CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.

INTRODUCTION.

SECTION I.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY.

§ 1. Relation of Italy to Roman History. § 2. Length of Italian Peninsula.

§ 3. Breadth. § 4. Extent of surface. § 5. Reasons for considering Phy-

sical Structure. § 6. Division of Italy into two portions. § 7. Physical

Structure of upper portion: The Alps, or northern limits of the valley of

the Po. § 8. Upper Apennines, or southern limits of this valley. § 9. Plain

of the Po itself. § 10. Physical structure of lower portion of Apennine

range. § 11. Its southern flank. § 12. Northern flank. § 13. Deduction

of geographical features of Italy from foregoing description: Few prominent

Headlands and large Gulfs. § 14. Few Islands. § 15. No large Rivers,

except in the valley of the Po. § 16. No large Plains, except in same

valley. § 17. No large Lakes, except in same valley. Peculiar character

of Lakes in many parts of sub-Apennine districts. § 18. Marshy character of

some districts. Methods of reclaiming land in modern times. § 19. Climate.

§ 20. Productions. § 21. Beauty of scenery
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SECTION II.

EARLY POPULATION OF ITALY.

§ 1. Constant invasions of Italy, notwithstanding Alpine barrier. § 2. Its

subdivision among numerous tribes. § 3. Signification of the name ITALY

in Roman times. § 4. Roman Italy occupied by at least six distinct races.

§ 5. Pelasgians. § 6. Opicans or Oscans. § 7. Umbrians. § 8. Sabellians.

§ 9. Etruscans. § 10. Greeks. § 11. Romans a compound race. § 12. Evi-

dence of Tradition. § 13. Evidence of Language:-Roman language akin

to the Greek in structure, being probably Pelasgian, mixed with Oscan,

with Sabine vocabulary added. § 14. Comparison between Romans and

English in respect to origin. § 15. Sources of early Roman History. 15

BOOK I.

ROME UNDER THE KINGS.

CHAPTER I.

ORIGIN OF ROME: ROMULUS AND NUMA.

§ 1. Belief of the Romans that they were sprung from the East. § 2. Legend

of Æneas. § 3. Legend of Ascanius. § 4. Legend of Rea Silvia, and

birth of the Twins. § 5. Legend of recognition of Twins by Numitor.

§ 6. Legend of the quarrel of Romulus and Remus. Variations in Legends.

§ 7. Romulus founds Rome. Uncertainty of dates. § 8. Asylum. Rape

of Sabines. § 9. War with Sabines. Legends of Tarpeia, of Janus, of

Sabine women. § 10. Peace between Romans and Sabines. ROMULUS AND

TITUS TATIUS JOINT KINGS. § 11. Legend of Cæles Vibenna and Etruscan

settlers at Rome. Four of Seven Hills now occupied. § 12. Death of

Titus Tatius. Reign and Death of Romulus. § 13. Institutions attributed

to Romulus: (1) Social; (2) Political; (3) Military. § 14. Interregnum:

NUMA POMPILIUS, a Sabine, second king of Rome. § 15. Religious institu-

tions attributed to Numa. § 16. His love of agriculture. § 17. Other in-

stitutions

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CHAPTER II.

TULLUS HOSTILIUS AND ANCUS MARTIUS, THE THIRD AND

FOURTH KINGS.

§ 1. Increase of Rome in next two reigns. § 2. Choice of TULLUS HOSTILIUS.

§ 3. War with Alba. Legend of Horatii and Curiatii. § 4. War with

Etruscans. Punishment of Mettus Fuffetius. § 5. Forced migration of

Albans to Rome. § 6. War with Sabines. § 7. Curia Hostilia. § 8. Death

of Tullus. § 9, 10. Election of ANCUS MARTIUS: his institutions. § 11.

Subjugation of Southern Latium: increase of Roman citizens. § 12. Pons

Sublicius: Janiculum: Ostia. § 13. Death of Ancus
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CHAPTER III.

TARQUINIUS PRISCUS AND SERVIUS TULLIUS, THE FIFTH AND

SIXTH KINGS.

§ 1. Sons of Ancus set aside. § 2. Early history of TARQUINIUS PRISCUS.

§ 3. How he came to be chosen King. § 4. Addition to numbers of Senate.

§ 5. Social state before reforms of Tarquin. Patricians or Patrons, Clients,

Plebeians. § 6. Origin of Plebs. § 7. Tarquin's plan of reform. § 8.

Opposition of Patricians. Legend of Attus Navius. § 9. Plan modified.

Augmentation of Patrician Gentes and of Knights. § 10. Wars of Tarquin.

§ 11. Public works: Cloaca Maxima, etc. § 12. Legend of death of Tar-

quin. § 13. SERVIUS TULLIUS. § 14. Wish to give political power to all

Plebeians. § 15. Plan of reform. Comitia Centuriata. § 16. Census.

Preponderating influence of property. § 17. Plebs made part of Populus,

or Body Politic. § 18. Roman territory divided into Tribes. § 19. Four

of City. § 20. Sixteen of Country. § 21. Only Plebeians originally mem-

bers of Tribes. § 22. Assembly of Curiæ finally superseded by that of

Tribes. § 23. Walls of Rome built by Servius. § 24. Principal places in

early Rome. § 25. Alliance with Latins. § 26. Legend of death of

TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, AND THE BEGINNINGS OF THE REPUBLIC.

§ 1. Despotism of second Tarquin. § 2. Alliance with Etruscans and Latins.

§ 3. Temple on Capitoline. § 4. Legend of Sibyl. § 5. Stratagem by

which Gabii was taken. § 6. King's sons, with Brutus, sent to consult the

Delphic Oracle. § 7. Legend of Lucretia. Expulsion of Tarquins. § 8.

Consuls. 9. Patres Conscripti. § 10. Rex Sacrorum. § 11. First at-

tempt to restore Tarquin, by conspiracy: Judgment of Brutus. § 12.

Second attempt, by Etruscans of Tarquinii and Veii. Death of Brutus.

§ 13. P. Valerius Poplicola. § 14. Consecration of Capitoline Temple by

M. Horatius. § 15. Third attempt to restore Tarquin, by Porsenna: Le-

gends of Horatius Cocles, Mucius Scævola, Cloelia. § 16. Tarquin at

Tusculum. § 17. First Dictator. § 18. Fourth attempt to restore Tar-

quin, by Latins: Battle of Lake Regillus. § 19. Death of Tarquin at

Cumæ
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CHAPTER V.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HISTORY OF ROME UNDER THE KINGS.

§ 1. Nature of Legendary History. § 2. Among Greeks. §3. Among Romans.

§ 4. Religious and Historical Legends. § 5. Tendency to propagate His-

torical Legends in all times. § 6. Detection of incongruities in early

Roman History: difficulties explained away by ancient critics. § 7. Modern

critics, before and after Niebuhr. § 8. Relation of stories of Kings to

actual history. § 9. Romulus and Numa. § 10. Tullus and Ancus. § 11.

Tarquinius Priscus and Servius. § 12. Tarquinius Superbus. § 13. Cha-

racter of next Book

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BOOK II.

ROME UNDER THE PATRICIANS.

CHAPTER VI.

DECLINE OF ROMAN POWER AFTER THE EXPULSION OF THE TAR-

QUINS. GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF

ROME.

§ 1. Extent of Roman power at Expulsion of Kings. § 2. It fell with Mo-

narchy. § 3. Romans for a time subject to Porsenna. § 4. Rome no

longer head of Latium: accession of Attus Clausus and 3000 Clients. Nar-

row limits of Roman History for next 150 years. § 5. Campagna: pesti-

lential air. § 6. Less unhealthy in ancient times. § 7. Nations bordering

on plain of Rome: Tusculum, &c. § 8. Lower Apennines: Prænesté:

Volscians: Equians: Hernicans. § 9. Lower Etruria

CHAPTER VII.

THE TRIBUNATE.

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§ 1. Character of struggle between Orders. § 2. Sufferings of Plebeians in

border wars, not shared by Patricians. § 3. All power gradually resumed

by Patricians. § 4. Patricians an exclusive Caste: privilege of Connubium.

§ 5. Plebeians first roused by severe Laws of Debtor and Creditor. § 6.

Patricians chief Creditors, Plebeians Debtors. § 7. Story of incident

which gave rise to Tribunate: Appius Claudius, leader of Patricians, de-

ceives Plebeians. § 8. Secession of Plebeians to Mons Sacer. § 9. Mene-

nius Agrippa: Fable of Belly and Members. § 10. Peace restored: two

Tribunes to be chosen as Protectors of Plebeians. § 11. Incompleteness of

Protection. § 12. Plebeian Ædiles

CHAPTER VIII.

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AGRARIAN LAW. THE ELECTION OF THE TRIBUNES TRANSFERRED

TO THE TRIBES.

§ 1. Sp. Cassius, Patrician, patron of the Plebeians: proposes an Agrarian

Law. § 2. Nature of Agrarian Laws. § 3. The Patricians allow Law to

pass. § 4. Sp. Cassius condemned for aiming at kingly power. § 5. His

fall increases power of Patricians: seven Consulships of Fabii. § 6. But

boldness of Tribunes also increases: a Consul impeached by Tribune Genu-

cius, who is murdered. § 7. Volero Publilius refuses to enlist. $ 8.

Chosen Tribune: Publilian Law, enacting that Tribunes should be chosen

by Tribes. § 9. Second Appius Claudius elected Consul to oppose Law:

in vain. Five Tribunes henceforth elected at Comitia Tributa

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