results of the course of scholastic training are greatly modified by the nature of the student's mode of private life, in England and in Scotland. The Scottish clergy, both in their advantages and their deficiencies, show the effects of the different manner in which their extra-collegiate residence has effected them. We need not disparage either class for the laudation of the other. Both are gainers and losers in some respects, and it remains for the individual man, on either side of the Border, to let his efforts be so directed as to conquer the disadvantages, and to gain a substitute for the denied benefits, inherent to his position.

These considerations of "residence," within the College walls, do not meet us often in Principal Lee's Addresses. The following is almost the only occasion on which the subject appears; it occurs in the historical sketch of the gradual development of the College from its small commencement. After mentioning the arrangements by which the students were to be accommodated and taken charge of throughout their residence, by a succession of "Regents," corresponding to a certain extent with the present system of "College Tutors" in England, the Rev. Principal observes :

"The stinted finances of the College, or rather the entire want of any certain endowment, prevented the fulfilment of one part of the original design, which was that all the masters and students, without exception, should here, as in other colleges at that period, live day and night within the walls, and that the pupils were never to go beyond the precincts for rural recreation, or any other purposes, without being accompanied by one of the Regents, appointed in weekly succession to take this charge. Means were adopted at first, on a limited scale, to provide rooms for the students; and it was regulated that the rent of a chamber to a stranger should be 4 pounds Scots in the year (68 8d sterling), for which sum every room was to be furnished with a table, a bed, shelves for books and other purposes, and sufficient seating. The sons of burgesses were to pay no rent; but they were to furnish the rooms at their own expense, and this could scarcely be done on a more economical scale.

"This part of the plan may seem strange to us, and I must confess that I was at one time impressed with what appeared to be an intuitive perception of its inutility. But many wise men, possessing the advantage of long experience, have deliberately entertained an opposite opinion. If, first of all, it is considered how limited, in those times, was the accommodation of almost every family below the rank of the nobility, and how perpetual was the noise and bustle in the humbler habitations of industrious burgesses, who rarely could afford more than two, or, at the utmost three apartments, for domestic purposes, as well as for business-very few indeed being able to surrender a separate chamber, of the smallest dimensions, for the quiet prosecution of study and the preparation of literary tasks, especially in the evening, the only period of absence from the college-and, if, with these and other obvious disadvantages familiar to those who now have access to observe the internal economy of the dwellings of many of the working classes, especially in times of sickness, and when struggling with difficulties, we contrast the situation of those youths who, under the eye, and having the benefit of the counsel, of an intelligent, faithful, and kind-hearted regent, ever ready to commend the diligent, to cheer the dejected, and restrain or overawe the disorderly and slothful, we may be struck with many reflections on the probable benefit arising from good discipline and good

example, in promoting habits of order and assiduous application, and, at least, securing a relief from the vulgarity, the clamour, and the pernicious and provoking interruptions to be encountered in not a few of these houses.

"It appears from the universal and emphatic concurrence of many of our countrymen who, having been educated under this system during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, have left written memorials of their own lives, that they ascribed the most salutary efficacy to the oversight and care of the regents who superintended their conduct in the College rooms. It is most touching to read those testimonies to the vigilance, assiduity, and tenderness manifested in the daily communications of the teachers with the taught; for instance, the bland and paternal counsels and encouragements addressed to the orphan Andrew Melville, by the venerable head of his college, 'My poor fatherless and motherless child, who knows for what good and gracious purposes Providence is reserving you!'... Many other distinguished men, educated in different colleges, have borne testimony in favour of a system which, even after the middle of last century, such a man as Dr Reid not only approved, but insisted on maintaining in all its primitive efficiency; though it must be acknowledged that, after the Professors themselves ceased to reside within the walls, the original purpose could no longer be secured.”—(Address, Nov. 1846, p. 86.)

Remembering how much younger, as a rule, are the students when they come to matriculate at Edinburgh than those at Oxford and Cambridge, who have to remain fewer years before ordination, we cannot but regard the institution of the regent system as formerly advantageous. The habits of society in Edinburgh are changed, and in the present day the increasing "liberality of opinion" (save the mark!) is such that no attempts to revive or re-organise the regency office would be likely to attain success. Nor could it avail for any good purpose if pushed into private life; it could only resemble the hateful and insulting species of espionage and petty tyranny which is exerted by the Proctors of the two great Universities, furnishing opportunities for unscrupulous private malevolence, and inevitably encouraging the growth of hypocrisy, falsehood, and secret vices, among the students who remain under inefficient but unconfiding surveillance. There can be no doubt that the Proctorial system, with its open and concealed scandals, is one of the worst blunders of southern Universities.

But, as already mentioned, the "Regents" stood more in loco parentis, even as the English College Tutors. We cannot part from this interesting volume without extracting a story connected with the regent system and the Scottish bar :

QUID PRO QUO.

"This system [of appointing 'regents'] had long been approved, and continued to be followed in one University of Scotland till within the last fifty years [i. e. written 1846.] ... I may here mention that the regents were very generally young men, who afterwards were appointed to the ministry in the Church. It was not always so: some became lawyers, and others physicians. A similar instance to that of Sir James Dalyrmple, afterwards Lord Stair, occurred in Edinburgh about sixty years afterwards: Mr Charles Erskine, a near relative of the Earl of Mar, ventured, when twenty years old, to engage in a comparative trial with several able candidates, and succeeded in being appointed one of the four Regents in the University of Edinburgh in the year 1700, and was a very popular

teacher. He afterwards studied law, and became Lord Justice-Clerk. He was better known by his territorial titles, first as Lord Tinwald, and afterwards Lord Alva. His scholastic habits did not unfit him for sustaining with great firmness the dignified position of a judge. On one occasion it is said that a young lawyer, not an adept in classic lore, thought fit to indulge in a sneer at the early employment of this judge as a teacher of youth (the teaching being conducted in the Latin tongue). The stripling advocate, during a pleading at Lord Tinwald's bar, referred to a Dutch writer on the Roman Law, and concluded his quotation thus :- My lord, this is the judgment of a learned author, whose name is mentioned with great respect in the Icones illustrium Batavorum.' His Lordship, with a benignant smile, but who could not speak without lisping, on hearing the false quantity, said, 'Iconeth, if you pleath, thir.' The young barrister bowed and said, 'I thank you, my Lord; you have the advantage of me, for I never happened to be a schoolmaster.' The judge calmly replied, 'nor a thcholar neither, I pertheive.'"-(P. 82.)

In the course of the Addresses occur some obituary notices of the men with whom Dr Lee had been intimate. These are tenderly and gracefully executed-especially of Sir Charles Bell, and Lord Cockburn. All who remember the genial manners and solid goodness of the latter, whose "Memorials of his own Times" have increased the number of his admirers, will turn with interest to the page which contains Principal Lee's passing reference to

LORD COCKburn.

"He entered the University a year before me; but having afterwards attended a number of classes along with him, I had opportunity of knowing how fond and fervent was the attachment of all who had the best access to witness the opening beauties of his amiable and engaging character. I need not tell you how benignant was his aspect; how genial and blithe his disposition; how winning his conversation; how overpowering the magic of his glowing eloquence; how lofty and consistent his principles of action, harmonizing beautifully with the unpretending simplicity of his demeanour; and not only in the exercise of his judicial functions, but in every action of his life, how gracefully blended was the love of justice with the love of mercy. It is not unlikely that some may ascribe the resistless fascination of the pleadings of this great orator to native genius alone, unaided by learned industry. It is a great mistake. Lord Cockburn, indeed, did not affect to be a profound scholar, but he was a diligent and discerning reader, and without any pride or ostentation, he accumulated a great store of such solid knowledge as he perceived to be most subservient to practical use. His choice of books was peculiarly discriminating; and he was in reality a much more assiduous student than many who have obtained general credit for deep and persevering research."(Address, 1854, p. 121.)

Some rash and insulting expressions employed by Niebuhr, the historian of Rome, in regard to the men who taught and studied at the Edinburgh University in 1798-9, are replied to with honest indignation by Principal Lee in the 1854 Address. The private letters of Niebuhr had then been recently published, and Dr Lee having himself been a student, and connected with Professor Robison, at the time of Niebuhr's visit to Scotland, gives a statement of facts which amply disprove the allegations of the German writer, regarding the Professors, elergy, and students of the period in question. Niebuhr

"talks of the few young men here who 'pretended to be metaphysicians, a class consisting exclusively of mere empty praters, whose self-complacency was contemptible, and the result of their speculations detestable.' I see [continues Dr Lee] two or three of his fellow-students near me-Dr Trail, Professors Pillans, More, and others who were kept in countenance by such men as Dr Thomas Brown, Francis Horner, Henry Brougham, Henry Cockburn, the Rev. Sidney Smith, Anthony Todd Thomson, John Leyden, George Birkbeck, John William Ward (afterwards Earl Dudley, a Cabinet Minister of the highest capacity), Lord Webb Seymour (a most ardent and successful votary of science), William Temple, Henry Petty (the present Lord Lansdowne), Lord Brooke (now Earl Brooke and Warwick), Peter Roget, the Hon. and Rev. Gerald Noel, David Brewster, Thomas Chalmers. This is a small specimen of the empty praters of that day,' of whom he formed so despicable an estimate.”—(P. 110.)

Elsewhere (p. 44) he refers to others of his fellow-students-Henry Temple (now Viscount Palmerston), the Earl of Haddington, Lord Minto, Thomas M'Crie, James Abercromby, Sir Walter Scott, and (not long afterwards) Lord John Russell, &c., and says:

"One who has studied at the same time, and in the same school, with such men as these, may venture to conclude that there is something, if not in the genius of the place, at least in the principles and character of the institution, calculated to animate and foster the operation of the human faculties, and to lead to great results.

"Let the consideration that the brief day of life is rapidly passing away, and that the long night of the tomb is at hand,-that wisdom and worth are not in themselves a defence against the shocks of adversity and shafts of the last enemy, and that no distinctions are truly valuable but those which shall survive the period of our temporal being, stir us up to give all diligence so to pass the time of our pilgrimage on the earth in the faithful occupation of our talents, that we may through the grace of the Divine Redeemer, be admitted to the honours and felicities of the everlasting kingdom. And while we are solicitous for our individual happiness, let us not be forgetful of the debt which we owe to our brethren, in so cultivating the seeds of knowledge, whose field is the wide world of rational beings, that we may be instrumental in the establishment of purity and universal peace, overflowing all nature as a mighty stream: a consummation which we may hope will be fully realised, when, in the evening time of the world, light shall be sown' in a soil so propitious, that, out of the earth, enriched by the accumulated wisdom and experience of ages, and by the progressive influences of divine discovery, truth shall spring up, as a plant,-fair, fruitful, and every where indigenous; and from the skies above shall drop down, in the perfection of beauty, the best of all the heavenly gifts,-righteousness blended with mercy, to renew the face of the moral creation, and to gladden and bless the abodes of men, with the revelation of the mysteries hidden from many generations, and with the anticipated brightness of the glory which encircles the throne of the High and Lofty One, who inhabiteth eternity, whose name is Holy.'"-(Address, 1842, p. 65.)

We here part from the venerable figure of the late Principal, whom we remember with sincere respect, and once more commend to all Scottish students this volume, which is ably and unostentatiously edited by his son, the Rev. William Lee.

ST JOHN'S, Cambridge, January, 1862.

J. W. E.

MEMORABLE WOMEN OF THE PURITAN TIMES.*

FIRST NOTICE.

WE have here a theme worthy of the Rev. James Anderson's patient labours, and he has produced two volumes that well repay perusal. His deservedly high reputation will be increased by this new and extensive undertaking, to which we thus early direct our readers.

A fulness of detail is, at the outset, one of the chief features in these interesting biographies. They are not, as might be expected, slight sketches adapted for popularity, but possess a minute circumstantiality which fits them for the instruction of those already learned in historical literature. Complaint of crudeness, rather than of artificiality in the arrangement of the material, may be deemed admissible, if we are compelled to listen to objections, but on the whole, the task has been honestly done, and the result is too valuable to justify captious disparagement. The two massive volumes now before us are far from exhausting the subject however, though in the case of each individual memoir justice may have been done. There are many other "Memorable Women" who flourished in the Puritan Times,-counting these times to extend from the accession of Elizabeth to the Restoration of Charles II.,—and we should be glad to see in an additional volume, hereafter, some of the biographies which have not been included in the present work. There could be no reasonable objection, for instance, to bringing forward a few of the most notable of the females who laboured energetically on the Cavalier side:-Queen Henrietta Maria, who schemed and journeyed to aid her husband in resistance of the Parliament, the Countess of Derby, who heroically defended Latham House against the rebels, and others, who are quite as closely connected with history as are the wife and daughters of Oliver Cromwell, memoirs of whom are given in the two volumes. There were noble qualities distinguishing the wives and daughters of many who fought for Charles I., heroic virtues and tender affections, that deserve recognition by persons of all shades of political attachment. But this is a matter that may be safely left to the discretion of the author.

Even as it is, we find considerable variety in the portraits here collected. Amongst them are some whose husbands moved in situations of trust and dignity, others who held a lowlier station, and suffered many stings of poverty and persecution. Foremost, we see the stately Lady Vere that Mary Tracey who married Sir Horatio Vere, a general in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., and mother-in-law of Lord Fairfax, afterwards commander of the Parliamentary forces.

* Memorable Women of the Puritan Times. By the Rev. James Anderson, author of "Ladies of the Reformation," "Ladies of the Covenant," &c. In two volumes, crown 8vo. London: Blackie & Son, Paternoster Row; Glasgow and Edinburgh. 1862. Pp. 816.