hours' time, the charcoal is then reburned in the usual way. Mr. Medlock states that the decolorizing power of bone-black so treated is augmented at least 50 per cent.

The patent in this country of Mr. Beanes's process is held by the firm of Havemeyer and Elder, of Brooklyn (E. D.), New York, Mr. T. A. Havemeyer of that firm having, and partly in communication with the original inventor, introduced considerable improvements in the process as above described. The following is substantially the improved method of treatment of the bone-black now practised in the refinery of the firm named. The coal having been washed through with hot water in the filters, is then, in order to remove, or at least to render soluble, a portion of the viscid and other matters with which the grains have become coated, transferred to large tanks partly filled with water, and within which steam is thrown upward through the mass, for about an hour. Removed from these tanks, the black is then passed through the ordinary inclined cylindrical washing-machines, to wash out the matters thus far rendered soluble, and also the fine dust; the latter being caught, in the usual manner, by means of a succession of partitions forming pits in the channel in which the washings are conveyed away. From the washingmachines the black is transferred to a second set of tanks, and again steamed through, in order to dry it; and it is then burned in retorts of the ordinary form, and partly cooled. While yet quite hot, however, the black is elevated again to an upper floor, and is filled into large cylindrical iron tanks which terminate below in form of an inverted cone, and within which it is to be saturated with the chlorhydric acid gas.

The gas named is generated beneath, within a suitable cast-iron retort, by action of sulphuric acid on common salt; and in order, as is requisite, to render it perfectly dry, it is then passed through a large cylindrical "drier" filled with broken masses of chloride of calcium -a substance the avidity of which for moisture is well known. From the drier the gas is passed into the inverted-conical saturating tanks, and in each, by extending the tube far enough down, nearly to the lower or small extremity of the cone. Being at the proper time allowed to escape at this point into the hot and dry coal with which the tank has been filled, the gas rapidly spreads through and is absorbed by the coal; and when, upon trial or from experience, the portion of the coal occupying the lower part of the cone is judged to have its absorbed lime completely saturated with the chlorine of the chlorhydric acid, the mouth of the tank is opened, this portion of the coal being allowed to flow out, while a fresh portion of course descends to take the place of the former, and to receive in turn the charge of gas entering. The absorbed lime of the boneblack being thus converted into chloride of calcium, the black is then again elevated and filled

into iron cylinders, within which the chloride is to be leached out with hot water. In effecting this, steam is at first, in order to expel free chlorhydric gas and air, introduced into the filled cylinders from above, and the washer then filled with hot water, which, after a time, is allowed to run out; and these operations are several times repeated alternately, until a test of the water escaping shows that no chlo ride of calcium remains; after which the black is finally steamed, to expel water. The boneblack is removed from these cylinders directly to the filters, and employing anew in filtering. Besides advantages such as have been already intimated, it is claimed that the application of the general process now described necessitates less space for apparatus and materials, and involves less waste than the ordinary process by fermentation.

Disposition of Refuse Bone-black.-The turning-over of the charcoal, in the old methods, when its power is no longer restored by reburning, for the manufacture of the so-called superphosphate of lime, has already been mentioned. Where the charcoal is not thus laid aside in bulk, the manufacture is still carried on by use of the dust screened out after reburning. The refuse charcoal is mixed with sulphuric acid-this being in some cases also, in this country at least, the refuse from the refining of petroleum-in order, from the tribasic phosphate to produce the more highly phos phorated lime-salt, which is valued as a fertilizer. Thus, the spent charcoal from the cane-sugar refining in this country, and perhaps generally, is rarely if ever directly sought as fertilizing material. In the beet-sugar manufactories of continental Europe, however, owing to the naturally great impurity of beet-juice and syrups, and the general use of blood in refining, the charcoal becomes rapidly and so completely charged with organic matters and salts, that its value as a fertilizer may even exceed the original cost. Accordingly, from the manufactories in France it has, heretofore at least, been delivered in large quantities, being then exported to the amount, it is stated, of 120,000 tons annually, to the French colonies, as manure for the sugar crops; while, further, the Government has even appointed analytical chemists to the special duty of determining the value of the refuse charcoal for the trade.

BOURBON, Marie Amélie de, ex-Queen of the French, widow of Louis Philippe, born in Naples, April 26, 1782, died at Claremont, Surrey, England, March 24, 1866. She was the second daughter of Ferdinand I., king of the Two Sicilies, by Marie Caroline, archduchess of Austria. With her four sisters she was carefully educated under the direction of Madame d'Ambrosio, and early displayed the germs of those amiable qualities which distinguished her in after-life. She was scarcely ten years of age when the French fleet appeared in the bay of Naples; and from that time onward, during the period of the first victories of Napoleon, the

royal family were kept in a perpetual state of anxiety and alarm. At length on the conquest of Naples, in 1798, Ferdinand and his queen fled into Sicily with their children. The Princess Marie Amélie remained at Palermo with her mother during the first Neapolitan revolution, but in 1800 the queen and her daughter went to Vienna, returning to Naples two years later. Renewed political outbreaks compelled them again to retire to Sicily, and it was during this second residence there that the princess, for the first time, met the Duke of Orleans, then, like herself, an exile from his country. In 1809 they were married at Palermo, where they resided in tranquillity and peace until 1814, when the restoration of the House of Bourbon restored the young duke to his due position in France. The duchess joined him in a few months, but the events of the Hundred Days soon compelled her to take refuge with her children in England until 1817, when she returned to Paris. From this period down to the Revolution her residence was in France, where her beauty of character and gentle piety won the esteem even of the enemies of the House of Orleans. Taking no part in political life, she devoted herself to the education of her children, and to works of charity. The Revolution of 1830 most unexpectedly placed her husband on the throne, and made her Queen of the French. Ere she had been many years in this exalted position she was called to bury, in 1839, an accomplished daughter, and in 1842 was suddenly bereaved of her eldest son, with whom perished the best security of the house of Orleans. A few years later (in 1848) she was called to strengthen and support her husband under his trials. When the king declared his determination to abdicate, she rebuked him with earnestness, pronouncing revolution a crime and abdication cowardice. "Sire," said she, "a king should never lose his crown without making an effort to defend it." Nevertheless, when she saw that resistance was of no avail, the queen subsided again into the wife, and she prepared to accompany her husband in his melancholy flight. Subsequently in the quiet seclusion of Claremont she devoted herself to the task of soothing the regrets and cheering the heart of the king until his death in 1850. She was a woman of remarkably strong affections, and had not only the entire love and respect of her own immediate family, but won the hearts of all with whom she was in any way associated. Though a strict Roman Catholic, she made no distinction on account of faith in her charities, and was held in the highest veneration by all the poor around her. In accordance with her own expressed wish, she was buried in the dress she wore on leaving France in 1848, for her long exile, and in her widow's cap, in order to show "how unalterably faithful she remained to the two guiding feelngs of her life-her devotion to her royal husband, and her love for her adopted country."

BRAINERD, Rev. TпомAS, D. D., an eminent Presbyterian clergyman and author, born in Central New York, June 17, 1804, died at Scranton, Pa., August 22, 1866. He was a di rect descendant of Daniel Brainerd, of Puritan renown, passed most of his childhood in the vicinity of Rome, Oneida County, N. Y., and after graduating at Hamilton College, turned his attention to the study of law. Before engaging in practice, however, he discovered his true sphere in life, and entered the Theological Seminary at Andover, Mass., as a student of divinity. Here he was recognized as a student of uncommon promise. After completing his course in the seminary, he removed to Philadelphia, and placed himself under the tuition of the Rev. Dr. Patterson, for whom he also preached at times in the First Presbyterian Church of the Northern Liberties. Prompted by an ardent zeal for the extension of Christ's kingdom in the frontier States, he removed to Cincinnati, where he found a promising field of missionary labor. Here he became the assistant of the Rev. Dr. Lyman Beecher, and besides attending to his pastoral duties, edited a weekly journal, now the "Christian Herald," and assisted in editing the "Presbyterian Quarterly Review." At that time the home missionary cause was passing through a serious conflict. The newly-founded Theological Seminary, under the lead of Dr. Lyman Beecher, was involved in great trouble. Dr. Beecher, as the representative of what was called "the New School," was assailed with unrelenting opposition, and no little virulence, by the Rev. Dr. Wilson and his adherents. Throughout this season, the young editor did effective work for the truth, and made his paper a power in the land. In 1835, upon the resignation of the Rev. Dr. Ely, Mr. Brainerd was called to the charge of the Old Pine Street Church, Philadelphia, the pulpit of which he has from that time filled in the most satisfactory and successful manner. As a preacher, Dr. Brainerd was earnest and eloquent, and as a pastor, faithful and beloved by his entire people. He was of very industrious literary habits, having been a frequent contributor to the literary monthlies, and the author of numerous published sermons and tracts. Not long since he gave to the world what he modestly styled his "first book," which bore the following title: "The Life of John Brainerd, the Brother of David Brainerd, and his Successor, as Missionary to the Indians of New Jersey." This work was ably written, and created a considerable sensation in the religious and literary world.

BRANDE, WILLIAM THOMAS, D. C. L., F. R. S., etc., an English physician, chemist, lecturer, and author, born in 1786; died at Tunbridge Wells, February 11, 1866. After an education at Westminster, he was sent to Hanover, but in 1803, on the panic of Bonaparte's invasion, he returned home and entered St. George's Hospital, attending the lectures and the dissectingrooms. In 1808 he commenced lecturing upon

ART. 2. At the date fixed in article one, shall be also opened to foreign navigation, the River San Francisco as far as the city of Penedo.

ART. 3. The navigation of the tributaries of the Amazon, in places where only one bank belongs to Brazil, shall depend on treaties yet to be made with the States holding title to the other bank as to the respective limits of each State as well as to fiscal and police regulations.

ART. 4. The present act shall in no way alter or interfere with existing treaties of navigation and commerce with the republics of Peru and Venezuela, according to the regulations already published.

ART. 5. My ministers and secretaries of state, through their respective departments, shall attend to the arrangement of the treaties spoken of in article three, and shall issue the necessary orders and regulations for the due execution of the present deSigned by the Emperor and by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Antonio Coelho de Sa e Albu

cree.

querque.

PALACE OF RIO DE JANEIRO, Dec. 7, 1866.

The Amazon runs through the very centre of Brazil, and, unlike most, if not all, of its tributaries, it is navigable throughout its whole course of nearly 4,000 miles. It is deep, with a uniform current uninterrupted by rapids or cataracts. The tides of the Atlantic into which it flows, through an embouchure 180 miles wide, are felt 400 miles from its mouth, where the water is twenty fathoms deep, and the river more than a mile across. On its banks and on each side the interior produces maize, rice, coffee, sugar, cotton, tobacco, spices, timber, medicinal plants, horned cattle, gold, iron, and lead. The tributaries, which enter this river from the neighboring country of Bolivia were opened by the Bolivian Government to the navigation of all countries in 1853, but the value of this concession was neutralized by the then and subsequent policy of the Brazilian Government in refusing to open the Amazon. Now the Amazon is free from the frontiers of Brazil to the ocean, and a great channel for trade, population, and civilization is open to all nations. The Tocantins, which is a tributary of the Amazon, is about 1,200 miles long. Owing to rapids and cataracts, it is not navigable, except in patches, for any thing near this extent, but it runs through exceedingly fertile countries, producing most of the articles just enumerated. Owing to the natural obstacles of rapids and cataracts, the decree specifies that it is open from the sea to Cametá, which is on the left bank, and a rising city with 40,000 inhabitants; the Tapajoz to Santarem, also a growing place; and the Madeira to Manáos, a name which represents a province rather than a town. The San Francisco is the other great river opened to free navigation. It is said to resemble the Volga, the largest European river in length and the most diversified in character. It has a course of about 1,300 miles; but it is to be opened only to Penedo, which is not far in the interior, owing to the natural obstructions to navigation. But at intervals it is navigable for 200 miles at a stretch, and the current is rapid enough to carry vessels, without any other aid,

100 miles in twenty-four hours. Like the Volga, it is, in places, subject in the dry season to shallows, and in the wet to inundations, but these inundations fertilize a wide extent of country. Gold is found among its deposits. The sugar-cane thrives on its borders. It was on this river, at a place now called Salitre, that the extensive deposits of nitrate of soda were discovered, which excited so much interest in this country and in Europe about eight or ley, sixteen leagues broad by twenty leagues nine years ago. There is said to be one vallong, where this product is to be found in many places on the surface, and in all with little or no labor. As a superficial manure or top-dressing, nitrate of soda is of great value to agriculture, and it may be brought to this country at a cheap rate now that the river is

open.

The regular session of the Brazilian Parliament was opened by the emperor on May 3d. In his speech he announced the birth of the Prince Dom Pedro, son of Princess Leopoldina and Duke August, of Saxe-Coburg Gotha. He congratulated the country on the recent victories on the Paraná, and called the attention of the members to the necessity of inquiring into financial matters. Among the most important bills adopted by both Houses and signed by the emperor, were a resolution upon the Bank of Brazil and the improvement of the circulating medium, and bills on the postponement of the elections and for an extraordinary supplemental credit for the expenses of the war. The session was closed on September 16th by a speech from the throne, which thus referred to the subjects of greatest importance for the country: "The United States of North America have given to Brazil the most complete satisfaction for the violent capture in the port of Bahia of the privateer Florida by the war-steamer Wachusett. The war to which the President of Paraguay provoked us still continuing, the Government is employing with effect the means necessary to vindicate the national honor, aided therein ever by the patriotism of all Brazilians. The hopes of a good harvest in the generality of the products of our industry fortunately are being realized. The public tranquillity has been disturbed in no part of the empire, which is due to the disposition and growing civilization of the people."

The Government of Brazil, and all classes of the people, continued to feel a deep interest in immigration, and showed a great desire to promote it. An official publication on the subject, by the Government, states: "Immigrants will find an abundance of fertile land, suitable for the culture of cotton, sugar-cane, coffee, tobacco, rice, etc. These lands are situated in the provinces of Rio Grande do Sul, Santo Catharina, Paraná, São Paulo, Espiritu Santo, and Rio de Janeiro; and each immigrant may select his own lands. As soon as the immigrant has chosen his land, it will be measured by the Government, and pos session given on the price stipulated. Unoccu