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5784.

PINKERTON'S Coll, part x. p. 318.

The word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow] in allusion probably to the samiel, which occasions instantaneous death to every man or beast that has his face towards it: after such death, the limbs, on being pulled, will separate from the body; so absolute is the dissolution.

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5788. [Heb. ix. 6. The priests go always] Which proves, that this Epistle was written while Jerusalem and the temple stood.

5789. [7. Once every year] One day in the year, according to the Hebrew echad bashanah. — The fact was, he entered into the Holy of holies four times on that day of atonement; 1. With the incense, 2. With the blood for himself, 3. With the blood for the people, 4. When he fetched out the burning incense. Univer. Hist. vol. iii. p. 201.

5790. [ 15.] The appointment of an heir, by a man's last testament, was regarded at Athens as a mode of adopting a son. Works of Sir W. JONES, vol. iv. p. 235.

5791. [ 19. With water] In a note on Exod. xxiv. 8, it may be seen that blood was used by some nations, as a symbol of peace. From the following Extract it will appear, that water, which the Apostle observes was sprinkled by Moses with the blood of the covenant, was also made by certain Indians an ensign of peace. When Schouten and La Moire, in their voyage round the world, "came to an anchor off the coast of Gilola, some of the mariners landing unarmed, were surprized by four soldiers of Ternate, while they were drawing a net, and had it not been for the presence of mind of one of them, who called out, Oran Hollanda, it is probable they would have been all sacrificed. At the sound of these words the Indian soldiers stopped; and throwing water on their heads, which is here an ensign of peace, civilly assured them that they were welcome, and that they had mistaken them for Spaniards."

MAVOR, vol. ii. p. 206.

Moses mentions only blood, i. e. the blood of grapes.Were those grapes, like our bottled berries, put up with water in their calve-skins, and goat-skins? And was this the reason why water was always mixed with the unfermented juice of the grape, in the sacraments or eucharists of primitive Christians?

Steeping before pressing makes red wine.

YOUNG's Travels in France, Pinkerton's Coll. part xvi. p. 448.

In the cabinet of Herculaneum there are three marble vases, square on the outside, and round within; the borders of which

are of very delicate workmanship: these vases served to keep the lustrul water used in temples.

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5792. [Heb. x. 10.] When animal and vegetable bodies are burnt without the access of air, that is, when their volatile parts are sublimed; there remains a great quantity of charcoal, tened carbon by the French school, when it is quite pure; and is now known to be one of the most universal materials of nature. The whole atmosphere contains always à quantity of it in the form of carbonic acid, or fixed air; which may therefore be said to encompass the earth. — It is ten times heavier than the common atmosphere: whence there must be constantly a great sediment of it on the surface of the earth.

The carbon, which exists in the atmosphere, is united with oxygen, and thence becomes soluble in the water, which is also diffused in the atmosphere. It may thus be absorbed by the living, action of vegetable vessels; be again combined by chemical attraction with the lime, which has been deprived of it by calcination, into stone, or into a spar by its more perfect or less disturbed crystallization; be attracted by the earth, drank up by the roots of vegetables (or appropriated in the food of animals.Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you"). '

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DARWIN'S Phytologia, sect. x.

5793. [—————— 22.] For ablutions, sea water, on account of its cleansing saltness, was preferred to any other. Hence Aristeas reports concerning some of the Jews who lived near the sea, that every day before matins they used to wash their hands in the sea.

POTTER'S Archæol. Græca, vol. i. p. 222. Not far from Patna, at a small distance from the town Mongheer, is a celebrated hot-well called Seeta Coond; and near it is another well, called Ram Coond, where the water is only tepid that in the Seeta Coond is of such purity, as not only to be preferred to any other by the natives, but is procured by those who can afford it, on the voyage from India to Europe, as it never putrefies, nor becomes in the least offensive. Ram and Seeta are as eminent in the Hindoo mythology as Jupiter and Juno in the Grecian.

See FORBES' Oriental Memoirs, vol. iv. p. 91.

5794. [Heb. xi. 1. Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen] Which sub

stance is in this life represented in types and images; so that we hope for things in another world whereof we have no direct perception or idea. The evidence of things not seen, that is either by the direct eye of body or mind; but clearly and distinctly conceived and understood in their types and representatives: In which we have a full proof and evidence of the true substance and real existence of the antitypes, though, as they are in themselves, they be now utterly inconceivable. Thus the sum and import of this definition of the Apostle's is, that the things of another world are now the immediate objects of our knowledge and faith, only in their types and representatives.

Bp. BROWNE'S Procedure of the Understanding, p. 462.

5795. [Heb. xi. 3.] That there are several worlds, may be manifest to every one from this consideration, that so many stars appear in the universe: and it is known in the learned world, that every star is like a sun in its own place (for it remains fixed as the sun of our earth in its place) and that distance makes it appear in a small form like a star; consequently that it has planets which are earths, revolving around it, in like manner as the sun of our system has. To what other purpose could so great a heaven be intended with so many constellations? For the end of the creation of the universe is man; or, that from mankind there may be an angelic heaven. But what would mankind and an angelic heaven from one single earth avail, to answer the purposes of an infinite Creator? For which purposes a thousand, nay ten thousand earths could not suffice. By calculation it has been discovered, that suppose there were in the universe 1,000,000 earths, and on every earth 300,000,000 men, and 200 generations within 6000 years; and that to every man were allotted a space of three cubic ells: in this case the sum of men collectively would not occupy a space equal to a thousandth part of this earth; consequently not so much as the space posssesed by one of the Satellites of Jupiter or Saturn. This would be a space so diminutive in respect to the universe as to be scarcely discernible; for a satellite of Jupiter or Saturn is scarcely visible to the naked eye. What then would this be in regard to the purposes of the Creator of the universe! To answer which purposes, the whole universe, though filled with earths, would be inadequate; for He is infinite.

5796.

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SWEDENBORG, Arcana, n. 9441.

The disciples of Pythagoras were, perhaps of all antient philosophers, best acquainted with Nature, and maintained the opinion that all the planets were inhabited. St. PIERRE'S Harmonies of Naturs,

5797. [

vol. iii. p. 348.

4. Being dead yet speaks] Thus to do

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5805. [Heb. xi. 35. Others were tortured, not accepting deliverance; that they might obtain a better resurrection] The accounts given us of people who sacrificed human victims to the Deity, fall greatly short of the executious of the Inquisition. A priest in a white surplice, or a monk who has vowed meekness and humility, causes his fellow-creatures to be put to the torture in a dismal dungeon. A stage is erected in the public market-place, where the condemned prisoners are conducted to the stake, attended with a train of monks and religious confraternities. They sing psalms, say mass, and butcher mankind. Were a native of Asia to come to Madrid upon the day of an execution of this sort, it would be impossible for him to tell whether it were a rejoicing, a religious feast, a sacrifice, or a massacre; and yet it is all this together. The kings, whose presence alone in other cases is the harbinger of mercy, assist at this spectacle uncovered, lower seated than the inquisitors, and behold their subjects expiring in the flames.

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5808.

TACITUS'S Hist. b. xv.

See KNATCHBULL.

Whether the prophets, the primitive christians, and the heathen philosophers, who went about in skins, did it in poverty, or emblematically (of their office), deserves to be considered, says IlUTCHINSON, in his Introduc to Moses' Sine Principio, p. ccxlviii.

Of the Swedes who first settled in America, the men wore waistcoats and breeches of skins; the women were dressed in skin-jackets and petticoats; and their beds, excepting the sheets, were the skins of such animals as bears, wolves, &c. See No. 197. See PINKERTON's Coll. part liv. p. 540.

5809. [38. Of whom the world was not worthy] Cicero had his head cut off by his own client Popinius Lena, and nailed to that very pulpit which he had dignified by his eloquence. Demosthenes was pursued by order of the Athenians whom he had defended against Philip, as far as the

temple of Neptune in the island of Calauria, he hastening to swallow poison, to find in death a refuge more certain than altars could afford. One of the Medici was stabbed to death in that very City which they had loaded with benefits. Christopher Columbus, on returning from his second voyage to the New World, was bound in irons, which in his dying moments he ordered to be put into the tomb with him as a monument of the ingratitude of the Princes to whom he had rendered a service so magnificent. Galileo, after he had demonstrated the Earth's motion round the Sun, was obliged to retract on his knees that sublime truth in a prison of the Inquisition. Descartes, after having illuminated his Country with the first rays of Philosophy, became a fugitive in Sweden; and Fenelon was exiled into his Diocese, for having loved God more than his Ministers, and Nations more than Kings. St. PIERRE'S Works, vol. iv. p. 287.

5810. [Heb. xi. 39, 40.] The New Testament clearly represents Christ as the end of the Law and of all the promises made to the Fathers makes all the deliverances given by God to his people to be but shadows, and as it were an earnest of the great deliverance he intended by his Son; makes all the ceremonials of the Law to be representations of the substance of the Gospel, and the Aaronical sacrifices and Priesthood to be figures of better things to come; and in a word, makes the Jewish Religion itself, as containing virtually the hopes of the Gospel, a prophecy,, that is, one entire typical prophecy.

See SHERLOCK's Use, &c. pp. 50, 163.

See No. 1191, 1199, 1204, 1192, 1195.

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5816. [Heb. xiii. 4.] A strict regard for the matrimonial state characterized the antient Germaus. Good customs and manners availed more among those barbarous people, than good laws among such as are more refined. (TACITUS; Quoted by Dr. W. ALEXANDER, in his Hist. of Women, vol. i. p. 260.) — OSBERT, in his life of Archbishop Dunstan, says, in his time, in a Council at Winchester where the king, queen and nobility of the whole kingdom were present, the secular or married clergy were turned out of all the monasteries and cathedral churches, as defiled by conforming to this law of GOD!

5817. [- — 5. I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee] Ano and egkatalipo (Grk.) are of the Second Aorist.

5818. [22, 23, &c.] Were these words added when the Epistle was sent a second, or a third time, in the way of a second or third Edition?

THE GENERAL EPISTLE OF JAMES.

T

HIS Epistle was written probably to the Jewish Christians banished by Claudius, Acts xviii. 2.

5820. i. 14, 15. Every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed: then, when lust hath conceived, it bringeth forth sin; and sin, when it is finished, bringeth forth death] Thus the root of our destruction is in ourselves.

CALVIN.

5821. [17.] Though we cannot make the sun shine, yet when he does vouchsafe us his heavenly beams, we can with burning-glasses concentrate light and heat into great power, and carry and settle them here and there as we see cause; so though the possessors of wit and parts could never be able to engage God to send forth his light and his truth, yet now that Revelation has disclosed them, and now he has been pleased to make them radiate in his heavenly Word, meu of knowledge and eloquence, happily recollecting those scattered divine beams, uniting them in particular subjects, and kindling with them the topics proper to warm and work on our affections, may powerfully illustrate truths and inflame zeal.

BOYLE.

5822. [ 19.] Be not rash with thy mouth, and let not thy heart be hasty to utter any thing before God for

God is in heaven, and thou on earth, therefore let thy words be few. Eccles. v. 2.

See No. 1087, 1138.

5823. [ii. 19.] “To a man capable of reflection, all civil distinctions are nothing: He observes the same passions, the same feelings, in the clown and the mau of quality. The principal difference between them consists in the language they speak; in a little refinement of expression: But if there be any real distinction, it is certainly to the disadvantage of the least sincere. The common people appear as they really are; and they are not amiable: If those in high life were equally undisguised, their appearance would make us shudder with horror."

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