3797. [Prov. xxii. 7.] Whosoever having been given up as a pledge for money lent, performs service to the creditor, recovers his liberty whenever the debtor discharges the debt; if the debtor neglect to pay the creditor his money, and take no thought of the person whom he left as a pledge, that person becomes the purchased slave of the creditor.

Gentoo Laws.

benevolent affections. Such is the solitary condition of all the carnivorous birds, except a few cowardly tribes which prowl on putrid carrion, and rather combine like robbers, than unite as friends.

BUFFON.

3798. [Prov. xxiii. 20.] The Japanese, according to Kempfer, eat a large proportion of animal food, which by imparting strength and fierceness, to unite with the sensibility inspired by the climate, may produce that ferocious, daring, implacable, and bloody disposition for which they are SO remarkable, and which runs through their system both of laws and government. — The people of Mexico, who used animal food in a large proportion, and part of it raw, and dwelt at the same time in a hot climate, were of a disposition similar to that of the Japanese, being bold, cruel, and revengeful, as appears by the resistance they made to the Spaniards, and the barbarous manner in which they treated their prisoners, and their human sacrifices. It also argues a disposition extremely savage, in a people who had attained a considerable degree of civilization, to eat the flesh of their fellow-creatures, as they are reported to have done. See No. 123. ROBERTSON'S America, vol. ii. p. 310. 4to. edit.

3799.

Dr. CULLEN, in his "Materia Medica," observes that vegetable aliment, as neither distending the vessels, nor loading the system, never interrupts the stronger action of the mind; while the heat, fulness, and weight of animal food, is adverse to its vigorous efforts. The great Sir Isaac Newton was so sensible of this effect of animal food, that, during the time of his writing his treatise on Optics, which is generally thought to be the work wherein his genius displayed itself in its fullest force, he lived on a vegetable diet only, and that extremely simple and rigid. CHEYNE, on Diseases of the Body and Mind.

3805. [13.] The custom of cooling wines with was usual among the Eastern nations, particularly among the Jews. They could procure it in the hottest season from mount Hebron; whence they often sent it as an article of traffic to Tyre.

See BARRY, on the Wines of the
Antients, p. 169.

3806. [20.] Alkaline salt "is entitled also to the name of the mineral fixed, alkali, from its being met with in some mineral waters, and from its being found either ready

N

3808. [ 23.] The north wind brings forth rain, and an angry countenance private obloquy. In Arabia, the north wind blew over a long tract of dry land, and therefore usually brought dry weather; Job xxxvii. 21. But in Judea, the north wind, including all the winds between the north and the north-west, blew from the Mediterranean sea, and therefore commonly brought rain, as the frowns of an angry man will naturally bring on him the obloquy of vengeful tongues and this is the literal rendering of the Hebrew, as well as the true meaning of the proverb.

3813. [14.] The doors of the Antients did not turn on hinges, but on pivots thus constructed: The upright of the noveable door next the wall had, at each extremity, a copper case sunk into it, with a projecting point on the inside, to take the better hold of the wood-work. This case was generally of a cylindric form; but there have been found some square ones, from which there sprang on each side iron straps, serving to bind together and strengthen the boards with which the door was constructed hollow. WINCKELMAN'S Herculaneum, p. 67.— See Canticles viii. 9.

3809. [Prov. xxv. 24.] The house assigned us for a lodging was built in the Eastern fashion, with a square court in the middle. There was not one well furnished room in it yet it consisted of several distinct apartments, into which the entrance was through an open gallery, which extended all around it. This lodging was far from being elegant, in comparison with the splendid inns in Europe; but in Arabia, it was both elegant and commodious.

NIEBUHR'S Trav. vol. i. p. 251.

3814. [Prov. xxvii. 9.] Towards the conclusion of a visit amongst persons of distinction in Egypt, a slave, holding in his hand a silver plate, on which are burning precious essences, approaches the faces of the visitors, each of whom in his turn perfumes his beard. They then pour rose water on the head and hands. This is the last ceremony after which it is usual to withdraw.

M. SAVARY.

3815. [22.] Though you should punish a fool in the grinding-house, amidst the workers at the grist, yet he will not depart from his folly.

See Dr. HODGSON'S Tran. Sampson, bound in fetters of brass, did grind in the prisonhouse. Jud. xvì. 21.

In the Audria of Terence, Act. i. Scen. 2, and Act. iii. Scen. 4, Davus, having committed an offence, is threatened with the same kind of punishment.

Among the Romans, to threaten one that he should grind

corn, was tantamount to one Englishman's threatening another that he should beat hemp.

Bib. Researches, vol. i. p. 61. At Siam royal criminals, or princes of the blood convicted of capital crimes, are put into a large iron caldron, and pounded to pieces with wooden pestles, because none of their royal blood must be spilt on the ground, it being, by their religion, thought great impiety to contaminate the divine blood, by mixing it with earth.

Captain HAMILTON, in Pinkerton's Coll. part xxxiii. p. 469.

The person of a Pacha, who acquits himself well in his office, becomes inviolable, even by the Sultan; it is no longer permitted to shed his blood.

But the Divan has invented a method of satisfying its vengeance on those who are protected by this privilege, without departing from the literal expression of the law, by ordering them to be pounded in a mortar, or smothered in a sack, of which there have been various instances.

VOLNEY'S Trav. vol. ii. p. 250.

As for the guards of the towers, who had let the prisoner prince Coreskie escape, some of them were empaled, and some were pounded or beaten to pieces in great mortars of iron, in which they usually pound their rice to reduce it to meal.

KNOLLES'S Hist. of the Turks, p. 1374.

poverty. Let the benevolent rich visit the work houses, and improve the wretched alternatives of poverty, and we shall then hear less of crimes.

Month. Mag. for March, 1815, p. 161.

In the year 1806, there were committed for trial at the Old Bailey, London, 899 persons; in the year 1807, 1017 persons; in 1808, 1110 persons; in 1809, 1242; in 1812, 1397; and in 1813, 1478: so that, in the course of seven years, there had been a gradual increase of nearly two-thirds; yet, since 1808 the executions have been trebled. See No. 840. Ibid. Aug. 1815, p. 80.

3821. [Prov. xxx. 19.] And the way of gebher (Hebr.), man's formation, behalmah, in the pregnant womb. See Jer. xxxi. 22.

3822. [

Univer. Hist. vol. iii. p. 325.

25.] There is found, on the banks of the Amazon, a species of reed from twenty-five to thirty feet high, the summit of which is terminated by a large ball of earth. This ball is the workmanship of the ants, which retire thither at the time of the rains, and of the periodical inundations of that river: they go up, and descend along the cavity of this reed, and live on the refuse which is then swimming around them on the surface of the water.

See St. PIERRE's Studies of Nature, vol. ii. p. 414.
Ah! spare yon emmet, rich in hoarded grain:
He lives with pleasure, and he dies with pain.
Works of Sir W. JONES, vol. i.
p. 153.

Barbary, is by putting the milk or cream into a goat's skin turned inside out, which they suspend from one side of the tent to the other, and then pressing it to and fro in one uniform direction, they quickly occasion the separation of the unctuous and wheyey parts. (SHAW's Trav. p. 168.) — Also the butter of the Moors in the empire of Morocco, which is bad, is made of all the milk as it comes from the cow, by putting it into a skin and shaking it till the butter separates. (STEWART'S Journey to Mequinez.) And not far from Tiberias, at the foot of the hill where Christ preached his sermon, HASSELQUIST saw them make butter in a leathern bag hung on three poles, erected for the purpose, in the form of a cone, and drawn to and fro by two women. See his Trav. p. 159.

3827. [Prov. xxxi. 10.] Among the Hindoos of Asiatic India, the Brahmins and their wives, married in their infancy, have the greatest veneration for the nuptial tie: their mutual fondness increases with their strength; and in riper years, all the glory of the women consists in pleasing their husbands ; a duty which they consider as one of the most sacred of their holy religion. These wives voluntarily seclude themselves, at least from the company and conversation of all strangers, and in every respect copy the simplicity of life and manners, for which their husbands are so remarkable.

Dr. W. ALEXANDER'S Hist. of Women, vol. i. p. 280.

3826. [18.] The triumph of man's ingenuity in prolonging his enjoyments, and active pursuits, after the setting of the sun, when other animals retire to sleep, may be laudably increased by continued exertions to discover fresh means of producing artificial and innoxious light.

mon than profitable: its fruit is contained in a rind, which, when ripe, opens in the middle like our chesnut, and yields two or three kernels of the bigness of a common hazel-nut, and the pulp of which has the properties of tallow; and, being melted with a small quantity of common oil and wax, it is made into candles, and used all over the empire.

Modern Univer. Hist. vol. viii. p. 224.

3830. [Prov. xxxi. 18.] The myrica cerifera of Linneus, called by the Swedes the tallow shrub, by the English the candleberry-tree or bayberry-bush; grows abundantly, says KALM, on a wet soil, and seems to thrive particularly well in the neighbourhood of the sea. Its berries, ripe late in autumn, are thrown as soon as gathered into a vessel full of boiling water; where the fat rising, floats, and may be skimmed off entirely. This tallow, refined by a second melting, acquires a transparent green color; and is sold in Philadelphia, at half the price .of wax, though twice that of tallow. Mixed with a little tallow, it produces candles that neither bend as those of wax, nor melt like common ones; but burning clearly and slowly, without any smoke, they are such as yield, when extinguished, an agreeable smell. From this wax also, the Americans compound a well-scented soap, esteemed highly for shaving; chirurgical plasters, firm and adhesive; and even sealing-wax, of no mean quality.

See his Trav. in Pinkerton's Coll. part liii.

p. 439.

3831. The fruit of the cinnamon-tree, when strained, yields a greenish sort of tallow, which is whitened and converted into candles. The seed also of a tree in Mississippi, called cirier (candleberry myrtle) when thrown into boiling water, gives up a sort of oil equally convertible into candles.

Nature Displayed, vol. iv. p. 16.

In the uncleared woods of Nova Scotia there grows an abundance of the Myrica Cerifera, wax-bearing myrica, or, vulgarly, the candleberry myrtle. This Myrica Gale grows also abundantly near the Lakes of Westmoreland and in North Britain, and has been occasionally applied to the purposes of candle-making. A gentleman in Devonshire, who has made from this Gale vegetable wax-candles, assures us their fragrance is delightful, their light brilliant, and their economy great. See Month. Mag. for Octr. 1811, p. 222.

3833. [Prov. xxxi. 18] The rasped root of the polyanthus is used by the Indians in lieu of soap.

See DE MENONVILLE'S Trav. to Guaxaca in Pinkerton's Coll. part lv. p. 795.

3834. The tallow of which the Chinese make their candles, is not derived from the animal kingdom, but from the tallow-tree.

3835.

BRETON'S China, vol. iv. p. 136.

Embroidery, says Monsieur De GUYS, is the constant employment of the Greek women. Those who follow it for a living are employed in it from morning to night, as are also their daughters and slaves. This is a picture of the industrious wife, painted after nature by VIRGIL in the eighth book of his Eneid, lin. 407.

Night was now sliding in her middle course:
The first repose was finished: when the dame,
Who by her distaff's slender art subsists,
Wakes the spread embers and the sleeping fire,
Night adding to her work and calls her maids
To their long tasks, by lighted tapers urged.

TRAPP.

3836. [Prov. xxxi. 19.] KALM, while travelling among the Iroquese Indians, observed that the industrious females, in manufacturing their hemp, made use neither of spinning wheels nor distaffs, but rolled the filaments on their bare thighs. The threads or strings thus formed, they died red, yellow, black, &c.; and afterwards worked them into stuffs, with a great deal of ingenuity.

See Pinkerton's Coll. part liv. p. 544.

3837. [22.] In Barbary, the women alone are still employed in manufacturing their hykes, or blankets as we should call them: who use not the shuttle, but conduct every thread of the woof with their fingers. SHAW's Travels, p. 224:

3838. [24.] The Egyptian women used to deal in buying and selling things woven of silk, gold, and silver; of pure silk, of cotton, of cotton and thread, or simple linen cloth, whether made in the country or imported.

MAILLET, Lett. xi. p. 134.

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