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The marine formation to which the mass of sand belongs, of which we have just been speaking, is not the last production upon our soil. A bed of terrain lacustre, in some places very thick, in others exceedingly thin, is placed almost every where above it, particularly upon the great elevations. This deposition proves incontestably the existence of an immense lake of sweet water, by which it must have been deposited. It is often found in the valleys, but it is there covered by the alluvial soil. There are no layers of this kind upon the summit of Montmartre, or upon that of the Butte d'Orgemont, whether it be that these summits did not present a sufficiently broad surface to receive sweet water deposition after the retreat of the sea, or that the matter collected upon them has since been carried away, as they are much lower than those of the neighbour ing hills.

deal of trouble, being obliged to jump out, into the wate and lift our barge over the stones. While we were the busy, a man from the bank, all in a moment, plunged headlong into the river, and advanced towards us. W could not conceive what he meant, till, on coming up to he offered his service, which we accepted, and by which we were much benefited. From this place, after

CHAPTER SECOND.

present order of things, and the fossil remains contained in it, belong to animals or vegetables still living in our districts, or to such as are known to have lived there. It incloses, also, works formed by the hand of man, as, for instance, the boat, in the form of a canoe, found in the island of Cygnes, by the workmen who were digging the foundations of the bridge des Invalides. The dangerous effluvia, which proceed from the last-hard work, we got clear off, and soon reached the Br mentioned layers of alluvion, when they are stirred for the mielaw Bridge, under which we passed with much les in first time, may be attributed to the remains of organized convenience than we expected. Having now arrived at the bodies contained in them, not yet entirely decomposed. place intended, we moored the vessel, after carrying some I hope, Madam, you will forgive the length of this let- ballast on board, and placed a man in her to guard ear ter, in which I have confined myself to a necessarily dry stores, &c. till next morning: nor did we forget to give description of a succession of layers of soil, in consideration him, and the other who so much assisted us, a glass of of the importance attached to an accurate knowledge of aqua vita, to cheer their spirits. their different natures. Who could observe with indifferShould you, Madam, experience some difficulty in sup-ence traces so perceptible of the revolutions which our posing the existence of collections of fresh water, suffi- country has experienced, and of the numerous generations, ciently extensive to form depositions so considerable, re- of whose existence it has been the scene? La légère couche member that there are now upon the globe lakes of much | de vie, qui fleurit à la surface de la terre, ne couvre que des greater magnitude. The North American lakes, Supe- ruines. Beings who lived in the places now inhabited by rior, Michigan, Huron, &c. have, in some parts, an us, trampled carelessly under foot ancient wrecks left by extent nearly equal to the whole length of France, from the sea, when that sea suddenly returning swallowed them north to south. If their waters had the property of depo-up in its abysses. We are placed in the same circum ́siting a solid earth, they would leave beds of fresh water stances; have we not, therefore, reason to dread the same formation much more extensive than that mentioned fate? Can wretched man, the creature of yesterday, for a above. But neither these lakes, nor our present seas, moment forget to tremble upon that globe, ever ready to have this property. Since the revolution, which gave to destroy him, of which he dares to call himself the master? our continents their present appearance, nature seems, in Whence arises his security? Does he found it upon the general, in a state of feebleness and languor, that inca-history of a few generations of beings of his own species, pacitates her from forming new rocks, except in case of who have existed upon it, in the midst of disasters, during the existence of certain circumstances, seldom known to fifty or sixty centuries? Does he confide in the feeble concur. The fossilisation, therefore, of organized bodies banks, raised at the expense of much toil, to confine within is no longer possible, since it consists of the incorporation certain bounds, the insignificant streams of water which he of the solid parts of those bodies with new inorganic pro- calls great rivers? Does he trust in the small hillocks of ductions, which preserve them in their interior, whilst earth, wherewith, during a short space of time, he prevents they decompose the other parts. the sea from encroaching upon the small speck of land which he inhabits? Why does he not fear, that, in the midst of his pride, a slight concussion should restore to the ocean the portion of the earth, temporarily abandoned by it to his use, and that a part of its waters should swallow up his great cities, his powerful monarchies, his vast states, and efface even the remembrance of the monuments in which his vanity exults?

The fresh water formation, of which we have just spoken, is in general at the surface of our soil; but, in some places, it is covered by the alluvion. This name is given to the soil that has been transported by water, whether it has been held by it in suspension, or merely removed from one place to another.

Some of these soils cannot have been produced since the present order of things was established; their formation is evidently anterior to the cause which produced that order. Others, on the contrary, have been formed by rivers, and collections of fresh water, still existing upon the surface of the earth.

Of the soils found in the neighbourhood of Paris, we may range in the first class, that of the plain of Nanterre at Chatou, that of the wood of Boulogne, that of the forest of Saint-Germain, and the layers of flint pebbles, deposited at the bottom of our valleys. None of these can

The Traveller.

NARRATIVE OF AN EXCURSION TO LOCH LOMOND.

Wednesday, June 4, early in the morning, we met t Broomielaw, and put all things in order for sea-adjusted the rigging, unloosed the sails, &c. and mounted two wi vels and two brass cannons. Thus equipped, we weighed anchor, and set sail about half past four o'clock and north-east, extremely faint-weather fine. Passing ling we kept a look-out for birds on the shore, to that They appeared, however, to be either very stare e con ning; for we could not see one within gun-shot. The wind getting more steady, we glided away under easy u Here we observed a solitary crow upon the beach, in search of her morning food, which D. A. instantly shri. We run in shore and took her up. Not long after this wit aground; but were soon off again. The wind now rig stronger, our progress was gradually quickened, made us promise to ourselves a speedy passage. T the misfortune to run once more aground at this time, owing to the narrowness of the river, and not knowing tha exact track to keep: however, after some exerisen ve cleared ourselves; and, passing a gaubert soon after (bu for Broomielaw, but then waiting a fair wind) we frei gun, which brought a man upon deck, of whom rea quired the course we should steer, which he pointed pretty distinctly, telling us to keep south and nor of such and such buoys upon the river, by attending to whi directions we kept clear from any farther hindra Having now a steady breeze, we scudded rapidly ast and in passing by Dunglass we fired our guns. Het congratulated each other on having such good weather favourable wind at our first setting out.

Now, as we were fast approaching Dumbarton, t all things in order for saluting the castle, loading our g double, and ramming them well, that they might gi We hope we shall not offend our Scotch tourist, by loud report: we also hoisted a flag at each topmast observing that his journal, which we here present to our and spread all sails to the wind, in order to make t readers, is written in a very careless manner; and that he grandest appearance possible. As soon as we had ca has by no means made the most of his subject. Our reason opposite to the south side of the castle, keeping pret for giving it a place at all in our columns, is the impres- it, we clapped matches to our guns, and gave it two th sion that the author is a very young man, and may mending broadsides in an instant, which, we could easy in time, with a little encouragement. At present he dwells ceive, considerably astonished the garrison. We ha elks, &c. already mentioned above, and of which I shall too much upon trifles and commonplace incidents, which to expect a gun, at least, in return; but they, th

have been formed by the Seine, even during its greatest

inundations.

In these layers are found the bones of elephants, oxen,

presently speak more at large. These remains show, that there was no less difference between the organized beings

of our country at that time, and those existing in the present day, than between the ancient soil, and that now at

the surface of the earth.

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detract materially from the effect which ought to be pro-
duced by sublime and romantic scenery.

to whom it may recal pleasing reminiscences; and we
The journal, however, may gratify some of our readers,
therefore venture to publish it," with all its imperfections

on its head."

--

CHAPTER FIRST.

Tuesday, the 3d day of June, 1800, about nine o'clock in the evening, we set off from Newhall, and rowed gently down the Clyde, for the Broomielaw, intending to leave our barge there for that night, so that we might proceed thence, without loss of time, early next morning, being well aware of the difficulty in passing over the rubbish of Dr. P-'s ill-fated bridge,† where, indeed, we experienced a good

A short distance below Rutherglin Bridge..

A very fine stone bridge, which was built at the foot of Salt Market-street, across the Clyde. When it was just finished, a spate, or swelling of the river, carried it entirely

perhaps more honour paid us, hoisted a flag of finis We then endeavoured to weather round the west here that pure, unsullied stream loses itself in the tire the castle, to gain the entrance of the water Leve Clyde) but the wind so much failed us, owing to the g height and width of that truly formidable natural fortres that we were quite becalmed, and were obliged to have re course to our oars to pull round. We also saluted this s of the castle with a few guns. The wind having now influence upon our sails, we were gently wafted up Dumbarton harbour; where, after firing a gun or, put in.

It was now about eight o'clock in the morning; fortunately, high, or about high-water, which to a Eth accelerated our progress up the river. Here we took away. late Dr. Porteus spent a considerable tume, every day, 3 It was called Dr. P's bridge, from the fact that looking after it whilst building,

A

66

I was so vociferous as to be heard almost at the back of

i a pilot, to guide us up to Loch Lomond, as the na- | opened to our view; mountains above mountains appeared | occurred to Bensley that a moderate draught, taken in ion of the water Leven is, in many places, shallow innumerable, and we could not help again congratulating time, might give him firmness; and thereupon-still reuneven; and two of our party went up to the town of one another upon our nigh approach to this grand object peating his part at intervals-he summoned the call-boy to his aid. 'Boy," (calling) "Mark me!" (repeating) barton, to purchase some few necessaries. Being all of our voyage. Having no farther occasion either for "If ever thou didst thy dear father love," (this was out of n shipped, we loosed from the harbour, and rowed for- pilot or horse, we here dismissed them, after paying for the character.) "I am not in the habit of taking strong liquors on nights when I perform; but prithee go to the toward Dumbarton Bridge, through which we in- them handsomely. ed to pass, before we hoisted sail, doubting that we The wind blowing fresh from E.N.E. which was pretty and water." When the brandy and water came, the first public-house at next door, and get me a glass of brandy d be under the necessity to unship our masts in favourable for us, we hoisted sails, and entered the Loch scene of the play being going on all this while, Bensley, ing it. However, we made the attempt, and were in triumph, welcoming ourselves with several guns. It who had still the book in his hand, studying, drank it off nate enough to get clear through. The wind now was now about half-past two o'clock p. m. and the weather at a single draught; but, as he set the empty glass down, g about to the south-east, blowing light breezes, we and wind seeming to favour us, we thought it high time to his surprise, and rather indignation, he perceived a again induced to spread our canvas, which carried us for breakfast. Our appetites by this time were well whetted, strong red sediment lying at the bottom of it. Bensley was not a man to be trifled with. He immediately sent y along. And here we felt much pleasure in ad- and, without the aid of much pressing, we fell to, and the glass back to "The Crown," from whence it came; g the variegated landscape and rural scenery, which made a hearty meal-serving both for breakfast and din- desiring moreover to know, what the landlord meant by anks of this beautiful river and the surrounding ner. Our fare was good bacon, ham, cheese, loaf bread, offering him so filthy a potation. Within the next minute y every where presented to our view. The stream, &c. with plenty of grog-the provision of Mr. D. A. to he was called to go upon the stage; and, still grumbling about the liquor and the character, he walked down stairs, 4 which we had to stem, now grew exceedingly whose foresight in storing we were all indebted. and made his entry as the buried Majesty of Denmark; and took such long, round-about windings, that we We were, in the mean time, making great way: the but no sooner had John Kemble, with Angels and Mi it impossible, either with sails or oars, to proceed wind blew strong; the water was surgy; now and then nisters of grace defend us!" started on one side, than his er. Our only resource, then, was, to go on shore, we shipped small seas. eye caught the landlady of The Crown" in the wings by means of a long rope, pull the boat up ourselves, Inchmunain, the first and largest island upon the Loch, on the other, wringing her hands, and throwing her person into all dreadful distortions, and calling on him for siderable distance, to a place where our pilot said he now appeared in sight; we bore straight for it, and as we Heaven's sake to come off. Bensley made up his mind, d get a horse, that would drag us on to Loch Lomond. came nigh fired several guns. We observed some people that the woman, as well as all the rest of the world-was agreed upon, all of us went on shore, except D. A. upon the island, who appeared to be strangers, like our- frantic; and went on with his part as well as he could, it ng necessary he should stay on board to steer; and, selves; also a boat close in shore, which we supposed to being in that scene only dumb show; beckoning and signof us catching hold of the rope, we commenced a toil, be theirs: immediately we run in and made fast our barge, ing to Hamlet very solemnly with his truncheon; and hich, by the end, we were all heartily tired. and taking a musket with us, we all went on shore, and looking-cannon balls the other way at the landlady, who caving, at last, arrived at the place where our pilot was strayed up and down almost an hour-saw some deer, but the gallery. At length the time of exit came "What ad a horse, we despatched him for that purpose; but, no game to shoot at; and having satisfied our curiosity for the devil, madam, is the matter with you?" "The matter! every search he could make, returned without one, the present, we again went on board, weighed anchor, and Oh, Mr. Bensley! Oh! forgive me on my knees ng that they had all gone up the river, with vessels, proceeded forward, firing a few guns as we cleared the of the fiend ails the woman? get up."The glass-the Why, what in the name morning, and would not be back before it was late island. brandy and water-the glass-red arsenic-Oh, Sir, you e evening. This information rather disconcerted us; We were now bound for Luss, intending to spend the are poisoned!" "Poisoned!" "Oh, yes-Oh, forgive ve determined to proceed, not choosing to wait the night there; but the wind still favouring more and more, me! My eldest daughter set the glass on the shelf, with we resolved to bear direct for Rowerdennan, which lies red arsenic for the rats; I mixed it in the dusk-there of the horses, and also in the hopes of meeting considerably farther up. On our way, we stopped at seve- was no candle-Oh! on my knees!" As the written ral islands, and spent some little time on each; at length, part dropped from Bensley's hand, the scene had shifted, being now nearly mid-day, it was extremely hot; about six o'clock we arrived at this place. It is situated and Mr. Kemble added himself to the party. “Come, the stream, the farther we proceed, increased in power exactly at the bottom of Ben Lomond. There is a tolerable Bensley, the stage is waiting.""Sir, I can't help that: apidity, so that our progress was but slow, and we spoke beds for that night, and ordered supper to be ready my dear Sir, are hissing in the pit." "Sir, I-what can good inn here, to which we repaired on landing, and be- I'm poisoned.' "Oh, poisoned! Nonsense-the people, Aves much fatigued. Being unable to go on without for us by nine o'clock. During the intervening time we I do?-I tell you I'm poisoned-I'm in the agonies of little refreshment, we pulled the boat to the shore; returned to the boat, took out our fishing tackle, and pre-death!" Well, but, my dear Mr. Bensley, if you are seating ourselves upon the bank of the river, soon pared a large line, which we set across the Loch, extend-poisoned, you can play this one scene. What are we to elled our lassitude, with a bumper of grog. Thus re-ing pretty far into it; we also dismounted our guns, and do?" And, in the end, Mr. Kemble, who did not know well what it all meant, absolutely hurried Bensley on the ed, we again set to work with renewed vigour, and carried them to the inn with us. stage, and they began the scene together, Bensley playing changed places with A. A. jun. who went to steer. the Ghost, under the full conviction that, in five minutes, ing now pulled in this manner for several miles, we he should be a ghost in earnest. The play, under these loubt longed for the end of our labours; and we were auspicious circumstances, proceeds ome miles distant from the place of destination, which pect disheartened us a good deal: but, on the other , when we considered the necessity of it, and also the intage of being up early at the Loch, with all the sures that there awaited us, these considerations far terbalanced all other objections, and determined us to desert until we had completely effected it.

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Ve now reached a place called Bonhill, where we once e thought of inquiring for a horse; the answer was they expected, every minute, the return of the horses went up in the morning, they being then due. So we reed to wait that event; and, in order to quicken their e, we sent off our pilot to meet them.

In the mean time we were not idle. Having hauled the at close in shore, we cast anchor, and kept loading and ing our guns incessantly, making all the neighbouring Is to resound: even the natives seemed astonished, and thered round us in vast numbers.

The sun began now to sink low in the west, and the night to wear on apace, when we, a good deal fatigued, retired to our lodgings. Not finding a fire in the room where we were to sup, we gave orders to have one immediately. A peat one was soon kindled up; we all sat round, and enjoyed it very much.

In the mean time the supper apparatus were going forward, and as soon as all the dishes were placed, we set ourselves socially around the table, and banishing cere mony out of doors, partook of a comfortable meal. A bowl of good warm toddy crowned the night, over which we forgot not to drink our friends' health at home, and this being the birth-day of our Lord and Sovereign the King, to his long life and prosperity.

miserable sinner that I am !" 66

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Ham." Whither wilt thou lead me? Speak, I'll go no farther!"

Ghost." Mark me!"-(Aside-I believe I shan't be able to go much farther.)

Ham." Alas, poor ghost!"

Ghost.-"I am thy father's spirit."(Aside-Oh, that cursed brandy and water!)

Ham.-"Oh, Heaven!"

Ghost.-"Murder most foul as in the best it is; but this"-(Aside-Oh, Lord! I feel it coming.)-Aloudmost strange, foul, and unnatural." Ham.-"Haste, let me know it."

bed,"

Having finished a second bowl-ful, we retired to
in the hope of much pleasure awaiting us next day, and
slept soundly.
[To be continud.]

Chit Chat.

Kemble, in the zenith of his fame, played Hamlet at Newcastle, when Bensley, who was the leading actor of that company, had the honour to be cast the Ghost. Kemble's high popularity made him, of course, a vast bugbear About an hour bad elapsed when our pilot returned in a country theatre; and Bensley was much annoyed at th the satisfactory intelligence that a horse was at hand, having to second the greatness of such an artist. Accordd at our service. As soon as he was yoked we re-em-ingly, he studied the part of the Ghost, having got but rked; and, after firing a farewell gun, proceeded on short notice, in great tribulation, almost up to the hour of performance; amazingly tormented by an apprehension ar journey. Not having broken our fast since we set that the affair would, in some way or other, injure his ff in the morning, we now began to feel hungry; how-reputation. When the time came for dressing, Bensley's ver, we agreed to wait until we reached the Loch, when fears were not abated. He put on the Ghost's leather we meant to have a hearty carousal.

It was extremely pleasant sailing up the river, every hing appeared so enchantingly beautiful: we already hought all our trouble repaid. At length Loch Lomond

armour, which fitted him horribly; swearing by turns at the
Ghost, the armour, and the manager; and all the while,
at intervals, repeating fragments from his part, as to his
accuracy even in the text of which he was by no means
entirely satisfied. At length the curtain rang up, and it

Ghost.-"Sleeping within mine orchard," (Aside-
Oh, that cursed public-house!)-(Aloud-" my custom
always in the afternoon"" with juice of cursed hebenon.
(Aside Red arsenic!)--Aloud-"The leperous distil-
ment."-(Aside-Meant for the rats.)
Ham."Oh, all you host of Heaven! Oh, Earth."
Ghost. (Aside)-I'm dying.

Ham.-(Aside)-Stay a little-you'll descend directly.
Ghost. (Aside)-I can't go on.

Ham.-(Aside)-Then you had better go off-I'll apo

logize.

Mr. Kemble then comes forward, and tells the house that Mr. Bensley is suddenly indisposed. In the mean time a surgeon has been sent for, who examines the poisonous glass, and declares that whatever it contains, it is innocent of arsenic. In the end the call-boy is again produced, when it turns out that the peccant vessel was not the landlady's of the Crown at all; but that the messenger had himself carried a glass for the brandy and water with him from the theatre, and had, moreover, accidentally taken that which contained the rose pink, mixed to make "blood" for the murderers in the ensuing pantomime.-From Mr. Matthews's New Entertainment.

Poetry.

SICKNESS.

Who art thou that with fever'd cheek, and eye

Languid and dim, that loathes the glare of day,
And, weeping, turns its wearied gaze away
From that bright spectacle the gorgeous sky,
The rather loving sad the murky hour

Of night's still reign, when all without is drear
As the dark scene within, and pity's tear
Falls to embalm the pale and prostrate flower!

Disease thy name: a chastening angel thou, Sent by a hand of mercy from above;

And though are thine the wrinkles on the brow Time yet had spared; yet, minister of love! If thine to win from earth, and fit for heaven, Be still to me thy varied sorrows given ! Liverpool.

PARODY ON HAMLET'S SOLILOQUY.

[FROM A COTEMPORARY JOURNALA]

Rail-roads, or no rail-roads, that is the question-
Whether 'tis better that the pocket suffer
The cheats and charges of outrageous coachmen,
Or to subscribe for locomotive engines;
And, by opposing, end them? To go-to fly---
By steam; and thus to supersede

Canal boats, and the thousand impositions
That boatmen play us:-'tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wished. To go-to fly—

To fly-perchance to burst-aye, there's the rub!
For if the boiler burst, what hurts may come,
When we have been blown up into the air,
Must give us pause. There's the respect,
That makes the grand trunk shares regain their price.
Yet who would bear the frauds of navigation,
Diluted spirits, and much-damaged goods,
The bore of turnpike-gates, the mail's delay,

The insolence of coachee, and the fees

That the fat guard of the unwary takes,
When we ourselves might their quietus make,

By steam and rail-ways? Who'd mount stage-coaches,
To creep and sweat over M'Adam's ways?
But that the dread of spoiling in appearance
The foliage-covered country, whose green sward
The traveller admires-puzzles us all,

And makes us rather bear those ills we have,
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Feb. 10, 1825.

G.

LICHFELDICUS.

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The Tails to Lawyers' Heads appended, Are emblems of their trade intended; For Law's a game at "Heads and Tails," Where chance will often turn the scales. Lancaster.

THAT AND CO.

UN DETENU.

most respectable audience of ladies and gentlemen, an have given universal satisfaction. The subject of the lectures is the rise and progress of Italian poetry, from a origin to the time of Tasso, to the consideration of writings, and particularly his Gierusalemme Liberata, a principal portion of them is directed. The course co only of six lectures, of which four have been deliveme In the first, Mr. Panizzi endeavoured to show that th Italian language was not, as is generally conceived, a ruption of the Latin, but might be traced as a distinct i to the times of the ancients, and had obtained the ave dancy as the Latin had declined. His description of the early writers, and particularly of Dante and Petrarca, a the comparison which he instituted between these gr men, was highly impressive and sublime. Not comparison of Ariosto and Tasso, in his subsequent les ture, less interesting. But the most important part of h labour is an extensive and accurate critique the Gis rusalemme, in which he has entered in the suber of that favourite poem, the manner in which the anchor has treated it, its accordance with history, the area of in heroes both Saracen and Christian, and are ofte opinions of the principal commentators and crits as cerning it. These discourses Mr. Panizzi deliver en pore, with all the accuracy of a written comps, Á all the spirit of an Improvisatore; and we have only to regret, that compositions which, from their come al and delicate style, and happy illustration of the ser confer such credit on the Professor, are doomed to pass away with the occasion that gave rise to them, due precautions have not been taken to give them a tame permanent existence.

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TO THE EDITOR.

SIR,-Passing down Ormond-street on Saturday lat observed a number of persons assembled round the riage of one of those itinerant barterers who perasa our streets, crying "Here's yer toffe for bits o The following whimsical lines are now passing through broken glass," &c.; and on coming nearer the co all the papers. It may not be generally known, but it is I observed two old dames standing, one on each a fact, that EIGHT THATS may be written or spoken in the donkey, by which the vehicle was drawn, and uninterrupted succession, without any violation of sense or We have a notion that this discovery origina-informed, was afflicted with the hooping cough; a very act of assifying a young child. The child.! grammar. ted with a young lady of our acquaintance, who is an excellent grammarian, and who, in the old series of the Kaleidoscope, published Nov. 17, 1818, furnished us with a grammatical analysis or parsing of the sentence. We shall probably revive the article to which we allude in an early number of the Kaleidoscope. In the mean time, we present our readers with a metrical version of seven thats.

GRAMMATICAL TAUTOLOGY.

I'll prove the word that I have made my theme
Is that that may be doubled without blame,
And that that that, thus trebled, I may use,
And that that that that critics may abuse
May be correct. Farther-the dons to bother-
Five thats may closely follow one another!
For be it known that we may safely write

Or

say, that that that that that man writ was right; Nay, e'en, that that that that that that has follow'd Through six repeats, the grammar's rule has hallow'd; And that that that (that that that that began) Repeated seven times is right!-Deny't who can.

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fication (I know not what else to call it) is a Cambri for that complaint. The health-restoring performed as follows:-One woman stood with the innocent in her arms, and putting it under the a delivered it to the other woman, and she handediTM the ass's back to the first woman again. In ner the child was first put round the ass three t to make the cure certain and complete, a little cut from the ass's shoulder, and deposited in th shoes. What medicinal virtue emanated from pri or whether the ceremony will prove more salubres infant or the ass, I am not scientific enough to deter but as the case was quite novel to me, I have ta liberty of stating it to you.

Liverpool, March 7, 1825.

PRO BONO PUBLIC

The Olympic Circus closes for the season on Fr evening next, with Mr. Goore's benefit, who, evening, brings forward a new splendid horse p LECTURES ON ITALIAN LITERATURE.-The friends that astonishing character Monsieur Decour, for also introduces, for the first time, to a Liverpool aste and admirers of Italian literature, in this town and neigh-Continent. We have no doubt but Mr. G. bourhood, have had an unsual gratification from the lec-usual, handsomely remunerated, for the spirited tures of Signor Panizzi, delivered at the Liverpool Royal in which he seeks to produce novelty to his friends co Institution, which have been attended by a numerous and occasions.-See adv.

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Miscellanies.

CHESS MATCH.

he first game, in this trial of skill, between the London Edinburgh clubs, has been won by the latter. The lish players, it seems, were too eager to win; and the of the North did not fail to take advantage of their ness. Chess is the game for a cautious, calculating er; the very game that Scotchmen should excel in. to two was lost with the first game on the London ; but it is still backed at 3 to 2 to win the match. uld the Scotch succeed in the next struggle, the match terminate exceedingly to the credit of the modern ens. As it is, the men of the North have reason to be ud of defeating some of the best players of Europe; but chief glory of the victory has been ascribed to a Welsh tleman, resident in the Scotch capital.

ANOTHER ACCOUNT.

This singular match between London and Edinburgh rapidly approaching to a crisis. One game has been WA, and another has been won by Edinburgh. One

very remarkable circumstance may be stated, by which
the ultimate event of this extraordinary match may be
guessed at:-A celebrated chess-player, a member of the
London Committee, has published a book on chess, in
which he gives a form of opening a game, and tries several,
we think seven, modes of defence all inefficient. This
very game was played by London against Edinburgh,
and is one of those which is now very lately concluded.
The game which is now in progress (in which about ten
moves have been made) was commenced by Edinburgh,
and is the same game which the celebrated member of the
London Committee has announced in his book to be inde-
fensible. How, therefore, stands the probability of the
issue of the match? Edinburgh has won one game, and
is playing another, which the London Club has deemed
indefensible, though Edinburgh did not altogether agree
to that position.

The Age we live in.-In spite of instances of depravity,
which arise from neglect of education, the present must be
regarded as an age of great moral and intellectual advance-
ment, and the effect has chiefly arisen from enlarged plans
of education, for we can reason only from what we know.
Thirty years have nearly elapsed since Sir Richard Phillips
promulgated his Interrogative System of Teaching; and
as it gradually spread, only as the old-fashioned race of
teachers passed away; so its mature effects are now only
beginning to display themselves, in the state of the public
mind. To the credit of the schools in this neighbourhood,
Questions without Answers, and for which Answers are
to be studied and prepared by the pupils, are now gene-
rally, or partially adopted; and hence the comparative
perfection of young persons, in all branches of knowledge,
and the preference given to Booksellers' Shops, by classes
who formerly had no enjoyment but in the tavern or pothouse.
TOTAL ALTERATION IN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
To all Persons who have occasion to buy or sell by Weight
or Measure, or whose Business comprises Mensura-
tion of any Descriptim.

Pursuant to an Act of Parliament, it has been deemed necessary that Weights and Measures should be just and uniform; and although the Great Charter has ordered that the same Measures shall be used throughout Great Britain, yet vast difference has existed, and does exist in the Size of Weights and Measures-preventing a true Standard of Measure, and causing confusion and frauds. To remove these evils, it has been enacted, that certain Standard Weights and Measures shall be established in Great Britain, Ireland, &c. In forming this Standard, the scientific Gentlemen of the Commission had many difficulties to contend with. The calculations were almost innumerable, and not to be effected unless exclusive attention for many months had been afforded. Some among them, of course, were better than others, but they were all deemed defective; and it was not until Mr. Gutteridge submitted his system, that the clauses regulating the Standard were introduced. The Act was passed in the last Session of Parliament, and commences being a Law on the 1st of May, 1825. The alterations are of such a nature, that the utmost confusion will result among Dealers, unless they devote their attention to the subject, before they are obliged to reject habits that have grown with them, and adopt others exactly opposite. There are penal clauses provided for those who shall sell (after May 1, 1825) by other Weights and Measures than the Standard as enacted.

The Envestigator.

[Comprehending Political Economy, Statistics, Jurisprudence, occasional passages from Parliamentary Speeches of a general nature, occasional Parliamentary Documents, and other speculative subjects, excluding Party Politics.]

WARM AND VAPOUR BATH.

Extracts from the Works of the Hon. Basil Cochrane, Dr. Kentish, Sir Arthur Clarke, M. D. &c. to shew the efficacy of vapour bathing in the cure of several diseases, viz. rheumatism, scrofula, cutaneous eruptions, glandular swellings in the neck, gravel, palsy, gout, dropsy, consumption, fever, inflammation of the bowels, bilious and liver complaints, water in the brain, &c.

(Concluded from our last.)

BILIOUS AND LIVER COMPLAINTS.

In diabetes and dropsy, where the perspiration is notoriously defective, there is the most decisive evidence of diminution in the biliary secretion. In chlorosis, bile is secreted in less quantity than in health. In maniacal habits, there is generally a defect in the secretion of bile: in both cases there is a dry skin and a deficiency of perspiration. The torpid state of the skin in melancholy, hysteria, and in most nervous disorders, exactly coincides with that of the liver and bowels. Hypochondriacal complaints are always attended with dyspepsia, diminished secretion of bile, dry skin, and with great torpor of the alimentary canal. The symptoms of dyspepsia and diminished secretion of bile, which are now rendered more conspicuous among females, from their sedentary life, are most effectually removed by warm or vapour bathing, which is the surest means of producing a regular and healthy discharge from the pores of the skin, and (from the sympathy between it and the liver) an increased secretion of healthy bile. The same may be said of exercise, which powerfully promotes the secretion of bile, as well as perspiration. On this account I generally recommend exercise after warm or vapour bathing (when the strength of the patient and the weather permit) in preference to going in a carriage.

Bilious and liver complaints are now thought to be so common, particularly among those whose health and con. stitution have been impaired abroad, while serving in the army and navy, that I trust a few simple directions for their regulation may not be deemed useless or inconsistent with the plan of this work.

"Among the remedies for those complaints, mercury given in small doses, and slowly, certainly holds the first place, as it effectually promotes the secretion of bile, and excites the extreme vessels on the surface of the body to action. To increase this effect, and to determine to the skin, the warm or vapour bath is the most powerful auxiliary. The connexion between the biliary and perspirative processes will elucidate the operation of these remedies, and may suggest the use of others.

[graphic]

"Our attention is next to be directed to the stomach and bowels. The diet in all bilious and liver complaints will require the strictest attention; and the great secret in strengthening a weak stomach is, to give it little work to perform. There should, therefore, be the greatest moderation in the use of the plainest food only, and that of the easiest digestion, very little wine, and, if any spirits, it should be much diluted. Common water will do more Mr. Gutteridge's plan has been approved of, as the one in strengthening the stomach than any medicine, especially best adapted for the public good; and he has constructed if the bowels are kept open; all fat, salted, or smoked the Tables ordered by the Act, for the Customs and Ex-meats, rich suet or plum puddings, butter sauces, and cise; also the Table of Equalization, by which only the high seasoning, are to be avoided. The food should be value of the goods weighed and measured by the Im plain fresh meat, simply boiled or roasted, with only its own perial Standard" can be ascertained; and by which juice or gravy, plain light soup or broth, and occasionally Tables, after the 1st of May, all Payments will be re-light bread or rice pudding; a small portion of well boiled gulated. It must be obvious, that any Trade or Occu- vegetables, without butter, may be used: large quantities pation requiring the use of Weights and Measures, must of vegetables, raw, or not well boiled, and salads, never be provided with these Tables of Equalization." With-fail to produce flatulency or acidity, where the stomach is out them no one can calculate the relative value of Goods; weak, and are therefore highly improper. A cup of coffee he will be ignorant of his business; will be the constant soon after dinner should be preferred to tea, and supper victim of the informer, and the willing instrument of his always avoided. on loss, perhaps ruin. These Tables are so very easy as "In inflammation of the kidneys, and other internal to enable every person, however unacquainted with arith-parts, the vapour bath has a decided advantage over the metical calculations, to compare the quantities and values hot water bath; and in glandular obstructions, in both young and old subjects, the relief afforded by it leaves no of the present standards, with those about to be adopted. for an advertisement expressing the particulars of the new ports, and some others, have given their testimony in fa Our readers are referred to another part of our paper doubt of its efficacy. Dr. Bradsley, in his medical reSet of Tables of Weights and Measures. vour of the superior power of heat applied through the medium of steam, to heat applied by the means of water. Dr. Kentish relates a case of chronic diarrhoea, which had resisted all the known means of relief, and a case of chronic catarrh, which very much resembled consumption, both restored to perfect health by the use of the vapour bath.

Bellmen were first appointed in London in 1556. They were to ring their bells at night, and cry "Take care of your fire and candle; be charitable to the poor, and pray for the dead."

In the latter he had recommended the alternate use of the cold bath. These cases show that increased secretions

RHEUMATISM.

safe; there is no danger whatever from cold—the truth we are less liable to cold after warm or vapour bathing, than at any other time, for the increased circulation co surface of the body keeps up a great degree of heat, the non-conducting state of the skin long preserves medium of even a cold atmosphere: that this is a experience on my own person, and observation of effects produced on others, enable me to affirm; quently the fear of catching cold,' expressed on s occasions, is both groundless and injurious. The rese it is hoped, will pardon the repetition of this fact; so ral is the prevalence of the opposite opinion, and so truth cannot too often be inculcated in a work of this scription.

from the bowels, and defluxions from the lungs, are relieved by determining the circulation to the skin. On this principle the vapour bath must prove useful in a variety of complaints, proceeding from checked, or obstructed perspiration, and attended with defluxions from other parts. In female obstructions and painful evacuations, the warm or vapour bath used daily, for some time pre. vious to the expected period, is attended with the happiest effects; in chilblains, in tetanus, in diseases accompanied by a dryness of the skin, as diabetes, dropsy, &c. as also in water on the brain, in the chest, and incurred in the Naval Hospital; rheumatism being a disor-chievous the errors in practice which it produces, t asthma, this remedy has been attended with considerable advantage.

DROPSY.

After replying to a professor of medicine on this subject, Sir A. Clarke states, that dropsy "follows occasionally in the train of fevers; it arises often from accidental injuries; from obstructed perspiration; suppressed discharges, natural and artificial; and is generally present in all cases where death is ushered in by debility.

ease.

"Rheumatism, in consequence of the moist and va-
riable atmosphere to which our contiguity to the sea
exposes us, is one of the most frequent, difficult, and
tedious complaints we have to treat. The stomach, from
the use of antimonials and other sudorifices, is too fre-
quently debilitated, and the constitution thereby injured;
should sudorifics therefore be deemed necessary in such
cases, the vapour bath, in point of efficacy, yields to no
drug, and as the system does not suffer by its exhibition,
it deserves a decided preference.
"Various obstinate cases of months' standing have oc-
der with which sailors are frequently attacked, from their
being so much exposed to moist air and damp clothing:
these, without a single exception, have recovered in a very
short time by the use of the vapour bath.

Chronic rheumatism is a disease nearly allied to palsy.
as the vessels, from previous distension, are rendered pa-
ralytic, and contract spasmodically on the fluids, probably
in too large a proportion: here the vapour bath is particu-
larly useful, and will often alone cure the disease. In that
species of rheumatism confined to the hip joint, called
Sciatica, vapour bathing is a most valuable remedy."

GLANDULAR SWELLING IN THE NECK.

In December, 1812, when the thermometer was beler 32 degrees, I went into a steam bath heated to 150, which is five degrees above the burning land wind on the cou Coromandel; I remained in it for ten mirates, and ather having my body well dried, without any add con to what I am accustomed to wear, I walked a distance f upwards of two miles, without any injurious on the contrary, I felt invigorated, and, as it went, belad ed from the coldness of the atmosphere.

"From what I have stated, it must not be conce that immediate exposure to the external air in all inET, after warm or vapour bathing, is safe: there are exc tions in several states of disease, wherein the object ensure an increase of perspiration. In these it is eba our business to remove the patient to bed, to enorm the continuance of it; but, when the bath is used cleanliness, refreshment, or as a luxury, the rule of no exception."

"Throughout every part of the body, and in all its great visceral cavities, there is a constant exhalation of a vapoury fluid, oozing from the exhalent extremities of the arteries, and bedewing every fibre of our frame: this fluid is ab- "J. C, aged four years, had a swelling in the sorbed as fast as it is formed by the corresponding mouths right parotid gland, which gradually increased for a month of the lymphatic vessels, and carried back again to the till suppuration commenced; on the 20th of October, 1814, general mass of blood from which it had been separated. I was sent for to open it, it being on the point of bursting. If at any time this fluid be poured forth in quantities I advised the operation to be delayed to try what effect greater than can be taken up by the absorbents; or if on the vapour bath might have, and had her put into it for the other hand, the absorbents should in any degree lose ten minutes at 110,-a poultice of bread and milk had been their usual power of action (the exhalation remaining un- applied, which I ordered to be continued, and gave her a altered) an accumulation of fluid must necessarily take dose of calomel and rhubarb, (5 grains of each.) In the place, consequently the body will be thrown from a state course of a week, after bathing every second day, the tuIn presenting the above Extracts to the Public, of soundness and health, into that of weakness and dis-mour was reduced to one half the size, absorption having compiler hopes that the attention of his readers will t taken place; and in less than six weeks the tumour totally cited so as to induce them to peruse the Works bel In almost every species of dropsy, the functions of the disappeared without leaving ary mark whatever. During quoted, in which they will find a more ample and inte skin, of the liver, and of the kidneys, are interrupted; her bathing, the poultice was continued while any redness ing account of the beneficial effects that result fr consequently the perspiration, the biliary and the urinary appeared on the skin, and the calomel and rhubarb repeat- use of the vapour bath, than can be given in t secretions, are defective; the pores of the skin being stop-ed twice a week, which affected her mouth. selection. In conclusion, he begs most respe ped, the fluid of the insensible perspiration not transpir- "After dislocations of the shoulder, elbow, ankle, and urge, that although he has received instruction ing, is of course accumulated under the skin in the cel- other joints, cases often occur in which the surgeon finds management of the vapour bath, from one of th lular substance, or in some of the cavities of the body; reduction a difficult task; he is obliged to use very power-eminent establishments in that line in the Metrop the biliary secretions being suppressed, the circulation in ful extension, in a variety of directions, and frequently and is quite convinced, from his own experience the liver becomes obstructed, and congestion in that organ without success; and after fractures of bones, where effu. the information he has received from others, of 15 takes place. Whether these are the causes or the effects sion sometimes remains in the ligaments of the joints, or in a great variety of cases, that he does not pres of dropsy, is a question which it is not necessary here to under the sheaths of the tendons; and in paralytic limbs, recommend its adoption, without recommending discuss, as the treatment of the disease is a matter of much arising from external causes; and in cases of deafness, aris. same time, that patients should consult their M greater consequence; but this I will venture to assert, ing from cold, I have known great benefit derived from friends prior to the use of it. that by giving a free circulation to the blood in the liver, vapour bathing. which may be effected by blood-letting; by drawing the circulation from the vital parts to the surface and extremities of the body, which is practicable in almost every case of dropsy, by the vapour bath; by other evacuations, and the exhibition of tonics without stimulating, and with ■ light nourishing diet, we may produce a suspension of the symptoms, if not effect a cure in nine cases out of ten of this most fatal of all chronic disorders: such a process promotes the absorption of the accumulated fluid, and presents a fresh accumulation, the obvious indications of cure in all dropsies.

"The advantages derived from the vapour bath, in restoring the strength of persons debilitated by the use of mercury, induced me to employ that remedy more frequently during its exhibition, in the hope of preventing those evils it had only been hitherto applied to remove. In pursuing this indication, I could not but be struck by the greater facility with which the mercury acted upon the constitution, the comparative rapidity of the cure, as well as the diminution of the poisonous effects of the mineral, when the bathing was employed in conjunction with it: I have, in consequence, generally adopted it, and after an ample experience in the Naval Hospital and private practice, for eight years, I can assert, that in every instance where I combined these two remedies, the patients recovered in nearly half the time, and with little more than one half the quantity of mercury usually employed in such cases. The bath was used every day, by which means the system was strengthened against the debilitating effects of the mercury, and fortified against the influence of cold. Thus may the constitution be preserved. and the cure of many obstinate disorders be rendered less difficult, by the assistance of a powerful, though perfectly safe auxiliary; and thus may be prevented the puny and degenerate offspring of those, who, from their shattered, broken down, and enfeebled constitutions, caused by disorders contracted in warm climates, and at home, are obliged to undergo repeated courses of mercury; a necessity which seldom fails, even in the strongest constitutions, of producing a predisposition to scrofula, and perhaps other diseases, in their offspring."

Men and Manners.

GAMBLING-HOUSES IN PARIS

A remarkable instance of its efficacy in a case of luxation of the fore-arm from the humerous (the elbow joint,) with a fracture of the olecranon, occurred not long since in a sailor, who fell from the main-yard of the foremast in a collier. The poor fellow remained for three days without any surgical assistance, his vessel being at sea. I [EROM THE FRENCH OF M. DE JOUY, BY L MAN happened to be on the quay when it came in, and accidentally met him when looking for an hospital; I inquired Translated expressly for the Kaleidoscope. into his case, and on examining the arm, found the swell. ing and inflammation so considerable as to threaten morThe Palais Royal became the centre of these dar tification, and prevent any attempt at reduction; I recom- establishments, to which Government was not asha mended the man immediately to try the vapour bath, give the character of a public institution, by appa which he did three times a day for four days, at the end of an administration to regulate them, and thus mor: which the swelling, &c. were subdued, the skin and mus-diffuse their influence. Thanks to the numerous cles became relaxed, and the dislocation was reduced with of ease, which the chief temple organized in great facility, so that in a short time he recovered the per- France, no class of society is free from its ban fect use of his arm.

"There is another advantage not yet taken notice of, ence; it levies its imposition on the daily v
which the vapour possesses over the warm bath-I mean mechanic as well as on the appointments d'
its application to the internal surface of the lungs; a sur-sador, and receives the copper of the tradests
face which, if every air vessel was spread out, would pro-
bably much more than equal in extent the whole surface lingly as the gold of the receiver-general.
of the body: indeed some physiologists calculate this sur-
face at ten times that of the body. Upon the absorbing
powers of the lungs much has been written. The experi-
ments of Dr. Rousseau, of the Island of Hispaniola, of Dr.
Darwin, of Dr. Beddoes, and the practice of the Chinese
Physicians, concur in showing that the absorbing powers
of this organ afford a ready road into the system, both for
the causes of disease, and for the remedies which restore
health.

"Dr. Darwin invented a box for the application of
powders to the surface of the lungs, for the cure of ulcers,
&c.; but the mode of impregnating vapour with medicinal
herbs has many advantages over the Doctor's dusting-box.
There are few substances, either vegetable or mineral,
which may not be dissolved, and applied to the lungs
through the medium of vapour, and when exhibited in this
form, they must be absorbed with great facility."
After using the vapour bath, and the "body is properly
dried and rubbed, the cool air is grateful, and perfectly

The Circle of the Strangers holds the first rank the gambling-houses, with which it has nothing mon but its object. The best and most brilliant comp in Paris assemble there every evening. It is the vous of persons of distinction, who are some prised to meet there individuals whom they w refused, six months ago, for their lackeys, but become their equals by a few lucky throws of c dice. Here opulence, not indigence, appeals to th in the hope of obtaining, from play, a supply of which regular incomes connot procure.

I pass over a score of intervening houses, and m No. 9 of the Palais Royal, the gayest, if not decent, of the Parisian gaming-houses. It has trances; one for the novices, who are made to pay pence, and another for the confidants, or for the dips,

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