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Kissingen. The Bavarians, as the 8th Federal army corps had nowhere been seen, resolved to retreat behind the Main.

General Falkenstein, before pursuing the Bavarians across the Main, deemed it best first to clear the whole country north of the Main of hostile troops, and therefore turned westward against the 8th Federal army corps. On the 13th the vanguard of the Thirteenth division (Goeben) was attacked at Laufach by three battalions of the troops of Hesse-Darmstadt, who with considerable loss were pushed back upon Aschaffenburg. In and near this city the Prussians had, on the morning of the 14th, engagements with the Austrians and other divisions of the Federal army corps, who were soon compelled to evacuate the city, and fall back behind the Main. Two thousand Austrians were cut off in Aschaffenburg from retreat, and captured. Most of them were Italians, who surrendered rather than were captured, and received the Prussians with the cry: "Evviva 'Italia! Evviva la Prussia!"

After the engagement at Laufen, Prince Alexander of Hesse transferred his headquarters to Frankfort-on-the-Main. But when he received the news of the passage of the Saale by the Prussians, he concluded to withdraw his whole corps to the southern bank of the Main, and to effect a junction with Prince Charles of Bavaria, and he notified the rump Diet that he was unable any longer to protect them. The members of the Diet consequently left for Augsburg. On July 16th the first Prussian troops entered the city. General Falkenstein issued a proclamation, in which he assumed the administration of the Duchy of Nassau, of the city of Frankfort, and of those districts of Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt which had been occupied by the Prussian troops. He imposed upon the city Frankfort a contribution of six million florins. In a letter to the king he recapitulated the operations of the Army of the Main since the 1st of July, stating that since then he had prevented the junction of the Bavarian and the 8th Federal army corps, driven back the Bavarians after a number of successful engagements across the Main, defeated the 8th Federal army corps at Laufach and Aschaffenburg, and occupied the city of Frankfort; that the enemy, after suffering a loss of more than 5,000 men, was south of the river Main, and the whole country north of the Main in possession of Prussia. On July 19th General Falkenstein was recalled from the chief command of the army of the Main, and appointed governor of Bohemia. He was succeeded by General von Manteuffel, who at once imposed upon the city of Frankfort an additional sum of twenty-five million thalers. Frankfort violently remonstrated, and one of the senators implored the intervention of the French, English, and Russian Governments. This step was without effect, but appeals to the King of Prussia subsequently effected a reduction of the demanded sum.

From the 16th to the 20th of July the Army of the Main was reënforced by some landwehr troops, and by a brigade, consisting of the troops of Oldenburg, Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck. The loss of the army thus, from all causes, was about 5,000; the reënforcements 10,000; the whole army was thus increased to 50,000. Of these, 10,000 remained behind for the defence of the line of the Main, leaving to General von Manteuffel 40,000 for aggressive operations. Princes Charles of Bavaria and Alexander of Hesse still had under their orders an aggregate force of 80,000; but there was among them an utter want of concert, and, instead of effecting a junction of their troops, they carried on a literary controversy on their failure to effect a junction of their troops, and on the cause of the Prussian success. On July 21st the operations of the Army of the Main were resumed. The Bavarians were concentrated at Wurzburg, and the 8th Federal army a few miles west of Wurzburg, on the Tauber. A distance of only a few miles separated the two armies, but nevertheless there was no cooperation. Amidst constant shirmishes, the Prussians, from the 23d to the 25th, drove the Federal troops back across the Tauber toward Wurzburg. The most serious engagements were those at Hundheim (July 23d), Bischofsheim (July 24th), Gerichsheim and Helmstadt (July 25th). The retreat of the Federal troops upon Wurzburg, for the first time brought about a union of all the forces opposed to the Prussians. They still mustered from 70,000 to 75,000 men against a Prussian force counting no more than one-half that number. The Prussians, nevertheless, continued their advances. On July 26th they came into contact with the first Bavarian troops, who, after some firing, fell back toward Wurzburg. On the 27th an advance of the whole Prussian line against Wurzburg was ordered. The division of General Göben was ordered to attack Fort Marienberg, and began firing upon the fort early in the afternoon. When the firing had lasted about two hours, information was received from the Bavarian headquarters, that, at the headquarters of King William at Nikolsburg, a truce had been agreed upon, which was to end on the 2d of August. As General Manteuffel had not yet received any notification from his own government, he only agreed to a truce of 24 hours. Soon the news received from the Bavarians was confirmed, and accordingly a cessation of hostilities between the Army of the Main and the Bavarians arranged. The truce did not formally include the troops contained in the Federal army corps; but it was known that all the States belonging to the 8th army corps were represented by agents at Nikolsburg, and hostilities between this corps and the Prussians ceased therefore likewise. The 8th army corps dissolved without waiting for the 2d of August. The troops of Baden marched home on July 30th; those of Würtemberg left on the same day; the Austrians went home through Munich, and the troops of Hesse-Darmstadt

through Mannheim into the province of the Rhine-Hesse. The Prussian troops took up quarters between Mühlbach, Wintershausen, Bischofshausen, Werthheim, and Lohr, General Manteuffel establishing his headquarters at Heidingsfeld, south of Wurzburg.

As Austria after the battle of Königgrätz seemed to be determined to continue the war against Prussia with greater efforts than before, it was resolved at the Prussian headquarters to concentrate at Leipsic a second reserve army corps under the chief command of the Grandduke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. This army was composed of 3 Prussian brigades, 2 divisions of Prussian artillery, 1 brigade of MecklenburgSchwerin, and 1 brigade of Brunswick and Saxe-Altenburg; altogether 25 battalions, 16 squadrons, and 11 batteries, or 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. The Grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was assisted in the command of the corps by the Prussian lieutenant-general von Horn, who in the Bohemian campaign had distinguished himself as leader of the 8th Prussian division. The new army corps was directed to invade Bavaria from the northeast, and thus to coöperate with the Army of the Main. The corps left Leipsic on July 20th, and arrived at Baireuth on July 28th, the same day when General Manteuffel had agreed upon a truce. On the 29th the Grand-duke of Mecklenburg, in the name of the King of Prussia, took possession of the Bavarian province of Upper Franconia. On the same day an engagement took place between the Prussian troops and a Bavarian battalion, in which 209 men of the latter were captured. Soon after the Prussian commander was notified of the truce concluded between Prussia and Bavaria, and hostilities ceased. Besides the Prussian armies already mentioned two other bodies of troops had invaded Bavaria during the last days of the war. The 1st reserve army corps, under command of General von der Mülbe, had penetrated from Bohemia into the Upper Palatinate, and on the 29th another corps had been marched into Rhenish Bavaria. On August 1st a body of Prussian troops took possession of the cities of Heidelberg and Mannheim, in Baden.

The War in Italy during the Month of July. The Naval Battle at Lissa.-Immediately after the Emperor of Austria had offered to Louis Napoleon the cession of Venetia, the larger portion of the Austrian army in Venetia was withdrawn in order to be employed against the Prussians. Besides the garrison of the fortresses only the corps of Field-marshal Lieutenant Maroichich remained in Venetia, and a small body of regular troops, reënforced by provincial riflemen in the Tyrol, under the command of MajorGeneral Kuhn.

Thus the Italians met with but little resistance to their new advance into Venetia, which this time took place under command of General Cialdini. The government placed at first nine divisions under the immediate command of Cialdini. In the third week of July the num

ber of these divisions was increased to fourteen, which were divided into five army corps, namely: four army corps of the line (each of three divisions), under the command of Generals Cadorna, Pianelli, Brignone, and Petitti, and a reserve army corps under General de Sonnaz. Cialdini began his operations on July 5th, by concentrating a considerable artillery force before the works of Borgoforte, on the Po. After bombarding these forts for a few hours, he left the siege of Borgoforte to the Fourth division, under command of General Nunziante, and followed his other divisions which had marched down the Po. In the night from the 7th to the 8th of July three bridges were thrown across the Po, one for the left wing of the army at Carbonarola, one for the centre of the army at Sermide, and one for the right wing at Felonica. On the 8th seven divisions of Cialdini's army crossed the Po. The next movement was a march to the right for the occupation of the road leading from Ferrara over Rovigo to Padua. On this road new military bridges across the Po were constructed at Ponte Lagoscuro and Santa Maria. During the night from the 9th to the 10th of July the Austrians blew up their works at Rovigo and the railroad bridge over the Adige at Boara. On the next day Cialdini established his headquarters at Rovigo. Having thus secured the passage of the Adige, the Italians marched upon Padua, which was occupied on the 14th. To all these operations no resistance was offered by the Austrians.

The siege of Borgoforte by General Nunziante lasted from the 5th of July until the 17th. On that day the Austrian forts of Monteggiana, Rocchetta, and Bocca di Gauda were silenced; and the Austrian garrison left Borgoforte in the night and withdrew to Mantua. In occupying Borgoforte on the next day, the Italians found several magazines and more than 70 pieces of ordnance.

Cialdini, in the mean while, had united his divisions near Padua, and resumed his advance movement on July 19th. As Napoleon strongly urged the Italian Government to conclude a truce, it was of great importance to occupy previously as much territory as possible. Cialdini commanded about 70,000 men, and expected to have an additional reserve of 70,000 men. The Austrians had no more than 35,000 men at their disposal. One division of Cialdini was sent to Vicenza, which since July 15th had been occupied by a vanguard. All the other troops advanced to the northern bank of the Brenta. The right wing, under the provisional command of Cugia, marched upon Meytre, in order to invest Venice on the land side, and to cooperate with the fleet which lay off the Dalmatian island of Lissa, after the occupation of which it was to move against Venice. The centre of the army, under command of Cadorna, was to proceed through Treviso and along the main road to Isonzo River. The left wing was to invade the Southern Tyrol from the southeast. The reserve corps was to watch the line of the Adige.

The volunteer corps of Garibaldi had, in the mean while, been enlarged, and consisted about the middle of July of ten regiments or five brigades, and two battalions of bersaglieri; altogether it numbered about 12,000. It was to cooperate with the left wing of Cialdini by invading the southwestern part of the Tyrol. The main line of operation proceeded from Idro Lake along the Chiese River, from there to the valley of the Sarca River, and from there through Vezzano against Trent. Some detachments were to operate north of this line for purposes of observation and defence. The Austrians had strongly fortified all the passes of this mountainous region. The chief fortifications were Fort Lardaro (between the valleys of the Chiese and the Sarca) and the castle of Doblino, east of the Sarca River, on the main road to Trent. Only half a German mile from the Italian frontier, on the road from the Chiese to Riva (on the Garda Lake), were Fort Ampola and Fort S. Theodosio. After crossing the frontier on the 13th and 14th of July, Garibaldi established his headquarters at Storo. On the 19th he captured Fort Ampola. On the 20th his troops had engagements with a superior force of the Austrians at the chapel of Locca, at Bececca, and Santa Lucia. The volunteers lost 500 killed and wounded, and a considerable number of prisoners (about 1,000, according to Austrian accounts). The Austrians, however, derived no material advantage from the fighting, and had to fall back to their former position. All the other engagements were of little account. In the northern corner of Lombardy the Austrians made raids as far as Bormio, without gaining, however, any lasting advantage. Of the Garda Lake a small Austrian fleet kept during all this time undisputed control, as the Italian Government had altogether forgotten to make any preparation for the possession of this lake, which would have been of the greatest importance for the conquest of Southern Tyrol. At the time when the truce was declared, the troops of Garibaldi had advanced nowhere more than two German miles from the frontier.

The left wing of Cialdini's army, consisting of the division of General Medici, which was to invade Southeastern Tyrol, numbered about 10,000 men when it reached Bassano (July 21). The Austrians had no more than 700 men at the village of Primolano on the frontier, who, before the advancing columns of Medici, fell back toward Grigno. Having been reënforced and now numbering about 2,000 men, the Austrians tried to arrest the Italians on July 23d, at Borgo di Val Sugana, but they were defeated and pursued by the whole division of Medici to Levico, which place they had likewise to evacuate during the night. The last engagement took place on the 25th at Vigolo, a village south of the lake of Caldonazza, and about a German mile from the railroad leading from Trent to Verona. Then the proclamation of the truce put an end to hostilities.

The Italian fleet had remained inactive much VOL. VI.-24

longer than the government and public opinion expected. At length, when Cialdini advanced into Venetia, Persano had to yield to the pressure brought upon him. The first task assigned to him was the capture of the island of Lissa, belonging to the Austrian province of Dalmatia. Lissa lies about twenty miles south of the seaport town of Spalato. Between it and the continent are the islands of Lesina, Brazza, and Solta. By a submarine telegraph it is connected with Lesina and Spalato. The Austrians kept upon the islands stores of coal, provisions, ammunition, and other war material. The two chief ports of the islands, S. Giorgio and Comisa, were strongly fortified. The Italian fleet left Ancona July 16th, consisting at that time of 28 vessels, namely: 11 iron-clads, 4 screw frigates, 1 screw corvette, 2 wheel corvettes, 4 avisos, 4 gunboats, 1 hospital vessel, and 1 storeship. One aviso was sent to the promontory of Gargano, there to await several vessels which were expected from Tarento and Brindisi, especially the ram Affondatore, and to direct them to Lissa. On the 17th, in the evening, the fleet was rejoined by the chief of Persano's staff, who had visited Lissa in disguise on board a merchant vessel, for the purpose of obtaining trustworthy information of the enemy's works and the best places of landing. The attack upon Lissa began on the 18th. Counter-admiral Vacca bombarded the fortifications of the port of Comisa, and Vice-admiral Albini attempted to effect a landing at Porto Manego, but both soon saw that their efforts would be unsuccessful. Persano with the bulk of the ironclads had attacked the chief fort of San Giorgio and silenced the Austrian forts on the entrance of the port, save one battery. On the 19th, in the afternoon, the attack upon S. Giorgio was renewed, and an attempt made to effect a landing at Porto Carobert; but the operations were again unsuccessful. On the 20th, the Austrian fleet, under command of the Counter-admiral Tegethoff, arrived from Fasana for the purpose of raising the investment of Lissa. The Austrian fleet was divided into three divisions; the first consisting of seven iron-clads, under command of Tegethoff; the second, containing seven heavy wooden vessels, under command of Commodore Petz; the third, containing seven light wooden vessels. Inclusive of four avisos, the Austrian fleet numbered 25 vessels and 500 guns. Persano, in the mean while, had received reënforcements, and his fleet consisted of 34 vessels. Although he had reason to expect the arrival of the Austrian fleet on the 20th, Persano ordered a new attempt at landing to be made on the morning of this day by the wooden fleet, under command of Albini, at Porto Carobert, and again dispatched two iron-clads for the bombardment of the port of Comisa. Thus, when the approach of the iron-clads was signalled, only ten iron-clads out of the fleet of thirty-four vessels were ready for battle. They were formed into three groups: one, containing the Maria Pia, Varese, and Re di Portogalle

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(flag-ship), under command of Commodore Ribotty; the second, consisting of the S. Martino, Palestro, Affondatore, and Re d'Italia, the lastnamed of which carried the flag of Persano; the third, comprising the Ancona, Castelfidardo, and Principe di Carigno (flag-ship), under command of Vacca. When the three divisions had been formed into battle array, Persano left the Re d'Italia and went on board the Affondatore, which he withdrew behind the line, thus leaving only nine vessels opposed to the Austrians. The encounter of the two fleets began at about nine o'clock in the morning. The Austrian fleet were sailing from north to south in three lines of seven vessels each, the ironclads constituting the first lines. Of the three divisions of the Italian fleet, Vacca commanded the van, and Ribotty the rear. Tegethoff, noticing a gap between the divisions of Vacca and the centre division, dashed into this gap, and bore down with all his iron-clads and three wooden vessels upon the centre division of the Italian fleet, and in particular upon the Re d'Italia. This vessel made a most gallant resistance, but finally it was sunk. The Palestro (Captain Capellini), which hastened to the aid of the Re d'Italia, caught fire. Persano sent

two vessels to save the crew, but the captain refused to leave the vessel, and heroically perished with nearly all his men. The division of Vacca and that of Ribotty, having in the mean while sailed northward, passed the Austrian iron-clads, attacked the wooden vessels of the Austrians simultaneously from the east and the west, and seriously damaged the flag-ship Kaiser. But before greater injury could be inflicted upon this part of the Austrian fleet, the Austrian iron-clads returned to its aid after the destruction of the Re d'Italia and the Palestro. The battle still continued furiously for some time, but without the loss of any other vessel on either side. At about two o'clock the Italian fleet, now headed by the Affondatore, sailed westward, and as the Austrians did not follow, the battle came to an end. The Italians returned to Ancona, and the Austrians, on the next day, to Fasana. The loss of the Italians was about 900, all (with the exception of 8 killed and 40 wounded) belonging to the Re d'Italia and the Palestro. The Austrian loss was also considerable, the Kaiser alone having 22 killed and 82 wounded. The Austrian Government rewarded Tegethoff by immediate.y appointing him admiral. The Italians, both

official and unofficial reports, at first represented this battle as a great Italian victory; but soon the truth was found out, and a universal outcry of popular indignation demanded the punishment of Persano. The chief charges brought against him were the following: that, after all the enormous expenses made for the fleet, there was a want of artillery; that the attack was upon Lissa, but not upon Pola, which latter plan would have secured coöperation with the movements of the army against Istria; that, by leaving the Re d'Italia and going on board the Affondatore, he disturbed all the movements of the Italian fleet; that, although expecting the approach of the Austrians, he divided his fleet by ordering simultaneous attacks upon San Giorgio and Porto Comisa, and a new attempt at landing. Persano was tried first before a court-martial, and again before the Senate. The trial lasted until April 1867, when, in accordance with the finding of the court-martial, he was cashiered from the naval service on the ground of "incapacity and disobedience."

While the left army of Cialdini invaded Southeastern Tyrol, and Persano made the unfortunate movement against Lissa, the Austrians evacuated the whole of Venetia, with the exception of the fortresses. General Maroichisch fell back, in succession, behind the Piave, the Livenza, the Tagliamento, and finally behind the Isonzo. Only Palmanova remained in possession of the Austrians, having a garrison of 3,500 men. On the 26th Cialdini established his headquarters at Udine. Cugia, the commander of the right wing, made preparations for the bombardment of the forts near Chioggia and Venice; the whole of the reserve corps followed the main army into Venetia, and one part of it was to divert the attention of the garrisons of Verona and Legnano from other points. Only one engagement took place between the retreating Austrians and the advancing Italians (on the 26th, between Visco and Versa); soon after, on July 29th, an armistice was agreed upon. On the whole, the line of the Judrio was taken as the line of demarcation between the two armies; the road from Goritz to Palmanova remained to the Austrians.

Close of the War in Germany-Battle of Tobischau-The Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg. From the battle-field on Königgrätz the Austrian troops had on July 3d withdrawn to the left bank of the Elbe. On the next day Benedek with the main portion of his army began to retreat in forced marches to Olmütz, in Moravia. Only the 10th army corps and one cavalry division were sent through Brunn to Vienna, to unite with the troops expected from Italy within the fortifications of Florisdorf, near Vienna. The capture of Austrian dispatches revealed to the Prussians the new plan of Benedek, and accordingly the advance of the Prussian army was arranged as follows: in the centre, the First army corps, under Prince Frederick Charles, advanced over Chrudim and Neustadt upon Brunn. Upon the right wing

the Army of the Elbe, under General Herwarth von Bittenfeld, marched upon Iglau. Upon the left wing the Second army corps, under the crown prince, proceeded toward Olmütz, or rather south of it, upon Prossnitz. The Army of the Elbe reached Iglau without encountering any resistance; and without delay continued its march upon Znaym (only forty miles from Vienna), which was occupied by the vanguard on the 14th. The army of the crown prince, in its march upon Prossnitz, did not meet with any Austrians, but was considerably delayed by the bad condition of the roads. The vanguard reached Prossnitz on July 14th. On the same day it was resolved at the headquarters of the crown prince, in accordance with a proposition made by General von Blumenthal, one of the ablest officers of the Prussian army, to leave one army corps behind to watch the fortress of Olmütz, and to advance with the bulk of the army, in order to occupy the railroad from Prerau to Vienna, and thus to preserve the communication with the army of Prince Frederick Charles.

In the mean while the French emperor had continued his efforts for bringing about an armistice, and, in the night from the 12th to the 13th of July, a secretary of the French legation took from the Prussian to the Austrian headquarters the conditions under which the King of Prussia was willing to consent to an armistice of three days. The conditions were not accepted by Austria; some counter propositions made by Austria were, on the other hand, rejected by Prussia. A proclamation issued by the Archduke Albrecht, on assuming, on the 13th, the chief command, was again very warlike, and showed a determination on the part of Austria to make one more great effort to defeat the Prussians. At the same time General Benedek, then at Olmütz, was ordered to leave a strong garrison at Olmütz, and to lead the remainder of the army to Vienna. At this time Benedek had under his command about 100,000 men. Of these he left 25,000 at Olmütz; the remainder-75,000 -were to move in three army corps on the 15th, and secure a point on the railroad to Vienna south of the places held by the Prussians, in order to use the railroad for the further retreat upon Vienna. The brigade of General Rothkirch was ordered to seize Tobitschau, in order to cover the march of the main body of the army upon Prerau. On the same day, while the bulk of the Second army began its march southward, the reserve cavalry division of General von Hartmann was sent upon a reconnoissance to Prerau, and the 3d division of Prussian infantry, under General Malotki von Trzebiatowski, to support this movement, was ordered to seize Tobitschau and Trabeck. Thus a severe engagement was brought about at and near Tobitschau, which lasted until two o'clock in the afternoon, when the Prussians received large reënforcements, before which the Austrians fell back to Olmütz The Aus

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