryman, Buonaparte in Italy, and determined, above all things, on a re-union with France; it was at length deemed neceffary, on the part of the English troops, to evacuate an Island, which has always proved deftructive to every nation connected with it either by friendthip or by enmity.

Meanwhile a fad reverfe of fortune attended on Paoli; for, by the failure of a commercial houfe at Leghorn, he loft the fum of five thousand pounds, which was all that he poffeffed in the world. In addition to this, the payments of his penfion had been fufpended; and on his arrival in England, he was not received at Court with fo much attention, as heretofore.

About this period, he was vifited by the author of this article, who found him in an obfcure lodging, above a shop in Oxford-road, whence he at length removed into a finall houfe in Edgewareroad, on the right band fide, a little beyond the turnpike. The remainder of his life is one entire blank, totally devoid of incidents, until death, which had been preceded by a lingering illness, on Thurfday, February 5, 1807, in the 81ft year of his age.

Few foreigners, however diftinguished, have been fo much careffed in England, as the late General Pafcal Paoli. By living in habits of familiarity with men of letters, his name and exploits acquired fresh celebrity; and Bofwell, Goldfmith, Johnton, Macaulay, Barbauld, and Lord Littelton, although differing in almost every thing else, moft cordially united in his praife. Abroad too, his reputation was greatly refpected; and the eulogiums of fuch a man as Rouffenu, then in the zenith of his reputation, was alone fufficient to enfure reputation throughout the reft of Europe.

While his laurels were ftill green, it

was

was ufual to compare Paoli to Timoleon, and Epimanondas; and it was appofitely remarked by an English minifter, that the fame thing might have been faid of him, as had been formerly uttered by the Cardinal de Retz, in refpect to the famous Montrofe, "that he was one of thofe men, who are no longer to be found any where, but in the Lives of Plutarch." That the Corsican Chief, was a great man, cannot well be denied; but it is the opinion of those, who have enjoyed an opportunity of studying his character, that he was a politician rather than a foldier; that he thone in council more than in arms; and that the leading feature of his public conduct, was a certain degree of Italian policy, which taught him to refine and fpeculate on every event.

Among his countrymen he was adored; and to fupport his fuperiority, he made ufe of thofe arts which have ufually pailed under the name of pious frauds, Thefe, perhaps, appeared indifpenfably neceflary. for the government of barbariaus! Accordingly, like Numa, he pretended to a direct communication with

the Deity, and alfo affected on all occafions, after the manner of the heroes of old, to be furrounded by dogs, of a particular breed, which were indeed neceffary to preferve him from affaffination.

It is not a little remarkable, that Corfica, an Inland which feems to have been equally defpifed both by the ancients and moderns, fhould have produced two men, one of whom engaged the attention of all Europe, towards the middle of the laft century, while another feeins, unhappily for the repofe of mankind, deftined to regulate its fate, at the beginning of the prefent.

That this amiable Chief should have perfuaded an uncivilized nation, that the received

intimation of future events from above, is but little furprising; but that he should have alfo perfuaded one of the inhabitants of an enlightened country, is abfolutely unaccountable Let it be recollected, however, that some of the countrymen of Mr. Boswell, at that very period, actually believed in fecand fight.

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

NATIONALINSTITUTE of FRANCE. REPORT of the COMMITTEE, on the QUESTION, "Whether thofe Manufactories from which a difagreeable Smell arijes may prove injurious to Health ?"

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HE folution of this problem is, doubtless, of very confiderable confequence, as, from the great confidence repofed in the decifions of the National Institute, it will probably form the basis of laws upon which the regulations of the police depend: and unce in Paris the fate of the most useful establishments, and the exiftence of many arts, has hitherto depended on the award of individuals; and that fome, driven to a distance from materials, from workmen, or confumers, by prejudice, ignorance, or jealoufy, continue to maintain a difadvantageous ftruggle against innumerable obstacles, by which their growth is oppofed.

To arrive at the true folution of the problem, the report takes a view of the feveral arts against which a clamour has been raised, and it divides them into two claffes. The first comprises all thofe, the procetles of which allow acriform emanations to efcape from them into the farrounding atmosphere, either in confe

quence of putrefaction or fermentation. The fecond clafs includes those, in which the artift, operating by the aid of fire, developes and evolves in air or vapour various principles, which are more or lefs difagreeable to refpire, and reputed more or lefs injurious to health.

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After having examined the nature of the principal manufactories, against which contiderable prejudice has been excited at different times, and at different places, the reporters infer, that there are but few, the vicinity of which is dangerous to health. "llence," fay they, cannot too ftrongly exhort thofe magiftrates who have the health and safety of the public committed to their charge, to difregard unfounded complaints, which are too frequently brought against different eftablishments, daily threaten the profperity of the honeft manufacturer, check the progrefs of induftry, and endanger the fate of the art itfelf.

"The magiftrate ought to be on his guard against the proceedings of a reftlefs and jealous neighbour; he should carefully diftinguith what is only difagreeable or inconvenient, from what is dangerous or injurious to health; in

fort,

fhort, he should be fully aware of this truth, that by listening to complaints of thus nature, not only would the eftablifhtuent of feveral uteful arts in France be prevented, but we should infenfibly drive out of our cities, the farriers, carpenters, joiners, brafiers, coopers, founders, weavers, and all thofe occupations which are more or lefs difagreeable to their neighbours. The right of toleration has been ettablished by time and neceffity; let us not doubt, therefore, but our manufactures, when grown older, and better known, will peaceably enjoy the fame advantage in fociety: in the mean time we are of opinion, that the clafs ought to avail itself of this circumstance, to put them in a particular manner un der the protection of government, and derlare publicly that the manufacture of acids, fal-ammoniac, Pruffian blue, fugar of lead, white lead, ftarch, beer, and leather, as well as flaughter-houfes, are not injurious to the health of the vicinity, when they are properly conducted.

"We cannot fay as much for the fleeping of hemp, making catgut, layitalls, nud, in general, establishments where a large quantity of animal and vegetable matter is fubject to humid putrefaction: in all these cafes, befides the difagreeable finell which they exhale, miafmata, more or lefs deleterious, are evolved.

"We must add, that, though the manufactories of which we have already fpoken, and which we have confidered as not injurious to the health of the neigh bourhood, ought not to be removed, yet adminiftration fhould be requefied to watch over them ftrictly, and confult with well-informed perfons for preferibing to the conductors the moft proper meafures for preventing their fmoke and (mell from being diffufed in the vicinity. This end may be attained by improving the proceffes of the manufactures, raifing the outer walls, fo that the vapours may not be diffufed among the neigh bours; improving the management of the fires, which may be done to fuch a point that all the finoke fhall be burnt

ammoniac, leather, ftarch, or any other article by which vapours, very inconve nient to the neighbours, or danger of fire or explotions, are to be eftablithed, it would be wife, juft, ani prudent, to lay it down as a principle, that they are not to be admitted into cities, or near dwellings, without fpecial authority; and that if perfons neglect to comply with this indifpenfable condition, their manufactories may be ordered to be removed without any indemnification.

"It follows, from our report: 18, That catgut manufactories, layftalls, fieeping of hemp, and every eftabli ment in which animal or vegetable mat ters are heaped together to putrify in large quantities, are injurious to health, and ought to be remote from towns and every dwelling-houfe. 2dly, That manufactories, where difagreeable imells are occationed through the action of fire, as in the making of acids, Pruffian blue, and fal-ammoniac, are dangerous to the neighbours only from want of due precautions; and that the care of government fhould extend only to an active and enlightened fuperintendance, having for its objects the improvement of their proceffes, and of the management of the fire, and the maintenance of cleanlinefs. 3dly, That it would be worthy a good and wife government, to make regulations, prohibiting the future etabllment of any manufacture, the vicinity of which is attended with any effential in convenience or danger, in towns and near dwelling-houfes, without fpecial authority previously obtained. In this clafs may be comprized the manufactories of poudrette (dry night foil), leather, and itarch; founderies, melting-houfes for tallow, flaughter-houfes, rag warehoufes, manufactories of Pruffian blue, varnish, glue, and fal-ammoniac; potteries, &c."

Thefe conclufions were adopted by the Inftitute, and addreffed to government, with an invitation to make them the balis of its decisions,

ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

R. MATTHEWS has laid before

in the fire place, or depofited in the M the Royal Society, fome obfervations

tunnels of long chimnies; and maintaining the utmost cleanliness in the manufactories, fo that nothing thall be left to putrify in them, and all the refufe capable of fermentation be loft in deep wells, and prevented from any way inconmodmg the neighbours.

"We fhall obferve, too, that when new manufactories of Pruffian blue, fal

upon the Marine Baroineter, made during the examination of the coasts of New Hol land, and New South Wales, in the years 1801, 2, and 3. After detailing a variety of examples, the refult of much accurate obfervation,we find that a change of wind from the northern, to any point in the fouthern half of the compafs, caufed the mercury to rife, and a contrary change to

fall,

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fall, and that the mercury flood confiderably higher when the wind was from the fouth fide of eaft and weft, than in fimilar weather it did when the wind came from the north-fide; but until it is known what are the winds that occafioned the mercury to afcend, and what to defcend, upon the other coafts of Australia, it will probably be not agreed, whether it rofe in confequence of the fouth-winds, bringing in a more denfe air from the polar regions, and fell on its being difplaced by that which came from the tropic; or whether the rife and higher standard of the mercury was wholly, or in part, occafioned by the firft being fea-winds, and the defcent because those from the north ward came from off the land.

The height, at which the mercury gegerally food upon the fouth coaft, deferves attention: it was feldom down to 29:40. Of one hundred and fixty days, from the beginning of December, to May, it was nearly one-third of the time above thirty inches; and the fecond time of paffing along the coaft, from the 15th of May, to the 1ft of June, it only once defcended to 29.96, and that for a few hours only; its average standard for thefe fixteen days being 30-25. Upon the eaftern half of the coatt beyond Cape Cataftrophe, in March, April and May, the mercury food higher than it did on the wefter half in December, January and February: the average ftandard of the firft was 30-09, but that of the latter only 29.94. At the Cape of Good Hope, the mean height of the barometer, during eighteen days in October, and November, was 3007. The height of the mercury was taken at day-break, at noon, and at eight in the evening.

From other obfervations, Mr. Flinders found the barometer of great ufe to him, in the investigation of the dangerous part of the eastern coaft, where the fhip was commonly furrounded with rocks, thoals, igands, or coral reefs. Near the main land, if the fea-breeze was dying off at night, and the mercury defcending, he made no fcruple of anchoring near the fhore; knowing there would either be a calm, or a wind would come off the land; but if the mercury kept up, he stretched off, in the expectation that it would be frething up in a few hours. Among the barrier reefs, when the wind was dying, away, the barometer indicated with almoft certainty, from what quarter it would next fpring up. If the mercury food about 30-15, and was rifing, the proper trade wind might be expected:

and if higher, that it would be well from the fouthward, or would blow fresh; and if it was up to 30-30, both. The falling of the mercury to 30-10, was an indication of a breeze from the north-eastward; and its defcent below 30 inches, that it would fpring up or fhift round to the weftward.

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In a general fummary of the winds on the east coast, thofe that came from the fouth and east, caufed the mercury to rife and ftand higheft. The winds from north-eat, kept the mercury up above 30 inches on the eastern coaft, and caufed it to rife after all other winds, except thofe from the fouth-eastward; but on the fouth coaft, the inercury fell with them, and flood confiderably below 30 inches. During north-west winds, the mercury ftood lower than at any other time upon both coafts. Moderate winds from the fouth-weftward, with fine weather, caufed a defcent of the mercury on the eaft coaft; and during their continuance, it was much lower than with winds from the north-eaftward; but upon the fouthcoaft it rofe with fouth-weft winds, and tood much higher than when they came from the opposite quarter.

The greatest range of the mercury on the eaft coaft, was from 29-60 to 30-36 at Port Jackfon; and within the tropic, from 29.88 to 30-30; whilt upon the coaft the range was from 29:42 to 30-51, in the western part, where the latitude very little exceeds that of Port Jackson. After a nuinber of very interefting and important remarks, Mr. Flinders concludes with fome general remarks upon the barometer, which, from his own experience, he conceives may be useful to feamen. (1.) It is not fo much the abfolute, as the relative height of the inercury, and its ftate of rifing and falling, that is to be attended to in forming a judgment of the weather that will fucceed; for it appears to ftand at different heights, with the fame wind and weather, in different latitudes. (2.) In the open fea, the changes in the weather, and the ftrength of the wind principally affect the barometer; but near the thore, a change in the direction of the wind feems to affect it full as much, or more, than either of thofe caufes taken fingly. (3.) It is upon the fouth and eaft coafts of any country in the fouthern, or north and eaft coafts in the northern hemisphere, where the effect of fea and land winds upon the barometer is likely to be most confpicuous. (4.) In the open fea, the mercury ftands higher in a steady breeze

of feveral days continuance, from whatever quarter it comes, provided it does not blow hard, than when the wind is variable from one part of the compaís to another; and perhaps it is on this account, as well as from the direction of the wind, that the mercury ftands higher within the tropics, than, upon the average, it appears to do in thofe parallels where the winds are variable, and occationally blow with violence.

"The barometer," fays Mr. Flanders, "feems capable of affording fo much affiance to the commander of a hip, in warning him of the approach and termination of bad weather, and of changes in the direction of the wind, even in the prefent ftate of meteorological knowledge, that no officer, in a long voyage, fhould be without one." Experience is required to understand its language, and it is neceffary to compare the ftate of the mercury with the appearance of the weather, before its prognoftications will commonly be understood; for a rife may foretel an abatement of wind, a change in its di

rection, or a return of fine weather; or if the wind is light and variable, it may foretell its encrease to a steady breeze, efpecially if there be any cafting in it; and a fall may prognofticate a strong breeze. Moft feainen are tolerably good judges of the weather, and this judgment, affifted by obfervation upon the quick or flower riling or falling of the mercury, and upon its relative height, will in molt cafes enable them to fix upon which of thefe changes are about to take place, aad to what extent, where there is only one; but a combination of changes will be found more difficult, efpecially where the effect of one upon the barometer is counteracted by the other. There are fome combinations of changes, in which no alteration in the barometer could be expected, as a little experience will render evident: the barometer alone therefore, is not of itfelf fufficient, but in aflifting the judgment of the feamen, it is capable of rendering very important fervices to navigation.

VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL,
Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domeftic and Foreign.

Authentic Communications for this Article will always be thankfully received.

R. GELL, whofe Topography of Troy and in which the indelicacies of the

MR.

is

antiquary and admirer of Homer,will thortly favour the public with an account of the interesting island of Ithaca, its geography, antiquities, natural productions, manners and cuttoms of its prefent inhabitants, &c. &c. This work, which will form a quarto volume, is to contain a variety of maps, plans, and other engravings, reprefenting the ancient citadel of Ithaca, the city of Bathi, the ports of Polis, Frichias, Maurona, the rock called Homer's School; with an accurate geographical furvey, and a general map of this celebrated ifland.

Le Sage's novel of Gil Blas has, by the concurrent teftimony of a century, been determined to be the best production of its kind; and yet we have never poffefed ny tranflation of it which has bot created difguit by its obfcenity and vulgarity. That which bears the name of Dr. Smollet is a libel on his literary fame, and it is more than probable that le merely tent his name to it. A new trantiation has just been finished by Mr. SMART, in which the numerous idioms Le Sage have been carefully rendered, Monanly PA. Nói dốt,

to the refined tafte of the English public. This new tranflation will speedily appear, illuftrated by ONE HUNDRED exquiitely beautiful engravings; and will confequently be one of the most elegant books in our language.

Sir WILLIAM OUSELEY is 'preparing for the prefs an English translation of the celebrated Perfian work, intitled Nozahat al Coloub, and quoted by Dr. Herbelot, M. de Sacy, and other learned Orientalifts, under the name of the Perfian Geographer. Sir William had tranflated, feveral years ago, different parts of this valuable work; but as none of the manufcripts which he poffeffed, or had an opportunity of infpecting, were perfect: foine wanting the chapter on the rivers of Perfia, others the part which defcribes the mountains and mines, others the fections on the roads and the flages from one city to another, he was induced to defer the publication until an accurate and perfect manufeript thould be found. Having been fortunate enough to obtain one, he has completed his tranflation, fupplied all the defects,

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and

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