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enlightened him by reason, which may be defined the knowledge of what is suitable to his nature (from past experi ence), and had not (the desire of) this been firmly implanted in his breast. It is to the powers of reason that man, alone of all organized beings, is indebted for the cousciousness of "the existence of a Supreme Governor; a consciousness resulting from the harmonies of the universe. Hence arises the sentiment of virtue, which is an effort made by us to relinquish selfish objects for the sake of our fellow-men, in the hope of doing what is pleasant in the eyes of God. Virtue may therefore be called the true harmony of man, not only when considered as a medium between the two extremes, but as resulting from love of God and of our fellow-creatures. St. PIERRE'S Harmonies of Nature, vol. iii. pp. 9, 10,

5565. [1 Cor. iv. 16.] There never was a sect of men, religious or philosophical, who, though they pretended to follow or endeavoured to follow some founder whose books they had among them, but gradually varied from their founder.

COLLINS.

the years of Christ 241 and 272) made two decrees which proved very severe against the Jews: By the first, they were excluded from eating with Christians, as they had commonly done till then; and, though the penalty fell only on the Christians, who were excommunicated by it for eating with a Jew, yet it put the latter to very great inconveniences, and made them liable to insults and contempt. By the other, all possessors of lands were forbidden, under the same penalty, to suffer the fruits of the earth to be blessed by Jews, because their blessing rendered that of the Christians abortive. This custom of blessing the fruits of the earth at certain seasons was common to Pagans and Jews, as well as Christians; but who would have imagined, that the latter should have made use of either of the former, if this decree had not informed us of it? However, both this and the other decree plainly shew, that the Jews had lived very peaceably in Spain, and in good harmony with the Christians, till then, whatever they may have done since. Modern Univer. Hist. vol. xiii. p. 186.

5569. [i Cor. v. 13. That wicked person] Had this been natural fornication, there would have been two wicked persons. See John viii. See KNATCHBull.

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5566. [1 Cor. v. 1.] This kind of fornication, which was a partaking with the Jews in their sacraments, could not be named among the Gentiles, because their so partaking would not have been in them idolatrous fornication but spiritual conjunction with the One Living and True God. The Father's wife, is evidently the Jewish Church in reference to the Christian, its offspring or descendant. The devising of idols was the beginning of (spiritual) fornication, and the invention of them the corruption of life. For neither were they from the beginning, neither shall they be for ever. For by the vain glory of men they entered into the world, and therefore shall they come shortly to an eud. Wisdom' xiv.

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5574. [1 Cor. vii. 1.] As Jesus Christ had pronounced a wo on those that were with child, and on those that gave suck in the time of the Last Judgment in Jerusalem; the Corinthians, it seems, had enquired of the Apostle, whether, on that account, husbands were to keep from their wives, during the days of famine and tribulation which should then come on the land of Jewry, and on Jerusalem.

5575. [- 2.] By monogamy the affection between parents and children is preserved, and that also between husband and wife.

A provision is made for the fulfilment of this law, in the production of the two sexes, so nearly equal in number throughout the World. If there be rather more women born to the South, there are rather more men born to the North; as if the CREATOR meant to attract and unite Nations the most remote from each other by means of intermarriages.

St. PIERRE's Studies of Nature, vol. i. p. 299. As the two sexes are born and die in nearly equal numbers, every man who prefers celibacy to the married state, dooms a female, at the same time, to a single life.

Heb. xiii. 4.

5576.

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In India, all young women, without exception, must marry. One of the chief objects of every father, whether Christian or Pagan, is to procure husbands for his daughters; and when he is not able to give them portions, he is assisted either by the caste to which he belongs, or by the Christian congregation of which he is a member.

Christian young women, who have no property, always receive a dowry, either from the congregation or the treasury of the church, or the fines imposed on the rich.

BARTOLOMEO, by Johnston, pp. 151, 198.

5577. [ 8.] When Paul says hos kago (Grk.), even as 1, he means that he himself was a widower; for several of the Antients rank him among the married apostles. Dr. A. CLARKE.

5578. [——————— 9. Let them marry] In the society of Quakers, those who intend to marry, appear together and propose their intention to the Monthly-meeting; and, if not attended by their parcuts or guardians, produce a written certificate of their consent, signed in the presence of witnesses. The meeting then appoints a committee to enquire whether they be clear of other engagements respecting marriage; and, if at a subsequent meeting no objection be reported, they have the meeting's consent to solemnize the intended marriage. This is done in a public meeting for worship, towards the close whereof the parties stand up, and solemnly take

each other for husband and wife. A certificate of the proceedings is then publicly read, and signed by the parties, and afterwards by the relations and others as witnesses. Month. Mag. for Feb. 1812, p. 32.

5579. [1 Cor. vii. 26.] It is good for a man thus to be (namely): Art thou bound to a wife? &c.

5580. [ 36.] If she (the betrothed virgin) be passing the flower of her age, &c.

5581. [1 Cor. viii..1.] That very air, which by its external pressure threatens every moment to crush us to death, makes at the same time as violent an attempt within to puff us up, and tear our whole frame to pieces. Yet these two formidable powers, pressure and elasticity, are so duly tenpered by the Creator, that the destructive impetuosity of the one is completely balanced by the exonerating activity of the other. See Nat. Delin. vol. iii. p. 195.

5582. [— 3.] The same is distinguished. See Mr. PETER'S Preface to his Critical Dissertation on the Book of Job.

4.]

5583. [ "Idol comes from the Greek eidos, a figure, cidolos, the representation of a figure, latreuein, to serve, to revere, to adore. - The word idolater or idolatry, does not occur in Homer, Hesiod, Herodotus, or any Gentile author. Never was there any edict or law ordering idols to be worshipped, to be accounted as deitics, or to be considered as such. The error was not the worshipping a piece of wood or marble, but the worshipping a false deity [a man generally] represented by the wood and marble.”

5584.

VOLTAIRE.

To bow before idols and images, in the Christian world particularly, is idolatrous; but not in all: for there are some, to whom images serve as means of exciting them to think of God. By virtue of influx from heaven, he who acknowledges God, wishes to sec Him; and as persons of sensual minds cannot, like those who are interiorly spiritual, elevate their thoughts above visible objects, they awaken in themselves an idea of Him from a statue or graven image. They who do this, and do not adore the image

itself as God, if they live also according to the precepts of the Decalogue from a principle of religion, are saved. SWEDENBORG, on Divine Providence, n. 254.

so was baptism also to the children and infants of the Proselytes. ECHARD'S Ecclesias. History.

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5591. [———————11.] A type, in the proper sense of the word, is a mould, a pattern, or a casting; its antitype is the original, whence such imitative figure or representation has been either naturally, spiritually, or artificially taken. Thus in the time of our Saviour and his Apostles, the Jews were often confuted and silenced by the application of types and prophecies, which were then acknowledged to belong to the MESSIAH (the great ANTITYPE of the Old Testament); but in many cases they would scarcely be so understood by us, if we. did not find them thus interpreted and applied (as above).

Sce Dr. JENKIN, Reasonableness, &c. vol. ii. p. 258.
See also Heb. viii. 5. ix. 6, &c.

Man, superstitious from his birth, soon attaches himself to the type, whilst he overlooks the idea of which it is the emblem, lays hold of the image to substitute it in place of the thing represented, and by this means becomes, as it were, more religious without improving his conduct. There is little reason to doubt, that idolatry and superstition had their origin in symbolical and mysterious language, which, covering truth with a veil, exhibited her only under emblematical appearHALLE. ·See Sir JOHN SINCLAIR's Code of Health, vol. iii. p. 284.

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5589. [1 Cor. x. 2.] Baptism was the form or ceremony of adopting children. It was an autient custom among the Jews, and many ages before our Lord's appearance in the world. Many account it as antient as the times of the patriarch Jacob; but most agree that it was practised before the delivery of the law in the wilderness (to which the Apostle probably alludes here, as he does evidently in Hebrews ix. 19). And as circumcision was used to the children of the Jews,

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5592. [ 16. Is it not the communion P] Partaken of by a mixture of families as they usually live together in Eastern cities, in contiguous apartments arranged on the four sides of a spacious and central court. From cloisters on the first floor and galleries thrown over them on every side of those courts, we are conducted," says Dr. SHAW, "into large spacious chambers, of the same length with the court, but seldom or never communicating one with another. One of them frequently serves a whole family; particularly when a father indulges his married children to live with him; or when several persous join in the rent of the same house". See Luke v. 19.

5593. [ 23.] What is altogether lawful for me, is not altogether expedient: what is altogether lawful for me, does not altogether edify.

5594. [1 Cor. x-25. Shambles] Perhaps, a contraction of shaded ambles or covered walks. At Hamadan in Persia, merchandise of every description is to be found, whether of provision or for clothing; and all the streets in which these are sold, called bazars, are arched over, a common practice throughout Persia.

PIETRO Delle VALLE. See Pinkerton's Coll. vol. ix. p. 18.

There are such shambles in England; particularly at Chester, and in York.

For an account of what used to be sold in the shambles, see Nehem. xiii. 15, 16.

5599. [1 Cor. xi. 5.] To uncover the head before superiors, and even in the presence of subordinates, the priests, is contrary to a Jewish custom, which obliges all disciples to veil their faces where they attend as disciples or learners (ch. xiv. 35). Modern Univer. Hist. vol. xiii. p. 509. Among the Moravians, deaconesses are retained, for the purpose of privately admonishing their own sex, and visiting them in their sickness; but they are not permitted to teach in public, and far less to administer the sacraments.

Dr. ROBINSON's Theolog. Dict.

5595. [31.] An agreeable beverage is said to have been formerly prepared by the Picts from the bloom of heath or heather; though the secret of preparing it is supposed to have been lost, when that antient race became extinct. A vegetable which covers so many thousand miles, and that so closely, as almost to exclude every other vegetable, must possess qualities highly beneficial to the regions where it is so exuberant. Having a fine aromatic flavor, and an agreeable and somewhat sweet taste, and the bees, who are deemed the best judges of vegetable sweets and the best extractors of them, being found to prefer the bloom of heath to all other flowers, it seems to follow of course that there is a very strong sweet in the bloom of heath, which, if gathered at the proper season, might be converted into a wholesome and palatable liquor.

FARMER'S Mag. No. 36.

5600. [ 6.] HAMEL, while on his travels in Korea, saw in the city of Sior two convents of religious women; one containing noue but maidens of quality, the other those of the inferior sort. "They were," says he, "all shorn, and observed the same rules and duties as the men." Pinkerton's Coll. part xxix. p. 537.

5601. [8, 9.] The Shechinah, the Word, the Christ in human form, produced man in his own image immediately From out of himself, and woman mediately out of the mau.— BREWSTER'S Experiments, as recorded in the Phil. Trans. of the Royal Society, it appears; that a soft animal substance which has no particular action on light acquires, from simple pressure, that peculiar structure which enables it to form two images polarised in an opposite manner, like those produced by all double refracting crystals. Phil. Trans. for 1815, part i. p. 64.

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5610. [1 Cor. xii. 8.] "The word of knowledge," argues HICKES," consisted chiefly in understanding and teaching the hidden sense and mysteries of the Old Testament relating to Christ; and more particularly in understanding the types, allegories, and prophecies, or the typical, allegorical, and prophetical passages in it, and in a skill to interpret them, and shew how they were perfected and fulfilled in the Gospel, to convert the Jews and Jewish Proselytes more especially, or to confirm the converted among them to the faith." See Miscellanea Sacra, vol. i. pp. 42

44.

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5607. [ 14.] This word Nature, so frequently in our mouths, can only be looked upon as an abridged expression, either for the result of those laws which the Great Creator has imprinted on the universe, or for that aggregate` of beings the works of his hands. Nature, thus viewed in its true light, is no longer a subject of cold and sterile speculation. The study of its productions, of its phenomena, ceases to be a mere exercise of the mind; it moves the heart, and strengthens the moral virtues in man, by awakening in his mind sentiments of respect and admiration at the sight of so many wonders bearing the visible characters of infinite power and wisdom. Abbe HAILY.

5608. [ 28, 29.] What the spirit of a man loves, that according to correspondency his blood craves, and attracts to itself out of the breath respired.

SWEDENBORG, on Divine Love, n. 420.

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5613. [1 Cor. xiii. 8.] They who have been distinguished in this world for their skill in languages, are not able after death to call forth into utterance a single expression of those languages; and they who have been distinguished for their skill in the sciences, are not able to recollect any thing of scientifics. These latter are sometimes more stupid than others. Nevertheless, whatever either by the languages, or by the sciences, has been so imbibed, as to enter into and form their rationality, is brought forth into use: the rational thence produced, is what spirits think and speak from. Such as have imbibed false principles by the languages and sciences, and confirmed themselves therein, reason only from false principles; but they who have imbibed truths, reason and speak from truths. The affection, good or evil, is what gives life to their respective principles.

SWEDENBORG, Arcana, n. 2480,

5609. [34. The rest will I set in order when I come] The Apostle did visit them about one year after this, as is generally believed.

Dr. A. CLARKE.

5614. [9.] According to the Apostle's explanation of his own meaning, our present knowledge is uot of any part of the things themselves face to face: but of the whole of them, after the same manner that a human face is seen in a glass by reflection; not by an obscure, confused, direct view

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