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ployed in the plain. Early in the morning the battle began both upon the western and the eastern banks of the Tione. Upon the western bank the Austrian reserve division, coming from Sandra at 7 o'clock, met the vanguard of the Italian division Cerale and pushed it back upon Oliosi. Against this place the Austrians soon sent an additional brigade of the Fifth corps (from S. Giorgio), while two other brigades advanced upon S. Rocco. At 1 o'clock P. M., Cerale, bravely fighting, had to fall back before overwhelming numbers toward Monte Vento. He himself was wounded; one of the brigadiers, Villarey, killed. General Durando, the commander of the First corps, tried to rally the division, but was likewise wounded. At two o'clock the Austrians stormed the Monte Vento, and the division Cerale had to retreat to Valeggio. The pursuit of the Austrians was partly delayed by an advance of the division Pianelli from the right bank of the Mincio, which, together with other troops belonging to the First army corps, covered the retreat. After the evacuation of the Monte Vento, the division Sirtori, at S. Lucia (on the Tione), as its left flank was uncovered, had to retreat, amidst uninterrupted fighting, over Monte Mamaor to Valeggio. It was 3 o'clock when, thus, the entire left wing of the Italians had been dislodged from its position. On the eastern bank of the Tione the battle had been raging from an early hour in the morning near Custoza. The division Cugia, advancing upon Staffalo, and supported by the division of the crown prince, became engaged with the 9th Austrian corps, which had occupied Casa del Sole and Berettara. The division Brignone, led by La Marmora himself, while advancing from Custoza upon Monte Godio, was attacked by the brigade Scudier, of the 7th Austrian corps. The latter was soon reënforced by the two other brigades of the corps, while it forced the division Brignone to fall back upon Custoza. The division Govone was ordered to take the place of the division Brignone. Soon the 7th Austrian corps received large reënforcements from the Fifth corps, which had been successful at Monte Vento and S. Lucia; and now the fight raged again between Monte Godio, Staffalo, and Custoza, until 5 o'clock, when, entirely outflanked on the left, Cugia had to evacuate the heights of the Monte Torre and of Madonna della Croce, and to retreat upon Prabiano and Villafranca. The retreat of the Italians was made in good order. Not until 7 o'clock did the Austrians occupy Custoza. The Italians immediately withdrew their whole force across the Mincio, and subsequently even behind the Oglio. Cialdini, who was to have crossed the Po in the night from the 25th to the 26th, withdrew his troops from the river, and on the 28th established his headquarters at Modena, in order to be nearer the main army. The Austrians reported a loss of 960 killed, 3,690 wounded, and about 1,000 captured; while the loss of the Italians was stated at 720 killed, 3,112 wounded, and 4,315

missing. To the left of the main army of the Italians, Garibaldi, at the head of about 6,000 volunteers, was threatening the passes of Southern Tyrol. One band of volunteers crossed the frontier as early as the 22d, and thus gave to the Austrians a reason for complaining that the Italians had begun hostilities before the time agreed upon. Several skirmishes took place between the volunteers and the Austrians from June 22d to July 3d, but none of great importance; in one of them, near Bagolino, Garibaldi himself was wounded.

The Italian fleet was assembled on the middle of May at Taranto. The chief command was given to Admiral Persano, who divided it into three squadrons-a battle squadron, a reserve squadron, and a coast or siege squadron. On being informed of the declaration of war, the admiral, on the 21st of June, left the port of Taranto, and on the 25th anchored in that of Ancona. The Austrian counter-admiral, Tegethoff, who, in 1864, had distinguished himself in the German-Danish war, made on the 26th and 27th a reconnoissance off the port of Ancona, but withdrew without bringing on a fight.

The War in Bohemia-The Advance of the three Great Prussian Armies―The Battle of Sadowa or Königgrätz.-At the time when the Prussians began hostilities against Saxony, Hanover, and Hesse-Cassel (middle of June), the Austrian army in Bohemia consisted of six complete army corps, two divisions of heavy and two divisions of light artillery, under the following commanders: 1st army corps (Bohemian), under Count Clam-Gallas, general of cavalry; 2d (Austrian and Styrian), under Fieldmarshal Lieutenant Count Thun-Hohenstein; 4th (Moravian and Silesian), under Field-marshal Lieutenant Festetics de Tolna; 6th (Hungarian), under Field-marshal Lieutenant Ramming; 8th, under Field-marshal Lieutenant Archduke Leopold; 10th, under Field-marshal Lieutenant von Gablentz. The divisions of heavy cavalry were commanded by Prince William of Schleswig-Holstein-Glücksburg and Major-General Zaitsek; those of light cavalry by Prince Francis Lichtenstein, general of cavalry, and Major-General Prince Emerich von Thurn and Taxis. Each of the six army corps was to count 30,000 men and 80 pieces of ordnance; each cavalry division 2,700 combatants, and 16 pieces of ordnance. The artillery reserve had 12 batteries or 96 pieces of ordnance. The whole Bohemian army was to consist of 190,000 with 640 pieces of ordnance. It was, moreover, to be reënforced by the 3d army corps, under Archduke Ernest, and to form a junction either in Bohemia or in Saxony with 23,000 Saxon troops. The whole army was placed under the chief command of Feldzeugmeister Benedek, the most popular general of the Aus. trian army. Chief of the general staff was the Baron von Henickstein, and quartermastergeneral, General Krismanich. Austria hoped that the Bavarians, under command of Prince

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Charles of Bavaria, the Hanoverians, and the 8th Federal army corps (the contingent of Würtemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, HesseCassel, etc.), under command of Prince Alexander of Hesse, would aid them by an army of at least 150,000. It was generally expected that Benedek would assume the offensive, but this he was prevented from doing because his government had failed to make in time the necessary preparations. Thus the war began by an advance of the Prussians into Bohemia, and not, as had been expected, by an advance of the Austrians into Saxony and Silesia.

On the side of Prussia, eight and a half army corps were concentrated on the frontier of Saxony and Bohemia, and fully equipped, about the middle of May. The chief command of all these troops the king reserved to himself. He was to be accompanied to the seat of war by Count Bismarck, the minister of war (Von Roon), and the chief of the general staff, Von Moltke. The troops were divided into three armies. The First army (2d, 3d, 4th army corps, and the cavalry of the guard), under Prince Frederick Charles, a nephew of the king, was stationed along the Saxon frontier. The Second army (1st, 5th, 6th army corps, and the guard-corps), under the crown prince, was stationed in Silesia. The Army of the Elbe (8th army corps, and one division of the 7th) was under command of General Herwarth von Bittenfeld, near Halle, in Prussian Saxony. In Berlin, a reserve corps of eight regiments of the landwehr had been organized. The aggregate effective strength of the three armies was estimated at about 236,000 men, with 792 pieces of ordnance.

After the rapid occupation of the Kingdom of Saxony, which has already been referred to, the Prussians resolved to leave the reserve corps under General von der Mülbe, as a garrison in Saxony, and to march without delay all the three armies into Bohemia, and effect a junction as soon as possible. The First army and the Army of the Elbe were to enter Bohemia first, in order to engage the attention of Benedek, and to facilitate the march of the crown prince, who had to overcome greater obstacles in crossing the mountains between Silesia and Bohemia. The entry of the First army and the Army of the Elbe was not opposed by the Austrians, as the troops available in this direction (the 1st army corps, under Count Clam-Gallas) numbered only 60,000, against 120,000 Prussians. The main body of the army of the Elbe entered Bohemia near Rumburg and advanced upon Niemes and Hünnerwasser. Of the First army, the 4th army corps advanced from Zittau (in Saxony) upon Reichenberg, the first commercial city in Bohemia, while the 3d entered Bohemia near Gorlitz. On the 24th Reichenberg was occupied by the vanguard of the First army. The 4th army corps on the 26th occupied Liebenau, from which, after a brief fight of artillery, the Austrians withdrew, partly to Turnau and

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partly to Münchengrätz. An attempt of the Austrians to dispute the passage of the Iser at Podol (near Turnau) was unsuccessful. Another attempt to arrest the march of the Army of the Elbe at Hünnerwasser (June 27th) equally failed, and the retiring Austrian army was concentrated near Münchengrätz. The army of Prince Frederick Charles_crossed the Iser at Turnau, three-fourths of a German mile above Podol, and the army of General Herwarth at an equal distance below Podol. Thus the union between the 120,000 men of the two armies was consummated. The united army advanced upon Münchengrätz, which ClamGallas evacuated after severe fighting. fell back upon Gitchin (in Bohemian, Jicin), which, in the night from June 29th to June 30th, was stormed by the Prussians. Clam-Gallas, but little pursued, retreated to Nechanitz. In the mean while, the Second army, under the crown prince, had also commenced operations. The first troops which crossed the frontier belonged to the 5th army corps, commanded by General von Steinmetz, who already enjoyed the reputation of being one of the ablest generals of the Prussian army. On the 26th, the village of Nachod (near the frontier) was occupied, the Austrian garrison falling back upon Neustadt. On the 27th a severe fight took place near Nachod (on the roads leading to Skalitz and Neustadt) between General von Steinmetz and the 6th Austrian (Hungarian), army corps, under Ramming, who had to fall back upon Skalitz, and lost, besides the killed and wounded, several thousand prisoners. About one-half of them entered a Hungarian legion which was forming in Silesia, under Klapka and Vetter. The 6th Austrian army corps was at once reënforced by the 8th, under Archduke Leopold, who had an engagement with the advancing Prussians on the 28th, near Skalitz, and was compelled to withdraw toward Jaromierz. The 1st Prussian army corps, under General von Bonin, had, on June 26th, advanced from Liebau (Silesia) to Goldenöls (Bohemia). On the 27th, Bonin advanced as far as Trautenau, but had to fall back before the larger Austrian force under General von Gablenz. The latter was then ordered to arrest the advance of the Prussian guard-corps, which (on June 26th) had entered into Bohemia from Braunau. He encountered these troops on the 28th, at Burgersdorf and Soor, and was compelled by them to abandon Trautenau, and to retreat to Königinhof. The Prussians lost about 1,000 men, while the Austrians had from 4,000 to 5,000 killed and wounded, and lost some 5,000 prisoners and ten pieces of ordnance. The total loss suffered up to this time by the 8th, 4th, and 10th Astrian army corps, was estimated at 15,000 men and twenty-four pieces of ordnance. On the 29th the Prussian guard-corps occupied, after some fighting, the town of Königinhof, on the Elbe, when, again, 400 Austrians were captured. On the same day, and on the 30th, the 5th Prussian army

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corps (Steinmetz), reënforced by a part of the 6th, advanced, and, after successful skirmishes at Schweinschädel, Sa.mey, and near Jaromierz, compelled the Austrians to fall back upon the latter town and Josephstadt, where, on the 30th of June, the 2d, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th army corps were concentrated. The Prussians were now enabled to establish a connection with the army of Prince Frederick Charles, and thus all their armies were united, presenting, on the 1st of July, a front extending from Smidar to Yaromierz, a distance of not more than six German miles. King William, on the 30th of June, had arrived at Reichenberg, to assume the chief command of the combined armies. As it was supposed in the Prussian headquarters that Benedek intended to act on the defensive, the king desired to give to the troops several days of rest. The movements of General Benedek, however, who, on the 2d of July, threw the bulk of his army across the Elbe, taking the Bistritz River as his front, showed the Prussians that they must expect an immediate attack, and Prince Frederick Charles determined to anticipate Benedek by being the first to assume the aggressive. His plan was approved at the headquarters of the king, and the crown prince ordered to advance with the Second army the next morning at 5 o'clock. The battle was begun by the First army at about 8 o'clock in the morning at and near the village of Sadowa, which lies on the road from Horitz to Königgrätz, where it crosses the Bistritz. At 10 o'clock the Army of the Elbe under Herwarth advanced against the Austrians from Nechanitz. Together, these two armies were much inferior in numbers to the Austrians, and no decisive advantages could be expected until the arrival of the army of the crown prince. The vanguard of the latter appeared upon the battle-field about 1 o'clock in the afternoon, and, although the Austrians fought invariably with the greatest bravery, soon decided the battle in favor of the Prussian arms. At 4 o'clock the whole of the Austrian army was retreating, hotly pursued by the Prussians. The losses of the Austrians were very great. Eleven flags, 174 pieces of ordnance, and 18,000 unwounded prisoners, fell into the hands of the Prussians. The total loss of the Austrians was estimated at 40,000 men; that of the Prussians at 10,000. Many of the Austrian generals were wounded. Among them were the Archdukes Joseph and William, and the corps commanders, Count Thun and Count Festetics. On the side of the Prussians, Prince Anthony of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was mortally wounded. The King of Prussia was during the whole day present in the thickest of the battle, and his presence largely added to the enthusiasm of the Prussian troops. The Austrian troops fell back upon Königgrätz. Feldzeugmeister Benedek was at once relieved from the chief command, which he was only to retain until the arrival of Archduke Albrecht, who was appointed his successor. General Clam-Gallas, Baron von

Henikstein, the chief of the general staff, and General Krismanich, the quartermaster-general, were arrested and sent to Vienna, there to be brought before a court-martial.

The War in Northwestern Germany-Occupation of Nassau and Frankfort-Advance of the Prussians into Bavaria and Baden.-After the surrender of the Hanoverians, on June 29th, all the Prussian troops which were to be employed for the occupation of Hanover and Hesse-Cassel were united into the "Army of the Main,” under command of General Vogel von Falkenstein. The only Federal troops which joined this army were two battalions of Coburg-Gotha, and one battalion of Lippe-Detmold; together, 2,500 men. The whole army numbered, in three divisions (Göben, Beyer, and Manteuffel), about 47,000 men, with 90 pieces of ordnance. Of cavalry there were five regiments, or about 3,000 men. The Army of the Main was to conduct the operations against the Bavarians, constituting the 7th Federal army corps, under the chief command of Prince Charles of Bavaria, the grand-uncle of the king, and against the eighth army corps, which, under the command of Prince Alexander of Hesse, formerly a general in the Austrian army, contained the contingents of Würtemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Cassel, and Nassau. The Bavarians had about 44,000 men and 144 pieces of ordnance, while the 8th Federal army corps, which had been reënforced by one division of Austrian troops, was estimated at 47,000 men and 144 pieces of ordnance. The original plan of the Prince of Bavaria was to form a junction with the 8th Federal army corps, and by moving northward toward Fulda, to assume the offensive against Prussia. When he was informed of the movements of the Hanoverians, he made an effort to hasten to their aid, and on the 30th occupied Hildburghausen and Meiningen. In the latter town, where he established his headquarters, he learned that on the day before the Hanoverian army had capitulated. He now resumed his original plan, and resolved to move westward upon Fulda. While advancing in this direction he encountered the Prussians on July 4th, at Dermbach and Rossdorf. After a severe fight, which lasted from eight o'clock in the morning to four in the evening, and in which 20,000 Bavarians and 12,000 Prussians were engaged, the Bavarians had to retreat. Their total loss was about 480 in killed and wounded, and 370 missing; the Prussians had 400 men killed and wounded. General Vogel von Falkenstein, regarding the Bavarians as a more dangerous enemy than the 8th Federal corps, resolved to march with the main part of his army against them. The Bavarians, on July 10th, offered some resistance at Kissingen (the well-known watering-place), and disputed the passage of the (Franconian) Saale; but they were again defeated with a loss of 1,261 (77 killed, 392 wounded, and 792 missing). The Prussians crossed the Saale, and General Falkenstein was, on the evening of the 10th, in

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