.owing results were reported in November, 1866: Total number of children between five and fifteen years of age in the State, 84,052; total number enrolled on the school register during the year, 50,173; average number belonging to public schools, 48,091; average daily attendance in public schools, 33,989. The number of pupils enrolled in the normal school was 98, of whom 88 were females and 10 males. Seventeen counties were represented. The number of pupils in the public schools of San Francisco in 1866 was 11,552, and 4,403 were returned as attending private schools. There were three high schools, seven grammar schools, and thirty-one primary schools in the city.

CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER, D. D., founder of the religious denomination called "Disciples of Christ," born in the County of Antrim, Ireland, June, 1786, died in Bethany, Va., March 4, 1866. On his father's side his ancestors were Scotch; on his mother's, French. His early education was received in Ireland, under the superintendence of his father, the Rev. Thomas Campbell, a Presbyterian clergyman, and his riper education at the University of Glasgow, Scotland. In 1809 he emigrated to the United States, and proceeding to Washington, Pa., where his father had previously settled, continued his studies with him until May, 1810, when he commenced preaching at Brush Run, near Washington, Pa. In 1812 he, together with his wife and his father's family, was immersed, to use his own expression, "into the Christian faith." In connection with his father, he formed several congregations, which united with a Baptist Association, but protested against all human creeds as a bond of union, accepting the Bible alone as the rule of faith and practice. He met with much opposition in the assertion of this principle, and in 1827 he was excluded from the fellowship of the Baptist churches. From this date his followers began to form into a separate body, and in 1833 were supposed to number at least one hundred thousand souls. In 1841 Mr. Campbell founded Bethany College in Virginia. In 1823 he commenced the publication of "The Christian Baptist and Millennial Harbinger," in which may be found a complete history of the reform to which he was so thoroughly devoted, and which periodical he continued to edit for forty years. During this time, including his debates, which he merely assisted in bringing out, and two editions of his Hymn Book, he issued from the press fifty-two volumes. He was a man of strong intellect, fine scholarship, and great logical powers.

CANDIA (or CRETE), an island belonging to the Turkish empire. The area of Candia, inclusive of the adjacent small islands, Dia, Yanisades, Elasa, Kupho-nisi, Gaidaro-nisi, Gaudo, Gaudo Pulo, Elaphonisi, Pondico-nisi, Grabusa, Agria Grabusa, Theodoro, 3,319 square miles (the smaller islands have about thirty-two). The population is estimated by Captain Spratt ("Travels and Researches in Crete," London,

1865) at about 210,000, living in about 800 villages, and the three towns of Candia, Canea (Khania), and Retimo, which towns have together a population of 35,000 inhabitants. A work on Candia, more recently published in Greece, estimates the number of villages at 1,046, and the population at 300,000.

The island of Candia, which has for about 200 years belonged to the Turkish empire, has often been the theatre of bloody attempts on the part of the people to regain their ancient independence, or become united with Greece. Another uprising of this kind occurred in the year 1866, and was not at the close of the year suppressed. The movement began in April, when representatives from all parts of the island assembled at Koutzounaria, about one hour's distance from the city of Canea, where the Governor-General of the island and the foreign consuls reside. Attended by several thousands of unarmed people, the Bishops of Sidonia and Kissamos met with the representatives of the towns of Canea and Retimo, and of the country districts, and together they drew up a petition to the Sultan, in which they confined themselves to asking for such privileges only as had been guaranteed to them by the great powers. At the same time another address was confidentially transmitted to the sovereigns of France, Great Britain, and Russia, which expressed more fully the real desires of the Cretan people. For over three months no reply whatever was made by the Turkish Government; but troops to the number of about 22,000 were gradually concentrated upon the island, and pushed forward into the interior with the design of seizing upon the strategic points. Then, on July 22, 1866, the Grand Vizier issued a letter to the Governor-General, in which the Turkish Government refused even to entertain complaints, and threatened severe penalties upon those who should continue to offer them. The Governor was directed, in case of further persistence, to attack and disperse the Cretan assemblies, and to arrest and imprison their chiefs in the fortresses.

İsmail Pacha, the Governor, forthwith issued a proclamation, in accordance with these orders. In reply, the Cretan General Assembly, then in session at Prosnero, decided to take up arms, and on August 1st they addressed the following manifesto to the consuls of the Christian powers:

PROTEST OF THE CRETANS ON TAKING UP ARMS. PROSNERO, August 1, 1866. The undersigned, representatives of the Christian population of Candia, met together in a General Assembly of the Cretans, think it their duty to make you witnesses of the violence which has urged them, mate defence. Hellenes, both in origin and language, in spite of themselves, to take up arms for their legiti we combated, in company with our brothers of Greece, during the whole of the war of independence, without ever having been admitted to enjoy place, we had never dared to ask for any thing the fruits of liberty. And yet, in assembling in this beyond the rights which the protecting powers had guaranteed to us by treaties and protocols; we

sembled in the large hall, under the Superior of the convent, Father Gabriel, and resolved to blow up the buildings. The powder was deposited in the cellars, and the match was applied by Emanuel T. Oulas, a monk of twenty years of age. The explosion left one wing of the building standing, in which thirty-nine men and sixty women and children escaped with some wounds. The large and beautiful church was also left uninjured; but this the Turks subsequently plundered and burned. It is said that the wounded were slaughtered by the Turks, after applying torches to their faces to ascertain if they lived. The Greeks claim that more than two thousand Turks were killed and over one thousand wounded by the explosion, and that their army was greatly dispirited by this event. A brother-in-law of Mustapha Pacha was among the killed. The Greek accounts say that the Turks mutilated the Grecian dead in an obscene manner, and left them unburied, in consequence of which the vicinity of the convent became unapproachable on account of the stench.

In the early part of December the Cretan General Assembly issued another proclamation to the people, encouraging them not to submit, but to persevere in the struggle of independence, and holding out the hope that ships would soon arrive to carry away their women and children, and then they would only have to hold out a little longer, and the Christian nations would interfere in their behalf. "The three great protecting powers, aided by America, that friend of humanity, labor for a prompt intervention."

The Turkish Government in so far yielded to the representations made by the Christian governments, as to allow foreign ships-of-war to carry away such persons as desired to leave the island, and thousands of women and children were thus sent to Greece. The Turkish Government repeatedly endeavored to enter into negotiations with the insurgents, and was unsparing in its promises of reform, but it was unsuccessful. The military operations during the month of December were mostly confined to the western part of the island, lying beyond Canea, which is divided into two provinces, Kissamos to the northwest, and Selinos to the south. On the operations in the last week of December, the Athens correspondent of the London Times (in a letter dated January 3, 1867), reported as follows: "The steady advance of Mustapha Pacha is subjecting all the western part of Crete, which has hitherto been the stronghold of the insurrection, to the Ottoman arms. He has reestablished the authority of the Porte in the province of Kissamos, and is now with his army in the heart of Selinos. His knowledge of the interests as well as the feuds of the Greek Mussulmans and Greek Christians in the different provinces has retarded and modified the military operations of the Ottoman troops. He has now forced his way into Selinos and compelled the insurgents and Greek volunteers to abandon their camp at

Zurva, where they were prepared to fight a great battle, without any engagement. Accord ing to the accounts sent to Athens, 6,000 troop were collected at Zurva. On the 29th of De cember, the Russian frigate Grand Admiral, ar rived in the Piræus with more than 1,000 refugees on board, who were embarked at Tripiti, on the eastern shore of the province of Selinos, near the southwestern precipices of the Sphakian mountains. A Turkish frigate was watching the coast, and the captain called upon the Russian to observe the blockade and not communicate with the insurgents, but the Russian captain replied, that he had orders to embark the non-combatants on the coast, and the Turk then withdrew. The Greeks look upon the forcing of the blockade by the Russian frigate, not as an act of humanity only, but also as a deliberate act of intervention."

The insurrection of the Cretans had from the beginning found the most enthusiastic sympathy in Greece, and in those Turkish provinces and islands which are chiefly inhabited by Greeks. Large numbers of volunteers were flocking from Greece to Candia, being mostly transported there by the Greek steamer Panhellenion, which made regular trips between Candia and the neighboring Greek island of Syra. Public opinion in Greece even urged the government to risk an open war in behalf of the Cretans, but thus far the Greek Government did not venture to proceed. Insurrectionary movements were attempted in Epirus, Thessaly, and several islands, for the purpose of aiding the Turks, but they had not the desired effect. (See TURKEY.) In Russia, public opinion was also very emphatic in expressions of sympathy, and the emperor and all the members of the imperial family forwarded their subscriptions to the committees organized for the aid of the sufferers in Candia. Equally divided was the sympathy of the liberal party throughout Europe, and stirring appeals in behalf of the insurgents were issued by Victor Hugo and Garibaldi. Of the friends of the latter, a number went as volunteers to Candia, and Garibaldi himself expressed his desire to follow them. In the United States the sympathy with the Cretans was also extensive, but it did not begin to manifest itself on a grand scale until the beginning of the year 1867. The Governments of France and England showed more sympathy with the maintenance of the Turkish rule, than the success of the insurrection, but declared their readiness to join the other powers in urging the Turkish Government to give new guarantees for the execution of the reforms which many years ago had been promised to the Christians by the Hatti-Humayum.

CASS, Hon. LEWIS, an American statesman, born at Exeter, N. H., October 9, 1782; died in Detroit, Mich., June 17, 1866. He was the eldest son of Jonathan Cass, who at the age of nineteen entered the ranks of the Continental army, and served through all the arduous campaigns of the Revolution, attaining the position

of captain. At the establishment of peace he received a commission in the army as major, and was assigned to duty under Wayne in the territory northwest of the Ohio River, his family remaining at Exeter. During this time young Lewis was attending the academy in his native town, and laying the foundations of a substantial education. In 1799 the family removed to Wilmington, Del., where Major Cass was temporarily stationed, and where the subject of this sketch obtained occupation as a teacher. The following year, having decided to locate Westward, the family travelled thither partly on foot and partly by boat, reaching Marietta, the pioneer settlement of Southern Ohio, in October. Major Cass soon removed to a tract of land granted him by the Government for his military services, situated on the Muskingum River, near Zanesville, while Lewis remained at Marietta, engaged in the study of law. In 1802 he was admitted to the bar, being but twenty years of age, and commenced the practice of his profession in Zanesville. His abilities as a jurist and pleader speedily manifested themselves, built up for him a lucrative business, and gave him a wide-spread reputation in the thinly settled district north of the Ohio. Becoming well established in his profession, in 1806 he married a Virginia lady, and shortly after entered upon his public career by taking a seat in the Ohio Legislature. Being placed on the committee instituted to inquire into the movements of Colonel Burr, his hand drafted the law which enabled the local authorities to arrest the men and boats engaged in that enterprise on their passage down the Ohio. He also drew up the address to Mr. Jefferson, embodying the views of the Ohio Legislature on the subject. In 1807 Mr. Cass was appointed marshal of the State, a position which he filled until 1813. In the war of 1812 he volunteered to join the forces at Dayton under General Hull, and was named colonel of the Third Ohio Volunteers. Colonel Cass commanded the advanced guard when the army crossed from Detroit into Canada, and drew up the proclamation addressed by the general to the inhabitants of that country on their arrival in it, and commanded also the detachment which dislodged the British forces posted at the bridge over the Aux Canards. Shortly afterward Colonel Cass was included in the capitulation which ensued on the signal defeat of the American army, and after making his report at Washington, was appointed to the Twenty-seventh regiment of infantry, and after a short interval, promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. He took part in the pursuit of General Proctor, and in the triumph at the Moravian Towns. At the close of the campaign he was left in command of Michigan, with his headquarters at Detroit, a command he exchanged for the post of Civil Governor over the same State in October, 1813. In 1814 he was associated with General Harrison in a commission to treat with the Indians, who had been hostile to the United States during the war.

The number of white inhabitants throughout the Territory was scarcely six thousand; no foot of land had been yet sold by the United States, and the interior of the Territory was a vast wilderness, affording ambush for forty thousand hostile savages. The Indian proprietorship still continued, and settlers could obtain no certain titles to their locations. No surveys had been made, no roads opened inland, and the barbarous savages, led by their powerful chieftain Tecumseh, were implacable in their hatred of the whites, and terrible in their atrocities. Under these discouraging circumstances Governor Cass assumed the responsibilities of Governor, and ex-officio Superintendent of Indian Affairs, his jurisdiction extending over the whole Territory, and continued in the discharge of these duties for eighteen years. During this period his management of Indian affairs was conducted with the utmost wisdom and prudence. He negotiated twenty-two distinct treaties, securing the cession by the various tribes to the United States of the immense regions of the Northwest, instituted surveys, constructed roads, established military works, organized counties and townships, and, in short, created and placed in motion all the machinery of legitimate government and internal improvement and prosperity, of which we are today enjoying the results. In the administration of the extensive financial trusts incident to his position, Governor Cass displayed the most scrupulous honesty, never permitting even the small sum allowed him by the Government for contingent expenses to be transferred to his private account until the vouchers had been formally signed and transmitted to Washington.. As yet the Northwestern regions were very imperfectly known, and at his suggestion an expedition was planned in 1820, in which he himself bore a conspicuous part. Accompanied by the celebrated geologist, Schoolcraft, and six other gentlemen, with the necessary Indian guides, they left Detroit in three bark canoes, for the exploration of the upper lakes and the head-waters of the Mississippi, and traversed 5,000 miles. The results of this and other subsequent expeditions were published in the North American Review in 1828-29, and added in no slight degree to the well-earned fame of the author. In 1831, when President Jackson reconstructed his cabinet, Governor Cass was appointed Secretary of War, and cordially indorsed all the distinctive features of that administration. In the nullification troubles he occupied the high patriotic ground of his chief, and the nullifiers derived no benefit from his presence in the War Department. In 1836 Gen. Cass submitted a rather celebrated report to Congress upon our military and naval defences, embracing an elaborate résumé of our existing martial resources, both offensive and defensive. His recommendations were the erection of a strong chain of coast fortifications, and the building of a powerful navy. Subsequent events have established the wisdom of his suggestions.