་་ The "cottage loaf " is, I think, just what its name implies. When I was a boy, in a small country village, what is known as a tin loaf " was practically unknown. The bread was always baked on flat tins, usually in the form of a fadge or flat cake like an enlarged teacake. P. D. M. PURKESS THE CHARCOAL-BURNER AND WILLIAM RUFUS (clii. 209, 304). Is not the assertion that any living person is a direct descendant" in the male line (it is presumed by the similarity of name) of an individual who lived A.D. 1087 somewhat notable? When the ancestor's social status was that of charcoal burner it seems somewhat " tall." Would such a person possess a surname in 1087? The (7 genuine spoke " of the wheel of the cart which conveyed the corpse of the Red King to Winchester was an unique family relic, and certainly should have been plucked from the burning. If the present Rufus Stone correctly marks the site of the tragedy, Purkess had a long journey with his cart-little less than forty miles there and back-so one can " The staple bread at that time was made of wholemeal, and it was spoken of as brown bread." I have never known brown bread baked in the style of what is now known as the cottage loaf." When white bread became more fashionable and the consumption of an increasing family had to be provided for the exigencies of the oven capacity had to be taken into account. Hence in order to save time and fuel the expedient of placing a small "fadge on the top of a larger one was devised and thus, in my opinion, was evolved the cottage loaf.' In course of time loaf tins used and the " cottage loaf " the new fangled tin loaf." ever, still continued to bake in especially in brick ovens. " came to be gave way to Many, howthe old style, H. ASKEW. life fills two columns in the D.N.B.'s' second Supplement. We read there of the book "The wildest conjectures as to its author were rife; it was attributed among others to a nephew of Dr. Pusey and, as Lightfoot says, to a venerable and learned prelate (Thirlwall, who had just resigned his bishopric)." The mention of the attribution to Thirlwall reminds one of a passage on page xvii. of John Mayor's Spain Portugal The Bible' (1892): When, some years back, a book stormed the market with drums beating and colours flying, clubs and journalists were of one mind,No hand but Thirlwall's is there'. Bishops in wild panic commended to their clergy the deadliest blow at dealt ever Christian faith. In those days I called on the judge in all England most competent in the case. Looking up from a pile of papers, he said: They father it on Thirlwall!Thirlwall in jackets never sank so low; see here for German, here for Latin, for Greek here.' I had myself after a hasty glance laid the thing on the shelf. Wherever the writer had been to school, it was not with Bentley or Porson." EDWARD BENSLY. MA AINWARING QUERY (clii. 316).-Thomas Mainwaring of the city of Lincoln and Goltho in that county (1683-1734) was son of Lieut.-Col. Charles Mainwaring of Merton Grange alias Martinsands, co. Chester. His son, another Thomas, (1724-1789), had a son Charles, on whose death in 1850 the family became extinct in the male line. They were descended from Mainwaring of Over Peover, co. Chester. I cannot find any Judge or M.P. in this branch, nor any officer in the army except the first Charles. G. S. G. There was a judge Mainwaring (circa 1743). James Mainwaring, bapt. January, 1701/2; d. 23 Oct. 1749; one of the Barons of the Exchequer; 3rd son of James Mainwaring, Alderman of Chester, of Bromborough. He married Mary, dau. and co-heir of Charles Kinaston, of Otley Park, Salop. He had two sons Charles of Bromborough; and Thomas (b. 1725) m. Elizabeth dau. of James Mason of Shrewsbury, and had a dau. Mary who m. Bulkeley Hatchett of Ellesmere. J. P. THE ABBE HUVELIN: BIBLIOGRAPHY (clii. 297). The only published work of the Abbé Huvelin in the British Museum Library is Légende des Trois Compagnons. La Vie de S. François d'Assise précédée d'une introduction par M. l'Abbé Huvelin' (1891. 120). His relative, Paul Huvelin, of the Université de Lyon, however, has published some important works on the "ancien droit roman," and has edited "Douze Causeries etc pour la Musique Française" (1917. 80). All these will be found at the British Museum. ANDREW DE TERNANT. 36 Somerleyton Road, Brixton, S. W. PARALLEL BETWEEN GRAY AND SOPHOCLES (clii. 280, 318).-The pasage T. Warton had in his mind was perhaps Sophocles' Ajax' 1029-1035, and especially the last two lines 'Oh, did some dread Erinnys forge this sword, And Hades, stern artificer, that belt?' (trans. Plumptre). The English translator has preserved the bold expression of the Greek, ἐχάλκευσε referring to both sword and belt. In Gray's Ode "the sword seems to do the work of the arundo or "rod," which was used for separating the threads of the warp,' and his "web of war has its 3 th to 2 the At 9 S. ix. 169 part of Henry VIII's character given by Nicholas Sanders, or Sander, was quoted from Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy' (iii. ii. ii. i.), but the exact reference to the original was not given. See Sanders's De Origine ac Progressu Schismatis Anglicani,' Ingolstadt, 1588, p. 178, "in quo peccati genere, tam effraenatus ac sui impotens semper extitit, (maxime aetate iam in senium gente,) ut mulieres paucas viderit pulchriores, quas non concupierit: et paucissimas concupierit quas non violauerit." The passage in which 1 these words occur is not found in the final edition, Cologne, 1585, edited (after the author's death) with a continuation by Edward Rishton. It appeared in the Roman edition of 1586. ver The Library. The Ferns (Filicales). Vol. II. The Eusporangiatae and other relatively Primitive Ferns. By F. O. Bower. (Cambridge University Press, £1 10s. net). IN this important work, of which the first volume was published in 1923, the Emeritus Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow continues his impressive researches into the morphology of the ferns. He is concerned particularly with the relationships of the various groups and their phyletic, that is evolutionary, sequence. He has adopted twelve leading characteristics to serve as a broad basis for comparison in the phyletic seriation of the class, and indicates in each case which forms may be considered as primitive and which derivative, and the inquiry is constantly checked by reference to fossil forms. In the light of these researches it appears that the arrangements of the constituent families of the ferns which have their place in current botanical literature are marked by chance rather than considered method. One" impressive feature" that emerges is that lines of development, previously distinct, converged in character as their evolution progressed, and the constituent genera and species have thus assumed features so similar that it may often baffle the student to trace their phyletic origin." Com This work, of which other volumes are to follow, is too technical to permit of detailed review in these pages. In a field that Dr. Bower has made peculiarly his own, moreover, a review could scarcely be more than an enumeration of his results. We must be content to draw attention to its importance. The Cambridge Book of Lesser Poets. piled by J. C. Squire. (Cambridge University Press. 88. 6d. net). THE first poem in this collection is Richard thing of Synge's called In Glencullen.' The two represent fairly well range of degree and poets have been deliberately excluded; nevertype as well as range of date. A hundred theless a larger proportion of the pieces than we expected finds place in other and familiar anthologies. Though ballads, as being too long, have been kept out we have 'The Nutbrown Maid.' The early anonymous pieces are particularly well-chosen. Nicholas Breton is the first poet to whom several pages known, lovely Phillida and Corydon is but have been granted-and justly, for the wella sample of much that is not less lovely. Bishops contribute a fair quota and not in the order of divinity: here we find John Still's I cannot eat but little meat"; Lancelot Andrewes's "Come be my Valentine "—a delicate pastoral love-song; Richard Corbet's Farewell rewards and fairies.' Lord Her Rolle's Love is Life the last the little bert of Cherbury's Epitaph on Sir Philip Sidney, not wholly free from affectation in its main conception has an extraordinary felicity in the broken rhythm of the concluding line. The examples of Habington should be welcomed, and there follows these that ode of Randolph's to Master Anthony Stafford to which a recent article in our columns has imparted livelier significance. Presently we come to Cartwright's Lesbia on her Sparrow and then to those stanzas by Montrose from which Sir Walter Scott gathered the quatrain "He either fears his fate too much." For curious music Cleveland's Mark Anthony' would be hard to beat. Anonymous pieces of the mid-seventeenth century include The Unquiet Grave" and "Tom o' Bedlam," two whose authors one would like more than most to know; and besides them "If all the world were paper "From Oberon in Fairyland,' "The cuckoo is a pretty bird," things we all know lines of, but can seldom find entire or place. The pieces from Cotton we venture to consider not too happily chosen. 6 Winter' is not longer than one or two pieces included, and that, or even the Morning,' Noon,' 'Evening' and Night quatrains, would have given us what is rarer, more individual and more characteristic in Cotton than the love pieces, fresh and beautiful though they are. Among items we are glad of are the example of Chalkhill- Corydon's Song'-the three. from Lady Winchilsea Cleland's Hallo my Fancy and the two poems of Parnell. The Scotch pieces, as they are apt to do in anthologies, stand out like touches of blue, or like the melody part in music; ballads excepted-and ballads have been all eschewed-the best of them appear here. A little piety would, we think, have eliminated Erskine's cheap epigram on Scott's Field of Waterloo '; clever, but only enough so to raise laughs and admiration during the week when it was made. Those whose chief interest fixes itself on more modern verse will observe with pleasure the space given to John Clare and to Lord de Tabley. Some omissions will strike every reader, but we have found that in most cases reflexion could invent plausible conjecture of a reason for it. The book fills a gap, and fills it most satisfactorily. S.P.E. Tract No. XXVI. English VowelSounds. By Dr. W. A. Aikin. (Clarendon Press. 2s. 6d. net). DR. AIKIN'S paper is a disquisition on that instrument we all possess-called here the resonator-in the series of hollow spaces in neck, mouth and nose, whereby we breathe and speak, the central point or pivot of his counsels being knowledge and proper use of the resonator scale." Dr. Bridges provides a useful introduction to Dr. Aikin. Mr. H. W. Fowler has a spirited reply to Professor Jespersen on the question of "ing "-that is one the fused participle "-and sets in it more than one good saying: as that "ability to distinguish between the right and the Printed and Published by the Bucks Free 66 وو wrong in speech [seems to him] much more a matter of instinct than of history "; or that we English have for centuries been taught what little grammar we know on Latin traditions and our grammatical conscience has by this time a Latin element inextricably compounded in it." We mention these because respect to them seems to us a main condition for this attempt at conscious direction of the development of English proving fruitful. The amount of good prose, classical prose, which is enshrined in letters speaks strongly for instinct, and it is remarkable that the best letters are those not of the learned, with his tory at the back of their minds, but of men and women of the world, or simple slightly. lettered persons. As for the Latin element he values English amiss, we think, who does not prize it and work in it. The Diffusion of Culture. By R. R. Marett. (Cambridge University Press. 1s. 6d. net). THIS (the Frazer Lecture in Social Anthrop ology for 1927) is partly a vigorous defence of Tylor and Sir James Frazer against the onslaught of Prof. Elliot Smith, who argues that the well-known doctrine of animism is baseless, and maintains that culture has resulted from the diffusion of Egyptian civilization over the rest of the world. After this defence it passes on to a trenchant statement of the weaknesses in the diffusionist theory. We hope it may be taken to heart, for serious divergence of scientific tradition, method and ideal lurks in the dispute. NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 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