every assistance that might be required. The committee were of opinion that in most cases the expense of those suffragan bishops could be met by their holding important posts, such as deaneries and canonries, in connection with the Church. Any legislation for the settlement by law of any expense upon those bishops to whom the assistance was rendered, was deemed inexpedient. The committee also recommended that an attempt should be made, through the Archbishop of Canterbury, to sweep away any difficulties which have existed in regard to the matter. As regards the appointment of suffragan bishops, the bishop is to nominate two, and the crown to select one of these. On motion of the Bishop of Oxford, seconded by the Bishop of London, the report of the committee was adopted. published in 1866 its first annual report. The principles of the association are thus stated in the report: "To establish such relations be tween the two communions as shall enable the laity and clergy of either to join in the sacraments and offices of the other, without forfeiting the communion of their own church; secondly, that any overtures toward such an object should be made, if possible, in cooperation with those churches with which the Church of England is in communion; and thirdly, that such overtures, whenever made, should be extended to the other Eastern Patriarchates, and not confined to the Russo-Greek Church. The association numbers two hundred and eighty members, and among its patrons are English, Scotch, Colonial, American, and Eastern bishops. (On the results of the Society's labors in the East, see the article "EASTERN The sixty-seventh annual meeting of the EngCHURCHES.") A number of the Anglican lish Church Society was held May 1st, at Exeter friends of this movement regarded the Eastern Hall. From the report, it appeared that the total Churches as right in rejecting the addition of ordinary income amounted to £146,208 18. 9d.; filioque (the procession of the Holy Spirit from total ordinary expenditure, £144,558 178. 4d. the Father" and the Son" to the Athanasian surplus, £1,649 48. 5d. The local funds raised Creed, and one of them (Rev. J. Ouseley) pub- in the missions and expended there upon the licly declared that he had abandoned the An- operations of the society, but independent of glican communion office, and the filioque too, for the general fund, were not included in the at least the last two years. A priest, claiming to above figures, amounted to £20,000. The sobe an Eastern bishop (Rev. Julius Ferretta), who ciety has at present 148 missionary stations, 278 made his appearance in England, met with a clergymen, 21 European laymen, 9 European fecordial reception on the part of a number of male teachers (exclusive of missionaries' wives), Anglican clergymen. (See EASTERN CHURCHES.) and 2,122 native and country-born catechists Some advance was also made in 1866 toward and teachers of all classes, not sent from home. a closer intercommunion with the Episcopal The number of communicants in 1860 was Lutheran Churches of the Scandinavian coun- 19,828; 1861, 21,064; 1862, 21,261; 1863, 18,tries. (See LUTHERAN CHURCH.) An important 110; 1864, 18,124; 1865, 14,155. These figures step toward effecting a closer union between did not include the New Zealand mission, the the Established Church of Great Britain and returns from which had not been received on Ireland on the one hand, and the Scottish Epis- account of the disturbed state of the colony. copal Church on the other, was a declaration The society has withdrawn from seventy-seven made by the Archbishop of Canterbury at the stations, chiefly added to parochial establishlaying of the foundation-stone of a cathedral at ments in the West Indies or transferred to the Inverness, Scotland, in October, 1866, that the native church in Sierra Leone, containing ten Scottish Episcopal Church is the only true rep native clergy, 4,356 communicants, and 12,866 resentative of the Church of England in Scot- scholars. The annual meeting of the Society land, and that the prelates of the Church of for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign England pretend to exercise no jurisdiction over Parts, was held April 26th. The income of the clergymen in Scotland. society for 1865 was £94,957 11s. 3d.; and the expenditure for the same period was in British North America, £22,120; in the West Indies, £1,328; in South Africa, £11,000; in the rest of Africa, £1,460; in Asia, £31,372, and in Australia and New-Zealand, £6,271. The Engglish "Church Congress" for 1866 was held at York, and both the archbishops of England took an active part in its proceedings. The House of Bishops of the Convocation of Canterbury, took, in 1866, for the first time, decided steps for an increase of the number of bishops. The Bishop of Oxford presented the unanimous request of a committee appointed to consider "as to the best mode of providing assistance for bishops in the event of illness, or old age, or the like, rendering them unable to discharge the duties of their office, and needing some assistance in the performance of the same." The committee considered the appointment of coadjutor bishops cum successione, would be unadvisable, being not suited to the Church of England. But, on the other hand, they considered it very desirable to bring into active operation the act of Henry VIII., which empowers the nomination of suffragan bishops to lifferent posts in England, who might render The archbishops and bishops of the United Church of England and Ireland, in 1866, gave their assent to the establishment of a lay diaconate, the persons composing it to be set apart by episcopal authority, to act in all cases under the direction of the parochial clergy, and to be designated as "readers." They are to be publicly appointed after an examination by a bishop, but not to be set apart by the imposition of hands as in the case of bishops, priests. and ANHALT. eacons. They are to minister in outlying districts, but will not have authority to administer the holy communion-that part of the church service being taken on stated days by the parochial clergy. The "readers" are not to be addressed as "reverend," but they are to wear the surplice in their ministrations. At the first annual meeting of the "Association of Lay Helpers," in the diocese of London, about fifty persons were present. ANHALT, a duchy in Germany. Area, 1,017 Engl. square miles. Population, in 1864, 193,046. Capital, Dessau, with 16,306 inhabitants. In the German war, in 1866, Anhalt sided with Prussia, and after the conclusion of the war it joined the North German confederation. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. President (from October 12, 1862, to October 11, 1868), Bartolomé Mitré; Vice-President, Marcos Paz. Minister of the United States at Buenos Ayres, General Alexander Asboth, appointed in October, 1866. The area of the republic is estimated at 38,890 geographical (or about 825,000 English) square miles. Exclusive of this territory the Argentine Government claims Patagonia, which is generally connected with Chili, and the whole of the Gran Chaco, parts of which are generally counted with the territory of Bolivia and Paraguay. The population of the republic in 1857, and, according to Martin de Moussy*, in 1863, was as follows: Buenos Ayres.. Entre Rios... Population in 1857. Population in 1863. Corrientes and Missions.. 85,447 Santa Fé.. 41,261 45,000 Cordova. 137,079 150,000 Santiago del Estero. 77,575 90,000 Tucuman.. 84,136 100,000 Salta. (Not counted)] 80,000 35,189 († 40,000 56,000 80,000 34,431 (†) 40,000 (Not counted) 70,000 47,478 50,000 37,602 45,000 Jujuy...... Catamarca.. La Rioja.. San Juan.. Mendoza.. San Luis. Indian territory in the North. Indian territory in the South.. 10,000 30,000 1,377,000 The war which the Argentine Republic (in common with Brazil and Uruguay) has for some time been carrying on against Paraguay, continued throughout the year. (See PARAGUAY.) In some provinces, especially those bordering *Martin de Moussy, the author of the great work, Déscription de la Confederation Argentine (tom. iii., Paris, 1861), is called by Page (in his work, "La Plata," London, 1859) "an eminent scientific man," and his work is recommended by Sir Woodbine Parish, who himself is the author of the best-known book on the La Plata States, to all who desire to have the latest and most accurate information on also re upon Paraguay and Bolivia, great dissatisfac- The Notwithstanding the continuance of the war which taxed the strength of the government to the utmost, the republic is at present making greater progress than during the previous peace. On September 11th the Western Railroad was opened ten leagues farther, to the town of Chiviledy. This finishes one hundred and ten miles of railroad westward from Buenos Ayres. This railroad traverses a fine country, and already has a great business. It is owned by the government. In the same month two American gentlemen, Messrs. Hopkins and Cary, obtained a charter from Congress for a telegraph In October the from Buenos Ayres to Chili. submarine cable which connects the cities of Buenos Ayres and Montevideo was successfully laid. It lies on the bed of the river, between Buenos Ayres and Colonia, a distance of twenThe works on the Argentine ty-six miles. Central Railroad, from Rosario to Cordova, were suspended in November, 1866, on account of the tardiness of the government in making out the titles to the public lands granted to the company. For every twenty leagues of railroad there was to be a transfer of title to the granted lands, and the company having finished the railroad about twice that distance, needed the land, on which to base the issue of bonds. But though the materials for the entire railroad had all arrived, or were en route from Europe, yet there was this obstacle to the work. This road, when finished, will be the grandest road south of the equator, sweeping for two hundred and fifty miles through a region of great fertility. On December 10th a convention to reform the constitution of the republic met at Santa On the 11th Fé, in a kind of general caucus. it had a preliminary meeting, and on the 12th they proposed amendments, discussed them, voted on them, avl adjourned. The 26 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. only point of amendment intended was to The estimate for the wool-clip for the year The government imitated the policy of that of the United States in issuing treasury notes, bearing interest, for payment of government dues, and to be received in payment of customhouse duties. They represent silver dollars, and are of the denominations of $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Immigration for 1865 to the Argentine Confederation foots up to two thousand five hundred and forty. This does not include those who came by steamer, neither does it except those who left the country for foreign parts, of whom there have been many. The greatest progress immigration has made is in the province of Santa Fé, where the first colonial settlements began ten years ago, and where now over five hundred and fifty foreigr families are settled. In the Gran Chaco a California colony has been established, which is doing very well, and already has a great many acres in grain. The Argentine Government look upon this colony as one of great hope and promise. In consequence of the foreign immigration, San currency per month, about $20 silver. The Legislature assembled at Little Rock, on and gratitude of the people of Arkansas, in pursuing the policy exhibited in his official acts, and standing between the citizens and the unholy legislation of radical majorities. A motion to lay on the table was lost-yeas, 17; nays, 55. It was referred to the Committee on Federal Relations. On December 8th the following resolution was offered: That this General Assembly, and the people of the State of Arkansas, tender our gratitude to General Jefferson Davis, for the noble and patriotic manner in which he conducted the affairs of our government, while President of the Confederacy; and that we assure him of our most earnest and heart-felt sympathy while with unexampled fortitude he endures in Northern prisons unparalleled suffering as a martyr to liberty; and that although we may strive to forget the wrongs unjustly heaped upon him, yet his name is and ever shall be enshrined in every true Southern heart. May he outlive his persecution, to comfort his family, honor his country, and adorn the world! It was referred to the Committee on Federal Relations. On December 10th the following was offered, and referred to the same committee: Resolved, by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That to calm the troubled waters of our political atmosphere, we ratify the Constitutional Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, as recommended by his excellency Governor Murphy. The views of the Legislature on various public questions were expressed in the reports of committees, and the debates. On December 10th the Committee on Federal Relations in the Senate reported the following resolution relative to the Constitutional Amendment proposed by Congress: Resolved, That the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas declines to ratify the amendment, adding article fourteen to the Constitution of the United States, as proposed by joint resolution of Congress. The reasons urged by the committee in support of their recommendation were as follows: 1. It is not known, nor can it be, to the State of Arkansas, that the proposed amendment was ever acted upon by a Congress of such a character as is provided for by the Constitution, inasmuch as nearly one-third of the States were refused representation in the Congress which acted upon this amendment. 2. This proposed amendment was never submitted to the President for his sanction, as it should have been, according to the very letter of that Constitution under which Congress exists, and which it has sought to amend. 3. The great and enormous power sought to be conferred on Congress by the amendment, by giving to that body authority to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of the first article of said amendment, would, in effect, take from the States all control over their local and domestic concerns, and virtually abolish the States. 4. The second section seems, to the committee, an effort to force negro suffrage upon the States; and whether intended or not, it leaves the power to bring this about, whether the States consent or not; and the committee are of the opinion that every State Legislature should shrink from ever permitting the possibility of such a calamity. 5. The third section, as an act of disfranchisement which would embrace many of our best and wisest citizens, must, of necessity, be rejected by the peo ple of Arkansas. The committee say that they have particularly remarked one peculiar feature in the first section of the proposed amendment; that is, the portion which declares, "nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law." "This is almost identical in language with the fifth amendment to the Constitution, and if this proobject designed, what assurance have we that a vision already in existence will not secure the similar one will not be disregarded." They decline to recommend it on the further grounds that it imposes new and additional obligations on the people not contemplated or intended when the general amnesty was proclaimed, on May 29, 1865. They say: "The people of Arkansas have accepted and performed all the conditions of the surrender and general amnesty, and with wonderful unanimity have accepted the results of the war, and according to all law are entitled to all their rights as guaranteed by the Constitution, and to be restored to mitted in good faith, with an earnest desire to the Union as before the war. They have submake the United States a common country, to be cherished in our hearts and defended by our arms. "We cannot tell what may be in store for this State. She and others may be forced to take this amendment, and even harsher terms; but as valuable as restoration may be, the people of Arkansas can never agree to purchase it at such a sacrifice of principle, dignity, and self-respect as is demanded in the adoption of this proposed amendment. We had better bear our troubles, trials, and deprivations, and even wrongs, in dignified silence, than commit an act of disgrace, if not annihilation, such as would result from the adoption of this amendment by the Legislature." No action was taken by the Legislature relative to the passage of this amendment previous to the recess at the close of the year. But a commission, to be sent to Washington, was provided for, which was to consist of the President of the Senate and three members of that body, seven members of the House, and three citizens, not members of the Legislature, to be appointed by Governor Murphy. The Governor declined to appoint. The object of the commission was to confer with the Federal Government respecting their mutual relations. This commission was in part induced by the assembling in convention at Fort Smith of citizens calling themselves "Loyalists," who addressed a memorial to Congress for the removal of the existing State government, by the passage of an "enabling act," authorizing them to form a new State government. On November 23d the following resolution was offered in the House, and passed unanimously. Subsequently it was concurred in by the Senate: 28 Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That a joint committee, to be composed of the separate Committees on Federal Relations, of the Senate and House of Representatives, is hereby created, with instructions to prepare and report to each House a memorial to the President and Congress of the United States, setting forth the true position of the State of Arkansas, and the spirit and wishes of the people thereof, with regard to the restoration of the Union in all its parts; and the measures which might be most efficient in restoring a condition of harmony; and the cooperation of all the States in the promotion of the national prosperity in a manner consistent with the honor and dignity of the citizens of the respective States. The reasons urged for the adoption of the resolution were stated to be a conviction that the people of the Northern States had been deceived by misrepresentations made to them as to the opinions of the people of the Southern States, and the motives which dictated their actions: whereas justice to the people of Arkansas and their posterity demanded that the truths of history should be known. The present Legislature was the first official body convened for four years which represented all parts of the State. Every shade of political opinion had an opportunity to represent itself through a free election, and in the resolution they resolved to appeal to the better judgment of the American people. The views of the Legislature respecting the action of the State in her legislative capacity during the war, and indirectly her relations to the Union, were expressed in connection with some questions arising out of certain land sales The question by her agents during the war. presented was, to what extent the present constitution of the State repudiates or makes null and void the action of the authorities between May 1, 1861, the day on which the State seceded, and the adoption of the present constitution. The Judiciary Committee made a majority and a minority report. The former took the ground that the Legislature itself had acknowledged the present constitution as the supreme organic law of the State, by assembling in obedience to its commands. This constitution declared the entire action of the convention of 1861 to be null and void, and never binding, nor any action of the State under its authority. But it provided that this declaration should not be so construed as to affect the rights of individuals, change county boundaries, invalidate the acts of justices of the peace, conveyances, marriages, etc. The words "rights of individuals were too vague, indefinite, and ambiguous to mean any thing specially, and must be regarded as inoperative and void; therefore, with the exceptions specifically named, all actions of the State done under the authority of the convention of 1861 must be treated as null and void, and this included sales of land. The minority report admitted the present constitution to be the supreme organic law of the State, and asserted that the same rules of interpretation and construction were applicable to it as to any other constitution of the State for the purpose of ascertaining its mean ing and effect. It then submitted the following 1. That the Constitution of the United States, and 2. That the people of this State have now, and always have had, the exclusive right, as a free people, of governing themselves, and of exercising and enjoyto a State which was and is not delegated to the ing every power, jurisdiction, and right pertaining United States. 3. That aside from the fact that the end and object of all government, especially in the United States, is the safety of the people and the preservation of property, and that, by tacit reservation of the people, ment by the consent of the people, either in conventhe State has, in exercising the powers of governtion assembled or by ordinary legislation, no power to ruin the one or destroy the other; that the Bill of Rights, in every constitution of the State, has deof his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or in any way clared, that no man shall be imprisoned or disseized judgment of his peers or the laws of the land; and deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the that no ex post facto laws, or law, impairing the obli4. That the conventions of 1861 and 1864, being gation of contracts, shall ever be made in this State. and authority. That while the latter had the power both conventions of the people, were equal in power and authority to declare that the entire action of the former was not, from the time of the adoption of the latter, binding and obligatory, and that all the the authority of the convention of 1861, was no longer action of the State, of whatever character, under binding, but null and void from the time of the adoption of the constitution of 1864, saving the exceptions therein stated; yet the convention of 1864 had no power to declare that acts done under said convention of 1861 and its constitution relating to inState, and not relating to the powers delegated to ternal government and police regulations in the the national Government, never were binding and obligatory upon the people of this State, but void ab spective ordinances and legislation is beyond even initio. This character of ex post facto and retroder a law, even a convention cannot undo it. The the power of a convention; for if an act be done unpast cannot be recalled by the most absolute power. And by maintaining that the convention of 1864 did do this, would be, in effect, declaring a hiatus in the which there was no civil authority whatever; wheregovernment of the State from 1861 to 1864, during as, it appears not to have been so considered by said convention of 1864, for they recite the object of their ourselves as a free and independent State." convening to be, among other things, to "continue 5. That the ordinance of secession of the convention of 1861, and all other actions of said convention of or in conflict with the Constitution, constitution and the State under its authority, in contraventional laws, and treaties of the United States and the null and void and inoperative ab initio. This would delegated powers of the General Government were be so, aside from any declaration to that effect in the constitution of 1864. 6. That all parts of the constitution are to be and therefore the proviso "that this ordinance shall reconciled with each other and the general subject, not be so construed as to affect the rights of individuals," from the public history of the country at the time of its adoption, the manifest object in view to protect the rights of individuals in all internal and general purview of the ordinance, was intended municipal laws and police regulations of the State, which were not void ab initio by reason of conflict with the delegated powers and just authority of the United States, and which were rendered nuli and |