The Baptist mission in Sweden, which had hitherto been under the care of the American Baptist Publication Society, was, on March 1, 1866, transferred to the American Baptist Missionary Union. The churches in Sweden continue to make rapid progress, and at the close of the year 1865 there were 176 churches, with 6,606 communicants in nine associations.

VIII. ASIA.-In the Asiatic divisions of the American Baptist Missionary Union, there were, in 1865, fifteen stations where American missionaries reside, and about 400 out-stations. Of American missionaries connected with the Asiatic missions, there were 84: 41 males and 43 females. Of native preachers and assistants in these missions there were not far from 500, fifty of them being ordained ministers.

BAVARIA, a kingdom in South Germany. King Ludwig II., born August 25, 1845, succeeded his father, Maximilian II., on March 10, 1864. At the outbreak of the German-Italian war, Bavaria had an area of 28,435 square miles and 4,774,464 inhabitants. By the treaty of peace, concluded with Prussia, Bavaria ceded to Prussia 211 square miles and 32,470 inhabitants. The capital, Munich, had, in 1864, 167,054 inhabitants. The army, in time of peace, numbers 73,158 men; in time of war, 96,515; the reserve consists of 124,721 men. In the complications arising between Austria and Prussia early in 1866, the Bavarian Government endeavored to bring about a reconciliation between the two powers. When these endeavors failed, Bavaria, with most of the middle states, took side with Austria. It began to arm on April 2d, and on June 14th, plenipotentiaries of Bavaria and Austria signed the convention of Olmutz, regulating the force and the movement of the Bavarian troops in the impending war, the chief command of the contingents of South Germany, and the re

lations of Austria and Bavaria to each other. (See GERMAN-ITALIAN WAR.) Bavaria concluded peace with Prussia on August 22d. Bavaria is one of the states of Germany not included in the North-German Confederation, but were left at liberty to form a South-German Confederation. BEAUMONT, DE LA BONNIÈRE, GusTAVE AUGUSTE DE, a French publicist, born February 6, 1802, in the Department of Sarthe; died in Paris, February 22, 1866. He was educated for the law, and was made procuratorsubstitute in the superior tribunal of the Seine, but lost this office after the July revolution. In 1831 he was commissioned, with Alexis de Tocqueville, to visit the United States, in order to study the penitentiary system established here; and the result of their investigations was a report, which has become a standard work on the subject, Du Système Pénitentiaire aux Etats-Unis. Upon the return of M. Beaumont to Paris, he received a place under Government, but was soon deposed, as he refused to conduct the prosecution in the scandalous process against the Baroness de Feuchères. In 1840 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Department of Sarthe, and distinguished himself as a member of the so-called dynastic opposition, favoring electoral reform in 1847. Subsequently he was appointed by General Cavaig. nac ambassador to England. After the Revolution of 1848 he was returned as a member of the Legislative Assembly, and here maintained the character of a sincere republican. In 1851 he was arrested and imprisoned for some time in the fortress of Mont Valérien, and on regaining his liberty, retired to his patrimonial estate, where he afterward resided. Besides his impor-. tant work above mentioned, he was the author of Marie, ou l'Esclavage aux États-Unis (2 vols., 1835), and L'Irlande, Sociale, Politique, et Réligieuse (2 vols., 1839). M. de Beaumont was a grandson of General Lafayette.

BECK, CHARLES, Ph. D., LL. D., formerly professor of the Latin language and literature in Harvard University, born at Heidelberg, Baden, Germany, August 19, 1798; died at Cambridge, Mass., March 19, 1866. His father, a merchant of Heidelberg, died while the subject of this sketch was still young, and his mother was subsequently married to Dr. De Wette, the eminent theologian, then professor in the University of Heidelberg, and afterward in the University of Berlin. Young Beck was educated at the latter institution, where he became an accomplished classical scholar, and entering upon the study of theology, was ordained in his native city, July, 1822, and the following year received the degree of doctor of philosophy and master of arts from the University of Tübingen. After completing his theological studies he was employed for some time as tutor at the University of Basle, Switzerland; but his republican sentiments, which in his own country had subjected him to false accusations of conspiracy against its monarchical institutions, rendering his liberty even here in danger, he was com

pelled to seek refuge in the United States, and accordingly arrived in New York in December, 1824. Soon after he became connected, as teacher, with the Round Hill School at Northampton, Mass., until in 1830, he, in connection with two other able teachers, established a school at Phillipstown, on the Hudson, opposite West Point. In 1832 Prof. Beck was elected to the chair of Latin language and literature at Cambridge-an office which he held with entire acceptance for eighteen years-discharging its duties with unvarying fidelity, and a zeal and dignity which won the love and respect of all with whom he came in contact. Upon his retirement from the professorship he devoted himself to literary pursuits and classical studies, some of the fruits of which appeared in a work of great research, published three years since, entitled "The Manuscripts of the Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter, described and collated." In 1843 Dr. Beck was chosen a member of the American Oriental Society; in 1845 of the American Academy of Sciences, and in 1865 received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard University. He was also for two years a Representative of Cambridge in the State Legislature, and did good service in other offices of a more private character in the town and neighborhood. He was a man of large views and high public spirit, and though, more than most men, delighting in the leisure for literary pursuits, he was ready for any sacrifice which might accrue to the benefit of the city, State, or Republic he had adopted as his own. He was specially interested in the charities created by the war, the Soldiers' Fund, the Sanitary Commission, and the agencies for the care and education of the Freedmen, in whom he felt not only the common interest of humanity, but that of an American patriot.

BELGIUM, a kingdom in Europe. King Leopold II., born April 9, 1835, succeeded his father, Leopold I., on December 10, 1865. Heir apparent, Prince Leopold, born February 18, 1858. Area, 11,313 English square miles; population, according to census of 1864, 4,940,570.

The budget of 1866 (which has been voted by the Chambers) fixes the receipts at 164,043,290 francs, and the expenditures at 158,579,256 francs. Public debt on May 1, 1866, 676,749,514 francs. The Belgian army, according to the latest statement, consisted of 86,272 men. The imports in 1864, amounted to 688,878,000 francs; the exportations to 596,893,000 francs. The movement of shipping during 1863 was as follows: Arrivals, 4,130 vessels, with 794,596 tons, of which there were 863 Belgian vessels, with 87,358 tons; clearances, 4,116 vessels, with 779,223 tons. The merchant navy, on December 31, 1864, consisted of 107 vessels, together of 34,977 tons.

In March an Electoral Reform Bill was adopted by both Houses of the Legislature, which augments the number of representatives by eight, namely, two for Brussels, and one each for Antwerp, Louvain, Charleroy, Phillippeville,

Liege, and Alost; and the number of senators by four, namely, one each for Brussels, Luxembourg, Mons, and Ghent. The state elections held in June, resulted favorably to the Liberal party, increasing the ministerial majority in the Senate, which was previously eight, to twelve, and in the House of Representatives, where it was before the elections twelve, to eighteen. The new Chambers were opened on November 13th, by the king in person. The king announced that Belgium's relations with foreign powers were of a most friendly character, and said: "In the midst of the great events which have disturbed a great part of Europe, Belgium has remained calm and confident, deeply impressed with the rights and duties of neutrality. This neutrality she will continue to preserve in the future as she has done in the past, with sincerity, loyalty, and strength." The king then announced that several bills would be laid before the Chambers in reference to the abolition of imprisonment for debt, the amendment of the laws on detention of prisoners whilst under accusation, the extradition laws, the removal of the restrictions on the gold and silver manufacture of articles. The king also announced the conclusion of a treaty of amity with Japan. In reference to the recent rifle meeting at Brussels, he said: "The Tir National has furnished the Belgian militia with an opportunity of fraternizing with the militia of neighboring countries. Belgium will be happy to see renewed on her soil those peaceful contests, in which are engendered relations of mutual friendship and esteem, which the future can but extend and fortify." The king concluded his speech as follows: "To accomplish the tasks of Government I need the loyal concurrence of the Chambers. May all hearts at the commencement of this new reign remain united in love of our country and its institutions!"

On February 25th the Count of Flanders, brother of the king, received from the Legislature of Roumania (the Danubian Principalities) an offer of the crown of that country. The Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs on the same day officially announced to all the Belgian legations and the consulate of Bucharest that the prince definitively refused this offer. In the latter months of the year, a difficulty arose with Holland, with regard to the question of the Scheldt dues. M. Rogier, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, stated in the Senate, on December 22d, that if Holland refused to recognize the rights of Belgium, the Government would refer the question to the guaranteeing powers.

BLUNT, EDMUND, an eminent hydrographer assistant surveyor of the U. S. Coast Survey; born in Newburyport, Mass., November, 1799; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., September 2, 1866. He was a son of Edmund M. Blunt, author of the "American Coast Pilot." In early life he manifested a decided taste for practical mathematics, and, when scarcely seventeen, made the first ac

curate survey of the harbor of New York. In 1819 and the year following, he made the first survey of the Bahama Banks, and the shoals of George and Nantucket, and in 1824 surveyed the entrance of New York harbor from Barnegat to Fire Island. In 1825 and 1826 he ran the line of levels from the river San Juan to the Pacific Ocean, for the purpose of building a canal on the Nicaragua route. From 1827 to 1830, as a private enterprise, he surveyed Long Island Sound from New York to Montauk Point, the Government up to that period having taken no steps toward developing a knowledge of the coast of the United States. On the organization of the United States Coast Survey in 1832, he was appointed assistant, holding that position up to the time of his death. In 1855 and 1856 he furnished the points to determine the exterior line of New York harbor. While on the Coast Survey, his attention was directed to the inferiority of the lights in the American light-houses, and he was the proposer and advocate of the introduction of Fresnel's system of signal-lights, which has since contributed so largely to render our light-house system the best in the world. He was also a mechanic of great inventive genius, as is evinced by the dividing-engine, built from his plan and under his direction.

BOLIVIA, a republic in South America. Provisional President, Mariano Melgarejo (since December, 1864). The frontiers of the republic not being yet regulated, the area is differently estimated from 22,500 to 39,638 geographical square miles. The population was, in 1858, estimated by J. Ondarza, a Bolivian geographer, at 1,742,352, exclusive of 245,000 savage Indians; making a total of 1,987,352. The army consists of about 2,000 men, besides the national guard. The receipts of the republic amounted, in 1864, to 2,471,000 piastres, and the expenditures to 2,435,000. The civil war, which disturbed Bolivia throughout the year 1865, was brought to a close by the decisive victory of President Melgarejo over his opponents at Viacha, near La Paz, in January, 1866. Bolivia joined the alliance of Chili and Peru against Spain, and, like her allies, expelled all the Spanish residents from her territory. When the secret triple alliance concluded, in 1865, between Brazil, the Argentine Republic, and Uruguay became known, Bolivia deemed it her right to enter an energetic protest, as the treaty assigned to both the Argentine Republic and Brazil a piece of territory which has always been claimed by Bolivia. The following are the most important portions of this protest:

OFFICE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS (Bolivia),
LAJA, July 6, 1866.

SENOR: * * It appears strange to the Bolivian Government that the high allied powers, in settling the basis as to what extent of territory they are to take from the republic of Paraguay, their common enemy, should comprise therein a large portion of Bolivia, as they actually do in the sixteenth article of said treaty, which assigns to the Argentine Confederation that vast extent of country embraced on the west bank of the Paraguay, in what is known as

the Gran Chaco, all of which is exclusively and unquestionably Bolivian by right. At the same time they recognize in a manner most offensive to the nation and Government of Bolivia a right in favor of Brazil to the possession of that strip of country comprised between the Bahia Negra and the river Jaurú, on the right bank of the aforesaid Paraguay River.

*

*

*

*

The Government of Bolivia, owing to its bounden duty to maintain and defend the dignity and integrity of the nation, cannot pass unnoticed an act of such great and such weighty consequences as this unheardof violation of the public law of nations. But it can-' treaty could have wished to present to the whole not be persuaded that the governments making this civilized world so scandalous an example as is given in these articles which sanction as just the use of force as well as usurpation.

its belief that said treaty may have a false and spuThe Government of Bolivia unhesitatingly asserts rious origin. Under this supposition his excellency the Provisional President of the republic, who is anxious to have official information concerning the falsity or authenticity of the said treaty, has ordered that I should address your excellency on the subject; and I hope that this request will be received as a new proof of the uninterrupted good relations that unite both governments. I take occasion, etc., JOSÉ RAYMONDO TABORGA. To Señor JosÉ ANTONIO SARAIVA, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Empire of Brazil.

Bolivia maintains that her eastern limits reach to the Paraguay River, and run from the mouth of the Jaurú, through the centre of the main channel of the Paraguay in the dry season, following its course through the swamps de los Jarayes, far to the southward of the Bahia Negra (Black Lake, or Lake Negro, as our atlases call it). From the mouth of the Jaurú, the line runs directly northwest until it meets the waters of the Guaporé at a point opposite the mouth of the Sararé.

The long dispute with Chili concerning the southwestern frontier which, for twenty-three years, had threatened the peace between these republics, was settled, in 1866, by a treaty. During the past few years the conflict had assumed a very threatening aspect. Some Frenchmen had discovered that the land was rich with guano, and desired to work it; but in the disputed state of the title they could not get possession with any certainty of being able to work it long enough to realize a fair return. They, therefore, offered to lend to Bolivia three millions of dollars for the right, and furnish arms, etc., the money thus loaned to be expended in purchasing ships for the defence of the coast of Mejillones. General Santa Cruz, an enemy of Chili, was at that time Bolivia's representative at Paris, and he agreed to the transaction. The deposits were to be worked on the joint account of the French firm and Bolivia. Thus matters stood when the war with Spain broke out. Bolivia concluded to join the alliance of Chili, Peru, and Ecuador against Spain. A result of this alliance was that a treaty has been drawn up between the two countries, by which the boundary line is definitely settled at 24° south, thus dividing the disputed territory and the deposits at the same time. The French firm, Arnaud by name, agreed to advance >

loan to each of the republics of $3,000,000, making $6,000,000, for the privilege of working the deposits under a triple partnership, viz.: Chili, Bolivia, and the French firm, each taking a fair share of the profits. By this course of action a war was prevented between the two nations; a large loan was given to each; unity of feeling was engendered, and the danger of foreign interference prevented.

BONE-BLACK, REVIVIFICATION OF. Mr. H. Medlock, treating of this subject in a brief but very satisfactory article in the Chemical News, of February 17, 1865, notes the fact that the principal source of expense in a sugar refinery (see SUGAR, MANUFACTURE OF, etc.) is that of the animal charcoal; so that, to the refiner commencing with new black [some loss continually being of course involved, still] it is a great desideratum to have the means of keeping the bulk of the material in a condition of unimpaired decolorizing power.

In bone, the phosphate of lime forms a structure showing innumerable and almost microscopic cells; while the gelatine enters these, and binds the whole also into one mass. Of the whole, the gelatine constitutes about .310, the phosphate of lime .631, and the other salts .059 parts. In charring (distilling) the bone, the gelatine is decomposed, giving off volatile matters, leaving the bone finely porous, and each cell and pore lined with particles of minutelydivided carbon. Although the specific physical or chemical principle involved in the decolorizing and purifying of syrups and like liquids by bone-black is not yet clearly understood, it is, at least, known that the admirable fitness of the black for the refiner's use is to be explained by the fact of its detaining and withdrawing from the syrups, up to the point at which its capacity in this respect becomes saturated, both the materials which impart color, odor, or fermenting tendency, and also various metallic oxides and salts which such liquids contain.

When, from such absorption, the purifying capacity becomes saturated, and lost, the cause is commonly assumed to be that the carbon particles have become coated over with the albuminous and other gummy matters of the solution, and the porosity of the black thus impaired, Mr. Medlock admits this to be one cause; but, as has recently been urged by Leplay and others, he, too, regards as the principal cause the accumulation in the pores of lime (and of course its carbonate also) from the sugar solution. This view is supported by the facts that the mere repeated reburning of the bone-black, although this must remove all organic matters the latter has retained, does not completely restore its purifying power; and that, under such treatment alone, any bone-black eventually becomes worthless. Coren winder, an eminent German chemist, has stated as axiomatic the principle that, "The decolorizing power of charcoal in sugar-refining is correlative to its power of absorbing lime." And it has been calculated that the lime-the remains of that used in treating

the cane-juice already in the raw sugars refined in England, amounts to from 7 to 10 lbs. to the ton.

The modes that may separately be resorted to for restoring the power of bone-black, are those of-1, washing it with hot water; 2, charging with water and leaving several daya to ferment; 3, washing with very dilute chlorhydric acid; 4, exposing to the slow action of air and moisture; 5, reburning, that is, heating in closed retorts, to redness. Commonly two of these modes are combined, as, by washing with water and then reburning; or, fermenting, drawing off the liquid, and then replacing it with fresh, acidulated with toper cent. of chlorhydric acid. This, and a little acetic acid formed during fermentation, dissolve out some of the retained lime; but they also attack the lime-salts of the bone, rendering the latter friable and causing waste.

Ure (Supplement) describes four modes of reburning bone-black; namely, 1, the common method of burning in iron pipes, in which, however, the black is liable to be unequally acted on, and the pipes to be destroyed by corrosion; 2, that of Parker, improved by Chantrell, of burning in fire-clay chambers, not liable to be corroded, and which is now coming into more general use; 3, Mr. Torr's method of burning in rotating cylinders; and, 4, that of MM. Laurens and Thomas, of reburning in a proper apparatus by superheated steam. The latter two, though expensive, both give excellent results. The authority just quoted also remarks: "To reburn charcoal, the best methods are those which most rapidly remove the water, raise the temperature of each grain of charcoal to a uniform temperature (sic) of 700° F., and which admit of its being readily cooled without contact with the air."

Some years since it was a quite general practice to use the same black (wastage excepted) for a period of six months, more or less, returning every day the portions used on the preceding, or, as often as the decolorizing power failed. At the end of such period, the charcoal was laid aside as no longer available; and latterly, it has then commonly been employed for the making of "superphosphate of lime," for fertilizing. The plan now resorted to by many refiners, is that of washing the black, as it comes from the filters, with water, then reburning, sifting out occasionally such fine dust as will to some extent necessarily result, and as the water may not have removed, and then returning again into the filters; varying this course, however, as often as may be judged necessary, with a view to freeing the black more effectually of lime, by removing the contents of the filters after use directly into "fermentation tanks," adding water acidulated with a little (about onehalf of one per cent.) chlorhydric acid, and allowing to ferment for seven days; then drawing out and washing, in order to remove the chloride of calcium which has resulted from action of the acid on the absorbed lime; when, finally

the coal is reburned as before, and returned to the filters. Such a method being properly carried out, there is no necessity of throwing aside the charcoal after a stated period; but its use is continued until, being gradually removed in form of fine waste, it must be replaced by

new.

Leplay and Cuisinier's Process, with Steam, and Alkaline and Acid Solutions.-The authors named presented before the Academy of Sciences, Paris, on the 10th of February, 1862, a new theory of, and process for, the revivification of bone-black. They had found that the common supposition, to the effect that the black loses and again has restored within it, at the same time, its absorptive powers for all the different sorts of impurities, is erroneous; that such powers are not simultaneously exhausted; that, when exhausted, they can be revived in succession, and require different means; and that, in the process of reviving, the total absorbing power of the black can be increased.

Thus, the authors state that the absorption for the viscid, azotized, ammoniacal, sapid, and odorous matters in a saccharine solution is exhausted in about four hours' time [referring evidently to the case of beet juice and syrups, in which such matters abound], and is to be restored by passing a blast of steam through the charcoal in the filter, as may be done an indefinite number of times; that the absorption for free alkalies, lime, and salts, is exhausted in from 24 to 32 hours, and is to be restored by pouring on the charcoal in the filter a weak solution of chlorhydric acid, and afterward washing thoroughly with water; that, if the black were not sooner revivified, the absorption for coloring matters would be lost in a period from 30 to 40 times as long as the first-a power, to aid in restoring which, a weak boiling solution of a caustic alkali [or of its carbonate, as of soda] is to be applied. All the operations indicated can be performed on the charcoal directly as it stands in the filters; or, if it be removed from them, in similar receptacles. Finding, moreover, that the bibasic phosphate of lime (2 CaO, HO. POs), while it is mainly insoluble in water, possesses a much higher absorbing power for the impurities in syrups than does the tribasic phosphate (3 CaO. POs) naturally present in the bone, the authors complete their process by pouring upon the charcoal in the filters a dilute solution of the monobasic phosphate of the same base (CaO, 2HO. PO, known also as the "biphosphate "): by reaction of the two salts thus commingled, some bibasic phosphate results in the coal; and, though the addition may in part have in view the restoring of absorbent power lost through the previous action of chlorhydric acid on the bone, yet it is stated that, as the actual result, the decolorizing and purifying powers of the latter are made even greater than when it was fresh, and than after any mode of merely reburning.

MM. Leplay and Cuisinier have also employed the tribasic phosphate of lime for pre

cipitating the matters rendering syrups, etc., turbid, and that more completely than is effected with blood. The specifications for their United States patent (of the year already named) cover the use, separately or in succession as may be required, of steam, of solution of carbonate of soda, of dilute chlorhydric acid, and of the monobasic phosphate of lime; clarification with phosphates; and the collecting of the ammoni acal gases expelled from bone-black during revivification, thus incidentally also obviating their escape into the atmosphere.

Prof. Calvert's statement of the practical application of this method is briefly as follows: After escape of all the syrup from the filters, the black is washed through in them with hot water, and the viscid, ammoniacal, saline, and coloring matters are then removed, and some of them in successive parts, by-1, throwing in steam from below; 2, washing through with alkali, in a weak solution; 3, washing with a weak solution of chlorhydric acid, to dissolve out lime; 4, completing the removal of coloring matters, by washing again with alkali; and 5, adding solution of biphosphate of lime, to increase the absorbent powers of the coal. So far as objection has been raised against this process on the ground that its application is tedious, the same objection would appear more or less to hold against all revivifying processes which are in the highest degree effectual. And whether the process itself prove practicable or not, yet the highly original results at which the authors named have arrived will still possess much theoretical value. Their influence, indeed, appears to be already shown in the character of the more recently devised processes, as in that of Mr. Beanes, who would seem to have used, and in some respects improved on, certain of the ideas of MM. Leplay and Cuisinier.

The

Beanes's Process with Chlorhydric Acid Gas.— The statements of Mr. Medlock, already cited because of their general application, were made in connection with his account of the revivifying process of Mr. Edward Beanes, of Kilburn, England, now to be considered. object aimed at by the latter was that of devising a plan by which the absorbed lime and carbonate of lime may be removed from the contents of the filters, without attacking the lime-salt of the bone.

In Mr. Beanes's original process, the boneblack, removed from the cylinders, dried and rendered quite hot, is then treated by throwing through the mass a current of perfectly dry chlorhydric acid gas: this is apparently absorbed, and in enormous quantities, reacting in reality with the previously absorbed lime in the black to form chloride of calcium, which is highly soluble; while, as stated, the phosphate of the bone is not attacked. Subsequently, a portion of untreated black is mixed with that so purified, the former serving to neutralize any still uncombined acid; and, the chloride of calcium being washed out, as is done in a few