troops will immediately withdraw beyond the frontiers previously established.

The government of his majesty the King of Italy assumes a portion of the debt appertaining to the territories ceded by the present treaty, and which is fixed at 35,000,000 of florins, Austrian convention currency, payable in eleven successive instalments within twenty months, in the manner and form established in the next additional article.

The Monte Lombardo-Venetian, with its assets of 3,500,000 florins, and its liabilities of 60,000,000 florins, passes entirely into the hands of the government of his majesty the King of Italy. The government of the King of Italy succeeds to the rights and engage. ments resulting from the contracts regularly entered into by the Austrian administration in the interest of the ceded territory.

The Austrian Government is bound to reimburse all the sums paid into the Austrian treasury as deposits of caution money by Lombardo-Venetian subjects, communes, public establishments, and religious corporations.

The Italian government will be bound in like manner with respect to sums paid by Austrian subjects and corporations into the Monte Lombardo-Venetian. The government of his majesty the King of Italy recognizes and confirms the railway concessions granted by the Austrian government in the ceded territory in all their stipulations and their periods of duration. From the day upon which the ratifications of the present treaty are exchanged, the Italian gov. ernment assumes all the rights and charges of the Austrian government in respect of the above-mentioned concessions on the railway lines in the ceded territory. Until new and ulterior arrangements are made, the total receipts of the two railway systems north and south of the Alps are admitted for the lines situated in the ceded territory, as the estimate of gross revenue upon which is based the estimate for the kilometri: guaranty of thirty miles.

A special convention between the contracting par. ties, with participation of the railway company interested, without reservation as to time, and leaving full liberty to all parties, will regulate the mode of separating the two railway systems north and south of the Alps.

Lombardo-Venetian subjects domiciled upon the ceded territory will enjoy, during one year, after previous declaration before the competent authority, full and entire liberty to export their movable property free of duty, and to withdraw with their families to the states of his Imperial Royal Apostolic Majesty, in which case they will preserve their Austrian citizenship. They will be at liberty to retain their landed property upon Lombardo-Venetian territory.

The same right will belong to natives of Venetia living in the other provinces of the Austrian empire. Those who avail themselves of these stipulations shall in no way be molested in their persons or their property situated in the respective states on account of their option.

The above period of one year is extended to two years in the case of subjects, natives of the ceded territory, who at the time of the ratification of the present treaty may live out of the territory of the Austrian monarchy. Natives of the ceded territory who are in the Austrian army will immediately be discharged from service and sent to their homes.

It is understood that those among them who declare their wish to remain in the imperial service will not on that account be molested either in their persons or property. The same guaranties are assured to the civil functionaries, natives of the ceded territery, who shall have manifested their intention of continuing in the offices which they hold in the Austrian service.

The regular civil and military pensions chargeable upon the Lombardo-Venetian treasuries remain payable to those entitled to them, and eventually to their

widows and children, and will be paid in future by the Italian government.

The archives containing titles to property, the ad. ministrative and judicial documents concerning the ceded territory, and the objects of art appertaining to the same existing among the archives of the Austrian empire, will be handed over to the commis. sioners of his majesty the King of Italy as soon as possible.

All the treaties and conventions previously concluded between his majesty the King of Italy and his majesty the Emperor of Austria will be confirmed in all that is not annulled by the present treaty. Nevertheless, the two contracting parties engage themselves to submit those treaties and conventions in the course of the year to a general revision, in order to introduce in the same by common accord those modifications which may be considered beneficial in the interest of the two countries. Navigation upon the Lake of Garda is free, subject to the particular regulations of the ports and the littoral police.

A convention to regulate the necessary measures for preventing and repressing contraband trade will be concluded between Austria and Italy within a year from the date upon which the ratifications of the present treaty are exchanged. Meanwhile, the convention concluded on the 22d of November, 1851, between Sardinia and Austria, will remain in force.

The Italian government raises the sequestration upon all the private property of the Italian ex-princes, without prejudice, however, to the rights of the state, and the right of the third portion over the property in question. In order to contribute in the best manner possible to the restoration of peace, his majesty the King of Italy and his majesty the Emperor of Austria declare and promise, both in their respective territories and in the restituted or ceded countries, that no person compromised during the late events in the Peninsula, to whatever class or condition belonging, shall be prosecuted, molested, or disturbed, either personally or in their property, on account of their conduct or their political opinions.

In accordance with the above treaty, a popular vote took place in Venetia in October on the question of annexation to Italy. The result showed a remarkable unanimity, 641,758 votes being cast in favor of, and only sixty-nine against annexation. On November 4th the king, surrounded by the princes, the ministers, the dignitaries of the state, and the president of the Chamber of Deputies, received the Venetian deputation, which communicated to his majesty the result of the plebiscitum. After the ceremony the national guard, the troops, and the various corporate bodies defiled before his majesty amid loud cheers from the assembled multitude. General Menabrea delivered a speech to the king on placing in his majesty's hands the iron crown of Lombardy, Upon receiving the result of the plebiscitum from the Venetian deputation, King Victor Emmanuel said: "This day is the proudest of my life. Eighteen years ago my father proclaimed from this city the war of independence, and to-day lar will in the Venetian provinces, which, united you bring to me the manifestations of the popuwith Italy, declare my father's wish to be accomplished. You confirm by this solemn act what Venetia did up to 1848, and has maintained up to the present day with admirable constancy and abnegation. I therefore pay a grateful tribute to those generous patriots who

upheld their faith in the destinies of the country by every kind of sacrifice, and by their blood. To-day foreign domination ceases forever. Italy is constituted if not accomplished. Italians must now defend and make her great. The iron crown is also restored to Italy, but to that crown I prefer the one, which is dearer to me, made by the love of my people."

On November 5th a royal decree was issued, declaring that the provinces of Venetia shall henceforth form an integral part of the kingdom of Italy. The government also appointed sixteen senators for Venetia, and ordered the election of deputies.

On December 15th the Italian Parliament was opened by the king, who delivered the following address from the throne:

SIGNORS SENATORS, SIGNORS DEPUTIES: Our country is henceforth free from all foreign domination. It is with profound joy that I declare this to the representatives of 25,000,000 Italians. The nation had faith in me, and I in them. This great event, by crowning our common efforts, gives a fresh impulse to the work of civilization, and renders more stable the political equilibrium of Europe. By her promptitude in military organization, and by the rapid union of her people, Italy has acquired the credit which was necessary to enable her to attain independence by herself; and with the aid of efficacious alliances, Italy has found encouragement and support in this laborious work in the sympathy of civilized governments and peoples, and has been further sustained and strengthened by the courageous perseverance of the Venetian provinces in the common enterprise of national emancipation. The treaty of peace with the empire of Austria, which will be laid before you, will be followed by negotiations which will facilitate exchanges of prisoners between the two states. The French Government, faithful to the obligations which it contracted by the September convention, has withdrawn its troops from Rome. On its side, the Italian Government, observant of its engagements, has respected, and will respect, the Pontifical territory. Our good understanding with the French emperor, to whom we are bound by friendship and gratitude, the moderation of the Romans, the wisdom of the Pontiff, and the religious sentiment and right feeling of the Italian people, will aid us to distinguish and conciliate the Catholic interests; and national aspirations, which are interwoven and contending with each other at Rome, attach to the religion of our ancestors, which is also that of the great majority of Italians. I nevertheless respect the principle of liberty, which breathes through our institutions, and which, broadly and sincerely applied, will remove the causes of the old differences between Church and State. This disposition on our part, by reassuring Catholic conscience, will accomplish, I hope, the wishes which I form, that the Sovereign Pontiff may remain independent at Rome. Italy is secure now that, besides the valor of her sons, which through all the changes of fortune has never belied itself either by land or sea, nor in the ranks of the army or the volunteers, she possesses, as the ramparts of her independence, the very bulwarks which served to oppress her. Italy can therefore, and now cught, to turn her efforts to increasing her prosperity. As Italians have shown admirable concord in the affirmation of their independence, so now let all devote themselves with intelligence, ardor, and indomitable constancy to the development of the economic resources of the peninsula. Several bills will be laid before you with this object. In the midst of the labors of peace, favored by a secure future, we shall not neglect, following the lessons of experience, to perfect our military or

ganization, in order that with the least possible outlay Italy may not be destitute of the forces necessary to maintain her in the place which belongs to her among great nations. The measures recently taken relative to the administration of the kingdom, and those which will be proposed to you, above all respecting the collection of the taxes and the accountability of the state, will contribute to ameliorate the management of public affairs. My government has provided in advance for the expenditure for the year about to open, and for extraordinary payments of every kind. They will ask of you the continuation in 1867 of the financial measures voted for 1866. The which will be laid before them to ameliorate the aslegislative bodies will also maturely discuss the bills sessment of the taxes, and to equalize them among the different provinces of the kingdom. If, as I am fully confident, the people of Italy will not fail in that activity which created the wealth and power of our ancestors, it will not be long before the public exchequer will reach its definitive equilibrium, Italy is now rendered to herself. Her responsibility is equal to the power she has acquired, and the full liberty she enjoys in the use of her strength. The great things we have done in a short space of time increase our obligation not to fail in our task, which is to know how to govern ourselves with the vigor required by the social condition of the kingdom and the liberality demanded by our institutions. Liberty in our political institutions, authority in the govern ment, activity in the citizens, and the empire of law upon all and over all, will carry Italy to the height of her destiny, and fulfil what the world expects from her.

One of the main questions to be solved by Parliament was the relation of the state to the church. The government was determined to propose a solution of all the pending difficulties by a complete separation between the church and state. Before the meeting of Parliament on October 22d, the prime minister, Ricasoli, addressed a circular to the prefects, permitting the return of all the bishops to their sees, excluding those residing in Rome. This circular was followed by another, dated November 15th, and likewise addressed to the prefects, in which he said: "The government believes it expedient to withdraw from this moment any reservation made in the first measure, by ordering that all the other bishops still absent from their sees, either from Rome or elsewhere, whatever may be their residence, shall be authorized to return to their respective dioceses. In communicating to your excellency the present resolution of the government, serving as the com plement of the measure explained in the circu Ĩar of the 22d October, the minister refers to the instructions already given in the circular, and it is onfident that the local authorities will accurately second all its intentions."

The views of the prime minister, concerning the relations between church and state, were still more fully developed in a letter to the exiled bishops living in Rome.

The bishops, who were exiled from their sees by decree of the Italian Government, and subsequently took up their residence at Rome, addressed a letter to Baron Ricasoli, after the issue of his circular of October 22d. The bishops were under the impression that the permission to return, announced in the ministerial circular,

did not apply to those ecclesiastics residing in Rome, and complained of this exclusion in their letter to the president of the council. The letter of Baron Ricasoli in reply bears date November 26th, and is as follows:

MONSIGNOR: I have only to-day received the letter which you have done me the honor to address to me from Rome, bearing date the 15th instant, on the subject of the recall of the bishops to their sees. This letter was doubly agreeable to me from the important reasons for which your lordships approve that measure, and in which I am happy to concur with you, and from the request that the permission to return to their dioceses conceded to the bishops by the circular of October 22d, should be also extended to the bishops residing at Rome, thus demonstrating your good-will and reverence toward the institutions and the laws under whose shadow you desire to live.

I rejoice that I anticipated your wishes in this matter, and interpreted your sentiments aright, by deciding on the same day as that on which your letter was dispatched, that the exception complained of should be removed. Of this I believe your lordships will already have had full and official cogni

zance.

The decision adopted by the government arises, as vour lordships state, from the desire that perfect liberty in the relations between church and state should pass from the abstract region of principle in which it had hitherto remained into the reality of fact.

The government, therefore, no less earnestly than your lordships, desires that Italy may very soon enjoy the magnificent and imposing religious spectacle now afforded to the free citizens of the United States of America by the national council of Baltimore, wherein religious doctrines are freely discussed, and whose decisions, approved by the Pope, will be proclaimed and executed in every town and village without exequatur or placiti.

I therefore beg your lordships to consider that it is liberty which has produced this admirable spectacle-liberty, professed and respected by all, in principle and in fact, in its amplest application to civil, political, and social life. In the United States every citizen is free to follow the persuasion that he may think best, and to worship the Divinity in the form that may seem to him most appropriate. Side by side with the Catholic church rises the Protestant temple, the Mussulman mosque, the Chinese pagoda. Side by side with the Romish clergy the Generan consistory and the Methodist assembly exchange their office. This state of things generates neither confusion nor clashing. And why is this? Because no religion asks either special protection or privileges from the state. Each lives, develops, and is followed under the protection of the common law; and the law, equally respected by all, guarantees to all an equal liberty.

The Italian Government wishes to demonstrate as far as possible that it has faith in liberty, and is desirous of applying it to the greatest extent compatible with the interests of public order.

It therefore calls upon the bishops to return to their sees whence they were removed by those very motives of public order. It makes no conditions save the one incumbent upon every citizen who desires to live peaceably-namely, that he should confine himself to his own duty, and observe the laws. The state will insure that he be neither disturbed nor hindered; but let him not demand privileges if he wishes no bonds. The principle of every free state that the law is equal for all admits of no distinction of any kind.

The government would be glad to cast off all suspicion, and abandon every precaution; and if it does not now wholly act up to this wish, it is because the

principle of liberty which it has adopted, and put into practice, is not equally adopted and practised by the clergy.

Let your lordships remark the difference between the condition of the church in America, and the condition of the church in Europe.

In those virgin regions the church is established amid a new society, but which carried with it from the mother country all the elements of civil life. Representing the purest and most sacred of the social elements, the religious feeling which sanctions right and sanctifies duty, and carries human aspira. tions far above all earthy things, the church has there sought only the empire pleasing to God-the empire of souls. Companion of liberty, the church has grown beneath its shelter, and has found all that sufficed for free development, and the tranquil and fecund exercise of its ministry. It has never sought to deny to others the liberty which it enjoyed, nor to turn to its exclusive advantage the institutions which protected it.

In Europe, on the other hand, the church arose with the decadence of the great empire that had subjugated the earth. It became constituted amid the political and social cataclysms of the barbarous ages, and was compelled to form an organization strong enough to resist the shipwreck of all civi lization amid the rising flood of brute force and violence.

But while the world, emerging from the chaos of the middle ages, reentered the path of progress marked out by God, the church impressed upon al! having any relation with it the immobility of the dogma intrusted to its guardianship. It viewed with suspicion the growth of intelligence and multiplication of social forces, and declared itself the enemy of all liberty, denying the first and most incontestable of all, the liberty of conscience.

Hence arose the conflict between the ecclesiastical and civil power, since the former represented subjection and immobility, and the latter liberty and progress.

The conflict, from peculiar circumstances, has greater proportions in Italy, because the church, thinking that a kingdom was necessary to the inde pendent exercise of its spiritual ministry, founded that kingdon in Italy. The ecclesiastical power, from the same reason, is here in contradiction, not only with the civil power, but national right.

From these causes originated the distrust and precaution described in my circular, which provoked your censure, but which were only dictated by necessity.

The bishops cannot be considered among us as simple pastors of souls, since they are, at the same time, the instruments and defenders of a power at variance with the national aspirations. The civil power is, therefore, constrained to impose those measures upon the bishops which are necessary to preserve its rights and those of the nation.

How is it possible to terminate this deplorable and perilous conflict between the two powers-between church and state?

Liberty can alone bring us to that happy state of things which your lordships consider so enviable in America. Let us "render unto Cæsar the thinks that are Cæsar's, and unto God the things that are God's," and peace between church and state will be troubled no more.

I desired to pay deference to these principles in removing the prohibition to the return of the bishops, and their residence in their sees. I believe that liberty is good in profession and practice, and, further, that it has the virtue of converting those who are called to enjoy its benefits.

I trust that your lordships, returning to your dioceses with the sincere sentiment of respect for the law expressed in your letter, among a people who wish to remain Catholic without relinquishing the rights and aspirations of the nation to which

On December 7th the following treaty was concluded between France and Italy, concerning the regulation of the Papal debt:

ART. 1. The proportional part belonging to Italy in the perpetual debt, and the redeemable one of the former States of the Church-to wit: For the Romagnas at the date of June 30, 1859, and for the Marches, Umbria, and Benevento at the date of September 30, 1860, the epochs of entrance into possession is recognized to amount, for the former to 7,892,985f., and for the latter to 7,337,160f., or together to 15,230,145f.

ART. 2. A sum of 1,468,617f. being already paid annually by the Italian Government to the holders of the stock of the perpetual debt of the said provinces, the new charge falling upon Italy, in virtue of the present convention, on account of the two species indicated in the preceding article is, and remains fixed at, the sum of 13,761,527f.

ART. 3. Italy takes, besides, to her charge the reimbursement of the interest due, calculated from the epochs before indicated, up to the 31st of December. The payment of these sums shall be effected in the following manner: The last three half-years, or 20,642,291f., shall be paid in specie on the 15th of

JAFFA, AMERICAN COLONY AT. (See MESSIAH, CHURCH OF.)

JAPAN, an empire in Eastern Asia. The name of the Mikado or Spiritual Emperor, who resides at Miaco, in the principality of Kioto, is only known by the Imperial princes. The residence of the Tycoon, or Temporal Regent, is Yeddo. The population is estimated at from 35 to 40 millions of inhabitants.

The Tycoon, Mina Motto, died at Osaca in September, of a disease resembling dropsy, unknown in Europe, but to which Japanese are liable, and which they call kake. His death was announced to the country by the following

official notification:

Kubosama having fallen sick, and the remedies used having failed of success, he departed this life at Osaka, on the 29th of August, at six o'clock in the morning. All building, and use of musical instruments are therefore to be intromitted. Shotsubashi Chiunagon, who had previously been appointed heir, is from the 29th of August styled Uyesama. This decree having been issued, you will take note thereof, and communicate it to all householders without exception. Given at the Government office, Tobe. In consequence of the intromission thus decreed, the war gates will be shut from six o'clock in the evening, and the side gates will be left open for passengers. The manushi and landlords will patrol day and night. In unoccupied lands, and where there exist no war gates, such are to be provided at once. In all the streets the shop curtains are to be taken down, the shutters on the left and right side to be let down, and perfect order to be kept. In the lands held of the Government, water-buckets, numbers corresponding to the length of frontage, are to be placed before the houses. Bath-houses, medical and ordinary, buckwheat shops, and other places where business requiing large fires is carried on, must close at six o'clock

ART. 5. In what concerns the life debt of the former States of the Church, the Italian Government will pay all the pensions regularly settled at the periods of the annexations to the holders belonging to the former Pontifical provinces, and residing in the kingdom of Italy.

ART. 6. The demands for reimbursement which Italy may have to make on the Holy See are reserved, as are reciprocally the claims which the Pontifical Government may have to address to Italy. ART. 7. The Government of the Emperor of the French will produce, in the shortest delay possible, all the documents that will be necessary for the transfer to the Great Book of the Italian Debt of the inscriptions of the various kinds of Rente of which the Holy See is discharged in virtue of the present convention.

ART. 8. The present convention shall be ratified, and the necessary papers exchanged, within a delay of a week, or sooner if possible.

in the evening. Fights, quarrels, and other noisy proceedings must be carefully avoided. The above orders having been issued, you are requested to affix your seal in acknowledgment and return the circular after it has gone the round.

Mina Motto was followed in the Tycoonate by Stots-bashi, the son of Prince Nuto, and the head of the Gorogio (Council of State). The new Tycoon, or, as the title now stands, Shoogoon, was well spoken of as a man of great ablest among those families whose members are energy, imbued with liberal views, and the eligible to the Tycoonate. It was reported that amount of intelligence and earnestness seldom he devoted his time to public business with an if ever exhibited by rulers of Japan. He was to appear at the close of the year before a meeting of the great Damios having territorial rights of their own, and define his proposed policy to them. As he was in favor of faithfully carrying out the stipulations of the treaties with foreign powers, great benefits were expected to be deived from the meeting, and it was thought some definite course of action would be determined upon.

The new Tycoon applied to France for instructors in the reorganization of his army. The French Government agreed to his request, and, by the care of the Minister of War, a military mission was formed, which was directed to proceed to Japan. It is composed of five officers and ten non-commissioned officers, and is placed under the direction of Captain Chanoine, of the staff, who distinguished himself in the Chinese campaign. The other officers are M. Brunet, first lieutenant of artillery in the