Scotch manufactures and fisheries. The greater part of the goods manufactured in Scotland, however, were made of linen yarn, till about 1759, when a branch of the silk trade, from Spitalfields, London, was established in Paisley, where it was brought to such perfection, especially in the more light and fanciful kinds, that, in a short time, Paisley silks not only rivalled those of the south, but had a preference in all the markets in Europe, and thus laid the foundation for that extensive knowledge of fancy weaving for which the tradesmen of Paisley have since become so famous, and which is now spread over the west of Scotland. Correspondence. BELL AND LANCASTER SYSTEM. TO THE EDITOR. have it in contemplation to form a Mechanics' Institute | The Beautics of Chess. "Ludimus effigiem belli”. ......... VIDA. SOLUTION TO GAME XLI. White. 1 Queen...... F−7+ F-6 Black. ...... 1 King G-8 3 Queen...... G-6 .... SIR, It is with the greatest reluctance that I trouble you with a subject which can prove interesting only to a very small majority of your readers; indeed, after what I said in a former letter, any thing further might seem unnecessary, but as a correspondent, who subscribes Ameri. can, has put forth some ridiculous observations on the comparative merits of Dr. Bell and Mr. Lancaster's discoveries, and "deems it a fortunate circumstance for himself, not for Mr. Lancaster, certainly, that you withheld the publication of my letter till his arrival in Liverpool, and allowed him an opportunity of stepping forward as the avowed champion of Mr. Lancaster," when, forsooth, I was unconscious of having given Mr. L. the least occasion for his puny assistance. If America abound in such prodigies of learning and correct information as your correspondent seems to be, what a land of erudition! and how Dr. Johnson would have rejoiced, had he lived to see this day! But this is a needless waste of words, and I shall proceed to show the value of American's assertions. He says that Mr. Whitbread panegyrised the new system in the House of Commons, in 1807, and ascribed its discovery to Mr. Lancaster." This is true; but Mr. Whitbread's information in the first instance was incor. rect; for in a subsequent speech in the same House, and at the earliest opportunity afforded him, he is reported to have spoken to the following effect:-" Dr. Bell, late of the establishment of Fort St. George, in the East Indies, The white to move, and to give checkmate in five moves. claims the original invention of the system of education practised by Mr. Lancaster. So early as the year 1789 he opened a school at Madras, in which that system was first reduced to practice with the greatest success, and the most beneficial effects. In the year 1797 he published an outline of his method. Mr. Lancaster's free school in the borough was not opened till 1801; so that Dr. Bell unquestionably preceded Mr. L. and to hin the world is first indebted for one of the most useful discoveries which has ever been submitted to society." This will do for American. As to the merits of the different systems, they will not bear the slightest comparison, and no stronger proof need be adduced in support of this than the universal adoption of Dr. Bell's; and let me further inform American, that the very system his PATRON is at this time propagating as his own, is precisely what Dr. Bell has, from the first, been labouring to perfect in the schools of this kingdom. In conclusion, I beg to disclaim any hostile feelings towards Mr. L. I respect him, perhaps, more than Americun does. As to his discoveries, they are unworthy of notice; but, interested as I am, in the cause of education, I cannot calmly submit to see an individual, to whom the nation owes so much, deliberately plundered of his wellearned fame; and, whilst I can think or speak, I shall not cease to defend his claims to the utmost of my power. Yours, &c. PHILOCRIBOIS. April 16, 1825. MECHANICS' INSTITUTE. TO THE MECHANICS OF LIVERPOOL. aware that there are many public spirited gentlemen, who If the black bishop took the queen, the knight would checkmate at F 7. If the pawn took the knight at G 5, the queen would checkmate at H 5. If the pawn took the knight at F 6, the queen would checkmate at H 7. If the black bishop were moved to C 2, in order to prevent the white queen from being moved to G 6, the white queen would give cheek either at G 8 or at E 8, and, in the following move, the knight would checkmate at F 7. MEMOIRS OF DON ESTEBAN.We thank A Reader for directing interest. by the late disastrous political events which still distre unhappy Spain, and severed from all his heart holds the author found, in the sad inactivity of an exiles too many inducements to ponder over his misfortunes in disappointments, not to seek some occupation which re tend to alleviate the recollection of them. He rese therefore, to retrace on paper the events of his lit well as the pleasing images of early youth, as the active scenes which he has witnessed and shared in for re years. He has presumed to lay before the pie z varnished narrative of facts, related with that ser regard to truth and fidelity which becomes an impartit historian." This assurance is evidently borne out by the anecdotes and traits which are recorded, and whe read with feelings of the deepest interest. Fair Play, as he styles himself, is informed, that we ar ambitious of his further correspondence. His » that we receive pecuniary remuneration for theirse. certain articles, we repel with scorn and contempt, zna we should not have used, had he not, on a former senet, taken the same unwarrantable liberty. We reasons which must be obvious to the person werde advert more particularly to the pieces to which he slam but there is one easy method by which he mayaT.... whether our columns are on sale or not. Let takaa specimen of his own composition, with a do", £20 | will find his insulting offer treated with as little strut as it merits. Fair Play, in the note now before us. with not allowing merit to Blackwood, because hehe.m tunate as not to deal in the same thunder as wedi 4 pretty good proof of what we observed last week pancy between the assumed name and the real this soi disant Fair Play. In the first place he has 176 assume that we have any politics at all; because of the Kaleidoscope, we abstain from any thing in the of politics. In the next place, we deny that L®, ing Blackwood is fairly to be ascribed to any dif tween the politics of that gentleman and ourse are in the habit of reading very many public same political character as Blackwood's Martie, b work itself does not happen to fall within our edhrat All we said on the subject, was simply "we are x habit of seeing Blackwood's Magazine," and upon dence of these words we are charged with littleness 11. 5. in underrating a man because he does not deal in the w kind of thunder as we do!! P. S.-Upon second thought, as it is possible Fair P LIVERPOOL FEMALE APPRENTICES' LIBRARY.-We sat ** Observator's grammatical query was omitted in co of the length of our notices to correspondents No Fiction is informed, that we have instituted a very search, which, we have no doubt, will result in very of a certain communication. Just previously to our paper being put to press, we -W. S. H.-William-W. D. G. isle. FELLOW TOWNSMEN,You are probably already we shall next week have a few remarks to address to H. St. P. Printed, published, and sold, EVERY TES OR, Literary and Scientific Mirror. 66 UTILE DULCI." Nantwich-E. Jones; als familiar Miscellany, from which religious and politicalmatters are excluded, contains a variety of original and selected Articles; comprehending Literature, Criticism Men and Manners, Amusement, Elegant Extracts, Poetry, Anecdotes, Biography, Meteorology, the Drama, Arts and Sciences, Wit and Satire, Fashions, Natural History, &c. &c. forming a handsome Annual Iolume, with an Index and Title-page.-Its circulation renders it a most eligible medium for Literary and Fashionable Advertisements.-Regular supplies are forwarded weekly to the Agents, viz. NDON-Sherwood and Burnley-T. Sutcliffe; Booksellers; E. Marl- Burslem-S. Brougham; rough, Newsvender; Bury-J. Kay; borne, Derb.-W. Hoon; Carlisle-J. Jollie; fon-T.Cunningham; Chester-R. Taylor; don-S. Bassford; Chorley-R. Parker; mingham-R. Wrightson Clithero-H. Whalley; ton-Kell; Brandwood; Colne-H. Earnshaw; burn-T. Rogerson; Congleton-J. Parsons; dford-J. Stanfield; Denbigh-M. Jones; dol-Hillyard & Morgan; Doncaster-C. & J. White; o. 253. Vol. V. Natural History. LETTERS Dublin-De Joncourt and IN THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE GLOBE. BY M. ALEX. E. legère couche de vie, qui fleurit à la surface du globe, ne e que des ruines.-Paris: printed, 1824. Hull-J. Perkins; Prescot-A. Ducker; TUESDAY, MAY 3, 1825. stroyed; they particularly resorted to the present site of| The task which he imposed upon himself was replete with difficulty. It is true that the workmen, employed to dated expressly for the Kaleidoscope from a recent French work. dig in the quarries, frequently found the remains of ani mals, or rather fragments of their remains; but formerly HE PALEOTHERIUM, THE ANOPLOTHERIUM, &c. from the curiosity of naturalists. No precautions were re are four engravings belonging to, and illustrathis chapter; two of them we have introduced here, ag the other two for next week, when the remain. the chapter will be given. They are precise facof the figures in the original work. 1-Edit. Kal. the animals which I have yet mentioned to you, bespecies nearly resembling those now in existence; Ive, therefore, been found in the layers of most reposition. The animals I have yet to describe hav. sen discovered in deeper layers, must be of much antiquity. Their bones had, during many centueen buried under the remains of marine bodies, at Ae that our countries were the tranquil abodes of the nts, since destroyed by the return of the waters of a upon their surface. Consequently we shall have on to observe, that these ancient inhabitants of the constituted genera entirely different from those known most interesting circumstance in the history of these als, is, that they have lived and perished in the places we now inhabit. When the sea inundated them, took refuge in most of the places now forming the er quarries in our neighbourhood, and were there de taken to preserve them, until the curiosity of the public PRICE 340 Thus, for example, as the head of the palæotherium was very like that of the tapir, in the number, arrangement, and nature of its teeth, and in all the particulars of its form, and as one of the different sorts of feet also much resembled the feet of the tapir, M. Cuvier naturally concluded, that the feet and head must have been parts of the same animal. As the genus palæotherium contains several species different in form, and as he had discovered feet of different dimensions, it was a very satisfactory confirmation of his conjectures, to see in the feet and heads of the same species, corresponding relations with respect to size. anoplotherium; and, as the heads in his possession afforded He pursued the same method, in his examination of the proofs of the existence of one genus, and of several subgenera, he was not surprised to find feet analogous to them, which differed from each other in such a manner, as to justify the same sub-divisions. I shall not, by entering into further particulars, extend the history of these researches; you will easily perceive, Madam, how ingenious they are, and how profound a knowledge of nature they require. Let it suffice to inform you, that the bodies have been recomposed by an observance of the same method, and afterwards assorted with the corresponding head and feet. The excellence of these plans, and the rigour with which M. Cuvier adhered to them in the prosecution of his labours, are incontestibly proved by the fact, that all his conjectures have been confirmed by posterior discoveries of animals, more or less complete. The results, obtained by the mere observation of existing analogies, have, in all cases, been found to be correct. The form of the teeth submitted to his inspection, their number, and arrangement, soon convinced him, that they must have belonged to herbivorous animals, and that even these animals were included in the class of pachydermes. This class is very singular, and was, during a long time, little understood by naturalists. It was, without doubt, impossible for them to become better acquainted with it, as long as they studied merely the species now in existence, Perhaps, Madam, it would be proper, in this place, to since the proper succession of the genera now remaining is enter into some details respecting the zoological characinterrupted by voids, filled up, in a very remarkable man-teristics of these new genera; but this is a task I dare not ner, by the ancient genera. The first inferences which he drew, were the result of an examination of the teeth. Persevering attention soon enabled him to distinguish from each other those belonging to the different species. He thus artificially reconstructed jaw-bones, and afterwards, whole heads. The heads that have since been accidentally discovered in the quarries, have confirmed the justness of his conjectures. He then passed on to the study of the feet, and having pursued a similar method in their classification, he obtained results, the correctness of which he has also had the happiness to ascertain, by means of recent discoveries. He thus succeeded in completing the heads of two genera; he designated one by the name of paleotherium, and the other by that of anoplotherium. He distinguished, among the anoplotheriums, several sub-genera, and among the palæotheriums, several species. He also formed feet of several kinds, and it was no easy task to determine what particular feet and heads belonged to the same animals. He derived some assistance from an observation of the respective sizes of the different parts, but he confided more in the analogies which he discovered between them and the corresponding parts of known species. undertake. I am deterred from attempting it, not only by the dryness of the subject, but also because I recollect that my exertions must be limited to the attempt to interest you in the curious discoveries I am now describing. I shall, therefore, be satisfied with informing you, that the genus palæotherium differs from the genus anoplotherium in this particular. The animals composing it have one projecting canine tooth, nearly like that observed in the animals of the species of the boar. It is, however, less prominent than the canine teeth of wild boars, being entirely covered by the lips, as in the hippopotamus, the tapir, and the hog. The anopletherium is without this tooth, whence it results, that the two genera, although both herbivorous, are distinguished from each other by a very considerable difference in their habits. The genus anoplotherium being deficient in the canine tooth, which distinguishes the palæotherium, is probably composed of animals of a milder nature. We are reminded, by the name given to it, that it is an animal remarkable for gentleness, the word anoplotherium being derived from two Greek words, signifying innocent animal; palæotherium signifies merely ancient animal. As the animals of the genus palæotherium differ from each other in form, they are distinguished by the follow-boasted of the good conditions which he had made with The anoplotheriums are divided into the common, the light, and the greyhound anoplotherium. I send you sketches of the species, respecting which we have data sufficient to justify the attempt to produce representations of them. Perhaps it may also be gratifying to you to be furnished with such information of the places inhabited by them, their way of life, their habits, &c. as naturalists have been enabled to obtain by the observation of existing analogies. Great palæotherium.-(See the engraving, Fig. 1.) This animal resembled in form a horse of moderate size, but it was more squat, its head was larger, its extremities thicker and shorter. It is very easy to imagine what was its appearance when it was alive." (Cuvier.) whether it was furnished with good blinds, she gave m his employer; a third, who was paid by the day, could a piece of five francs, and bid me to wait for a lady only make a profit upon what he saved from the fodder of a muff, who would not be long in coming. I profited his horses; and a fourth spoke of the tricks which he the opportunity to give some corn to my poor horas, played, to multiply his journies, and to increase his allow-stowing, of course, the best part upon Little Grey, a ances. I entered into conversation with my next neigh-account of the presage he had given me; and I was aber hour, a stout fellow of jovial disposition, and about forty-enter a tavern, to get something for myself, when I ar five years old. I had called for a bottle of the best wine lady with a muff coming towards my vehicle, and they had in the house; and a few glasses of it opened the her veil to look at the number. I opened the door, man's heart, and procured me his confidence to such a she entered with great trepidation, whispering "T. degree, that he related to me all his adventures without Joseph's Baths." I set off, full gallop, and, on our arriva much urgency on my side. the lady took a Napoleon from a corner of her hardke. He had been first employed by a lady of doubtful cha-chief, and bid me to keep a dollar out it, and woma racter, by whom he was dismissed for a slight indiscre- haste. I saw that she was in great haste and agitated, tion; then he had entered into the service of an elegant consequently I was a long time in untying my leather young man, whose creditors had committed the brutal act purse, and I finally declared that I had nothing but per of seizing horses and carriage, just when he was in the to give her. She seemed to be on the rack; btcnd Little palæo herium.--(See the engraving, Fig. 2.) "If we way of making his fortune; a commercial house had after- to run first to one shop and then to another, ul she hal could recal this animal to life as easily as we have collected wards sent him twenty-seven times to Hamburg as an ex-lost patience, and exclaimed, "Keep it all!" A bandred its bones, we should imagine we saw a tapir smaller than press; but he had become tired of so many fatiguing jour- thousand thanks to you, my good lady, I ejaculated in 177 a roe-buck, with slender light legs: such was, without nies, and, in order to rest himself a little, he had con- turn: may another return to you all the blessings a doubt, its appearance. An almost complete skeleton of sented to drive the chaise of an old doctor for the space of you now bestow upon a poor man. I helped her out this species has been found at Pantin; its height, up to two years, after which the physician had gone to join his the coach at the same time, and then I took my sta the withers, must have been from 16 to 18 inches.” (Cu- patients. Fired by ambition, he then availed himself of the file of my comrades. It was two o'clock, and ga vier.) a vacant place at a Minister's; but having had the mis. a snack at the top of Montmartre-strect. Whet Is "We may form a sufficiently just idea of the middling-fortune to overturn his Excellency on the road to St. turned to the head of my horses, I found two gir sized palæotherium, by representing to ourselves a tapir Cloud, his fair fame had suffered such injury among the coach, who told me, with a deliberate air, to drive term with slender legs; it must have been, in this genus, what higher ranks, that it would have been useless to make to Charrier's, on the boulevard of the Temple the baby roussa is amongst hogs: its height, up to the another application in similar quarters; and he had made then sent me to the Tennis-court, to inquire fran withers, was from 31 to 32 inches." up his mind at once to take his stand in the street: he Prosper: but this gentleman happened to be engag found no cause for repentance, and he would not like now an interesting game, and he had just lost three p to change his old great coat for the finest and best laced he sent me about my business in such terms ar livery in Paris. There were, indeed, good and bad days; expected from an unfortunate gambler; yet, se. but such a one as last Saturday consoled for many others, consideration, he bid me to conduct the las I rather longed to know the particulars of this fortunate Turkish garden, where he would soon join them i day; and a fresh bottle, which I ordered, gave to my executed the order, and was well paid for my trescie friend as much desire to speak as I had to listen. As I was standing behind my box, and driving along the boulevard, I added up, with the help fingers, what I had already got; when I heard called from the door of a grocer's shop. The rs239 the house had been brought to bed, and the christma was about to be celebrated: one of my comrades ready in waiting; but as he could not take all the p he called me to his assistance. My equipage was be the handsomer, and I had the honour of traspare the head nurse, the wet nurse, the child, the gu the godmother, the mother, and the husband couchée: the witnesses were brought up by my We got each a dollar and a glass of liqueur at the qua own shop. We have not sufficient data of the three other species of palæotheriums, to venture to form any conjecture respect ing their form. The skeleton of the anoplotherium has been so completely reconstructed, that no doubt can be entertained of the appearance which it must have had when it was covered with its muscles and skin. [To be continued.] Men and Flanners. THE HACKNEY COACHMAN. FRON THE FRENCH OF M. DE JOUY, BY L MAN. [Translated expressly for the Kaleidoscope.] Last Monday I had been walking to the Botanic garden, and I found myself a little fatigued at my return: being far from home, I resolved on taking a coach; and, looking about in Calvary-street, I saw a row of vehicles, but no drivers. A rag woman perceived my embarrassment from her stall, and said, obligingly, pointing to a tavern of very shabby appearance, the coachmen you want are with mother Henry. I entered; and, struck with the novelty of the observations which the place excited in me, I asked for a dinner instead of a driver. My attire was of the most modest description; but it attracted, nevertheless, the attention of the landlady, and she gave me the trouble of repeating my request, before she invited me to walk into the dining-room. I followed a girl who carried a ladle full of greasy water, which she emphatically called broth; and I joined the company. The walls of the room had been once whitewashed, but they were now quite black; and I found about a dozen gentlemen sitting on both sides of a very long and very narrow table. I sat down at the lower end of the table, and Manette placed before me a pint of wine, a tin goblet, a pewter spoon, and an iron fork; the knives were fastened to the walls with little brass chains. The repast was very frugal, but not so bad as I had expected; and the circumstance of my bringing no bread with me, seemed to add to the magnificent idea which Manette had already conceived of the new customer. There was a good deal of talking at table: one of the mon accused his master of selfishness; whilst another Well, Sir, he said, when I set out at seven o'clock in the morning, Little Gray (my off-hand horse) gave two kicks: very good that, said I to myself; there will be a rich harvest to-day. The sign is infallible, and it has never deceived me. This soon proved to be true; for two men stopped me soon after, and ordered me to conduct them to the Montmartre quarries. One of them carried a square box under his arm; and when we arrived at the turnpike we found two others, similarly equipped, waiting there. My customers then alighted, but I followed them slowly, and, from the top of my coach, I saw the four individuals descend into a kind of dell. I had scarcely lost sight of them, when I heard the report of fire-arms; and, immediately afterwards, the younger of my gentlemen came running up, and gave me two crown-pieces, requesting me to wait for the others. One of those was wounded, and I drove them to a surgeon's, where I got another crown. On the road to my stand, I ran against a stylish curricle, and its master summoned me before the Commissary of Police: but he got very little by that; for I defended myself so well, that sentence was pronounced in my favour, and he was obliged to pay me double the time which he had made me lose; and this was but fair; for the accident could not be brought home to me, and I had not done the thing, altogether, on purpose. I was no sooner at liberty than I was hired by a gentleman, whom I took for a candidate for the legislative body, judging by the silk stockings and full-dress coat in which he was equipped. I conducted him to all the senators in la Chausée d'Antin, and the suburbs of St. Honore; but he was no where received, and he would have only paid me according to the usual terms, if my watch, which went right on our setting out, had not accidentally advanced an hour during our courses. I then went to dinner, and got my shot at fa went on prosperously, and I ordered two bottles of to treat my comrades; but we had not half finishe when a lad came to tell me that a lady and age were waiting for me. I ran out, and, before to make the usual inquiries, the man cried or an hour, slowly, whithersoever you like." I Sir, was my reply; and thereupon I drove Magdalene. Near the Italian court, I felt mys pulled by my great coat: the gentleman alights, giving me a dollar, he bid me to bring his fair co to No.-, Gaillon-street. I then finished my courses; for, although it v* * ten o'clock, my purse was full, and my horses w I went home, and, on examining my coach, gentleman's watch, and a pair of fine ladies' fl took these articles the next day to the police-ef nobody has claimed them yet, and they will run property, to crown the fortune of that prosperous S bottle was likewise empty, and he then offered My companion had spun out his story until the me home gratis. I accepted of his proposal, bet p I sat down the candidate at his lodgings in Coldmantle- him twice as much for his allowance as be street, when a pretty chamber maid beckoned to me, and charged; for, though I could not help thinking called me to the corner of St. Thomas-street. She looked bit of a rogue, I had been too much amured at the number of my coach, and, after having examined frank avowal of his tricks to be seriously angry with PRIZE FIGHTING. ces may follow the first misbehaviour.” led it." was, however, an unlawful act; and so are boxing and 1-playing, the succeeding amusements of their posterity: herefore, if a knight in the former case, or a gladiator in tter, be killed, such killing is felony or manslaughter." he right of natural defence does not imply a right of t1g; for instead of attacking one another for injuries past pending, men need only have recourse to the proper triIs of justice. They cannot, therefore, legally exercise other unlawful act, if I deprive him of existence, the spirit | covery. We have received the following communication of the laws, without consulting either ancient or modern on this subject:-" Opposite to the baths is a small gallery If an accidental mischief happen to follow from the per- codes, and coinciding with the dictates of conscience itself, or passage, which leads into an extensive dwelling. The nance of a lawful act, the party stands excused from all it: but, if a man be doing any thing unlawful, and a conse- tells me that I have committed murder. The hands and wall on the left hand of this passage is covered with a yelare ensues which he did not foresee or intend, as the death arms of the human being, with their muscular forces and low ground colour, on which a genius is painted, with a man, or the like, his want of foresight shall be no excuse; powers, were given to him for his own useful and conve- laurel branch in his hand. On each side of him is a round eing guilty of one offence, in doing antecedently what is nient purposes, his ingenuity protecting him from the as- compartment. In one of them is the representation of a self unlawful, he is criminally guilty of whatever conse-sault of other beings with which the world is inhabited, small temple; in the other, fish and fruit. Proceeding And, in general, when an involuntary killing happens, in though some of their extremities may be armed with powers into the chamber, we perceive, immediately on the left quence of an unlawful act, it will be either murder or exceeding all comparison. From their application, hither-hand, the wonderfully beautiful figure of a Venus; the laughter, according to the nature of the act which oc- to, as evinced by historical records, monuments, pyramids, upper part of which was unfortunately destroyed by the &c. have been erected; and can it be supposed, that, under unskilfulness of the workmen who cleared the place. On tilt, or tournament, the martial diversion of our ancesany human institutions, those powerful members, even the right hand, a painting, of three or more figures, excites without weapons, can be allowed, without a verdict or astonishment by its excellence: it represents a barbarian some other legal process adapted to the occasion, by one (Frigio) scated, and near him a woman of majestic deportor more blows, to deprive a fellow-being of existence; and ment, and with features full of expression. Near to this that the commission of that act can be recorded in any is another picture of the same size. It contains about a terms less penal than those of wilful murder? dozen figures-one sitting; another representing a warrior, And, in modern days, if, by united and constant appli- holding by the hand a beautiful girl, who is veiled. This cation of those members, ships, houses, bridges, and aque- painting is in every respect so beautiful, that we can expect ducts can be completed; legally, and of course conscien- nothing superior to it, if all Pompeii should be cleared." tiously stating the question, should it be allowed that, The esteemed Neapolitan artist, from whom the above admitting the thousands of other instances and ways in particulars have been received, speaks of the pictures on which enterprise and amusement might find gratification, another wall. In one of them is a group of three figures, Englishmen might, in times of universal peace, from pe- one of which is taking measure of a woman for her dress. cuniary or any other motives whatever, place two human The next room, which was not quite clear in the middle beings in opposition to each other, to ascertain whether, of January, is spoken of as pretty, but the figures not so by mere dint of blows given by those members, could first good. On the other hand, the rooms to the left of the deprive the other of animation or existence? above-mentioned Venus contain much that is remarkable. Only a small part of the stucco of the next wall is preserved; on which are a handsome Triton and a boy, with a trident in his hand, sitting on a dolphin. In a small adjoining room, which was likewise not quite cleared, there is a white stripe, or border, with battles of the Amazons painted on it. Cars drawn by two horses between, and in the middle a woman with a laurel, and a boy with a sphere (con mondo) in his hand. right of preventive defence, but in sudden and violent when certain and immediate suffering would be the coneuse homicide by the plea of self-defence, it must appear the slayer had no other possible means of escaping from ence of waiting for the assistance of the law. Wherefore, ssailant." ich being the principles of law laid down by Sir Wm. kstone, who wrote in the reign of George II. and nst which, I may safely presume, no subsequent legal nt has been recorded, it is clearly deducible that coer. and punishment are not, under any circumstances ever, without previous legal process, regulated by the s of Magna Charta itself, allowed to us, as individuals subjects, to be enforced upon each other. To suppose any succession of events could, under the British contion, supersede these principles or subvert this pracwould, leaving the question of modern improvement, ded upon the basis of ancestral observation, entirely out scussion, suggest the presumption, that, in the laws selves, we had become ignorantly retrograde, and that re rapidly approaching that state of society where the ig may assault and destroy the weak, without being d upon, by the justice of the country, to convince ve jurymen that he," the slayer, had no other possible as of escaping from his (weaker) assailant.” he gradations of this conclusion are so obviously comle with the prefatory principles, that their transposiwould evince the absurdity of any other arrangement, would be as useless as telling the jury that the weaker is not to assail and destroy the stronger. hank God, the juries of these present days know how to >se of such inconsistent propositions; and the venerable ges themselves, in their most sacred offices, have lately nated that the spirit, as well as the statute letter, of leurisprudence, shall be brought to public application. bill, therefore, shortly appear, that I have no right to exmy own person to the blows and injuries another subject inflict; nor can I purchase that right, either from the 1 or chief magistrate, for any pecuniary or other consiition whatever; and if, in defiance of all juridical reint, I choose to do so, and any injury occur to me, my rest legal representatives, without my concurrence, may , and assuredly obtain a verdict, for damages. If my ith be the consequence of such encounter, forfeiture of my goods and chattels will certainly ensue, and the ale will be, my body must be submitted to the ignominy being interred as a felo de se. On the other hand, since the laws are designed, in eir original construction, to protect or preserve the lives ad persons of his Majesty's subjects, a secondary consieration suggests itself, that their properties being, geneally, animal or inanimate objects, are easily transferrable rom one proprietor to another; but that life itself is not 0. I may, therefore, during day-light, deprive my fel-subject of a portion of his possessions, and the denoination of the crime, assignable by law, may be trespass or felony; but, in the manual commission of that, or any The affirmative of these interrogatives would directly But to return to the statute enactments already on re- The heroic duellists of these modern days, and their Miscellanies. Mr. B. of Bath, a most remarkably large, corpulent, and powerful man, wanting to get to town, tried for a place in the mail, a short time before it set off. Being told that it was full, he still determined to get admission, and opening the door, which no one near him ventured to oppose, he got in. When the other passengers came, the ostler reported that there was a gentleman in the coach; he was requested to come out; but having drawn up the tation on the means of making him alight, and a proposal blind he remained quiet. Hearing, however, a consulto pull him out," he let down the blind, and laying his enormous hand on the edge of the door, he asked, "Who would dare to pull him out ?" drew up the blind again, and waiting some time, fell asleep. About one in the morning he awoke, and going to call out to know wherefact,-that to end the altercation with him, the horses had abouts he was on his journey, he perceived what was the been put to another coach, and that he had spent the night at the inn door in Bath, where he had taken possession of the carriage. Reasonable Proposal.-A short time since, a prisoner in the Fleet sent to his creditor to inform him that he had a proposal to make. On his arrival the prisoner observed, I have been thinking it a very foolish thing for me to being so chargeable to you has given me great uneasiness; lie here, and put you to the expense of 2s. 4. a-week. My and God knows what it may cost you in the end. There fore, what I would propose is this: you shall let me out of prison, and instead of 2s. 4d., you shall allow me only 1s. 6d. a-week, and the other ten-pence shall go towards the discharge of the debt." Genius defined.—A wit, being asked what the word genius meant, replied, "If you had it in you, you would not ask the question; but, as you have it not, you will never know what it means." Signor Fattori, an Italian surgeon, proposed as a remedy for the tooth-ache, the division of the nerve supplying the diseased tooth, and to effect this he has invented a new instrument, by which he perforates different parts of the painful tooth, and cuts through the nerve. The tooth is, by this operation, for ever after, rendered insensible. Poetry. A FRAGMENT. I love the twilight hour, and pensive strain And dreams of distant realms of blessedness! For then, perchance, the bosom's woe beguil'd, I love in lonely glen, or dewy vale, To list the bird of night's entrancing tale She warbles mournful to the full-orb'd moon! I love the foaming cataract's deafening roar, To thee may every joy of life In calm domestic peace be known- My soul is now so sad and sere, A fix'd despair, at least is calm- I knew thee once, thou calm despair, Or pleasure, then-'twere well I ne'er But could I gaze upon thy smile Or gave up hope's fair promise while When parting grief mine eyelids steeps I dread to see thy falling tear, Farewell! farewell! I know not how MATRIMONY. AMATOR. "My dear, what makes you always yawn ?" The wife exclaimed, her temper gone, "Is home so dull and dreary?" "Not so my love," he said, "Not so; But man and wife are one you know; And when alone I'm weary!" THE DEAD MISER. Bristol Institution.-This literary and philosophical establishment, although it has not been opened quite t years, is making rapid advances in its career of utility The building itself, which is extremely handsome commodious, contains a spacious lecture-room, a general reading-room, an exhibition-room for paintings, and veral apartments for collections in natural history, spec mens of sculpture, &c. Already the Museum has become considerable, including a very superior collection of mine rals, &c. At the present moment the proprietors are j opening their second exhibition of paintings by the ancient masters. By special favour, the writer of this paragraph was politely afforded an opportunity of seeing the pictures a few days ago. There are about ninety-five in number, many of them the very finest specimens in existence, the several masters. There is not a single picture of the walls which is not eminently beautiful and valuable. Isdeed, so strong is the interest excited by the peculia cellence of this exhibition, that several gentlemeny in London, purpose visiting Bristol in order to see it The Envestigator. [Comprehending Political Economy, Statistics, Juris dence, occasional passages from Parliamentary Spee of a general nature, occasional Parliamentary De ments, and other speculative subjects, excluding Pay Politics.] SHIPPING, NAVIGATION, AND COMMERCE A friend has favoured us with a copy of a very integ pamphlet, lately read before the Bristol Literary losophical Society, by Charles Pope, Esq. a ment s entitled "A Lecture on the origin, progress, sent state of Shipping, Navigation, and Commer is our friend's opinion, that the work has peculiar dita to the attention of our townsmen; and as our after a perusal of its contents, is precisely the same, have adopted his suggestion, by giving, through the ma of the Kaleidoscope, very copious extracts, under the la partment we have lately devoted to political economy. though Mr. Pope treats his subject in a pleasing and liar style, which in our opinion is a great recommendati his essay evinces considerable research as well as nation; and those who have read much on the of the essay under consideration will here meet with s historical facts with which they were, in all probability, previously acquainted. "We find that very soon after the creation Abel a keeper of sheep, but that Cain was a tiller of the gr that Jabel was the father of such as dwell in tens of such as have cattle; that Jubal was the father of t as handle the harp and organ," and that Tubal Ca an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron." were clearly the first herdsmen, musicians, and mets Their time being occupied with such engagements obvious that only a part of them could find leisur tivate the earth. It is probable, therefore, that man exchanged some of his possessions for the ins of the musician, or the implements of the Hence, I establish the corollary, that trade was c carried on by barter. "By degrees the system of barter extended itself [From the Volume just published, entitled " Fables and Epigrams milies increased and separated; and what was at first &c. from the German of Lessing."] From the grave where dead Gripeall the miser reposes, What a villanous smell invades all our noses! It can't be his body alone-in the hole They have certainly buried the usurer's soul. tised only in one spot, spread itself wider and wides at last, under certain modifications, it has extende all the kingdoms of the earth. Necessity, natural or artificial, is the use support of trade and navigation. Without trade and rature combined, there can be no nation; without merce and science, no bond of nations.+. "The first idea of a ship is given us in sacred We are told there that God commanded Noah toma ark of gopher wood, and to pitch it within and vid * Dr. Blair says "man is both a musician and a The ancients, however, have recorded that ma derived its origin from a philosopher, who stood liste the strokes of a hammer on an anvil. nature" + See Introduction to the Encyclopedia Metrop national work of the very first character now publi parts. |