a matter for our learned Associations to be ashamed of that Vincent Smith's "Ancient Indian History" and Prof. Macdonnel's "History of Sanskrit Literature" have not yet been translated into Bengali.

The examples of Gujrat and Maharashtra are cited.

The Guzerati language is spoken by a much smaller population than Bengali, and yet owing to the enthusiasm, industry and far-sightedness of the scholars of the province of Guzerat, that province has been deluged with translations in all kinds of subjects. But we in Bengal comfort ourselves with the proud feeling of possessing Bankim Chandra and Rabindranath without paying any heed to mass education. Having travelled through Poona and Baroda and examined the working of the schools there, I am firmly convinced that in another twenty years the people of the Maharashtra will have out-distanced the public of Bengal in respect of mass education.

The value of history is thus described:

A proper knowledge of history is the first step to national progress or greatness. In the measure in which we are able to find out the genuine truth regarding the past and in the measure in which we are able to apply to the present state of affairs the counsel and experience of the past, in that same measure our masses will be advancing in the path of progress and our united power will be producing proper and desired fruits. Further, in the measure in which we would be content with acquiring untruths or half-truths about our past, in that measure our national development will be retarded and the efforts of the people would be shorn of their fruits. As Professor Seeley says, history acts as the best teacher, guide and friend of all political and social leaders. The ultimate end and value of history is thus to illumine the paths of the future with the experience and example of the past.

Separation of Railway and General Budgets.

Writing on Indian Railway Finance in the Journal of the Indian Economic Society for March 1922, Mr. R. M. Joshi claims to have shown that

The separation of the railway budget from the general budget is not absolutely essential for securing the most essential reform in railway finance, viz., (1) laying down a capital programme for a period (bearing in mind the need for loans for other than railway matters), (2) modifying the doctrine of lapse with regard to the Railway Depart

ment, (3) determining the programme for repairs and renewals on commercial grounds, and (4) keeping railway accounts on strict business line. The proper disposal of the "net gain", when the "net gain" is ascertained on business principles, can also be arranged for without separating railway from general finance. There is the undoubted danger, in such a separation, of creating an imperium in imperio. The Acworth Committee while advocating the separation, do not want that imperium. So the proper course would probably be to secure the needed reform without resorting to separation of the railway budget, so that the danger of an imperium in imperio may automatically be avoided.

Educational Policy in U. P.

In the course of an article on "My Educational Policy" in the May Indian Review Mr. C. Y. Chintamani writes :

The Government of the United Provinces hold that reform of Secondary Education is necessary in order to fit the recipients of it the better to profit by University as well as Technical and Professional Education, and also to qualify them for service. The Intermediate stage of education will henceforth be a continuation of High School education and not the beginning of University education. High School and Intermediate education will be controlled by a Board of High School and Intermediate education which will be strong and representative. Arrangements are in train for the establishment of a number of Intermediate Colleges. It is the strong hope of the Government that the new Board will include in the curriculum of high schools and Intermediate colleges subjects which will qualify the student for technical education. The re-organised Allahabad University will be a unitary, teaching and residential institution but will also have an external side to deal with affiliated colleges outside the city of Allahabad. They will be known in future as Associated Colleges. The University will have two new Faculties, Engineering and Agriculture, the Civil Engineering College at Roorkee and the College of Agriculture at Cawnpore being transferred to it by the Government. There is at present a Faculty of Commerce but only a diploma of the Intermediate standard is given by the University. In the re-organised University there will be a degree in Commerce as there will be in Engineering and Agriculture. It is Government's intention that when funds permit a Medical College should be established at Allaha bad as a part of the University.

There is no ground for apprehension that the Associated Colleges in outlying centres will suffer in consequence of the reform of the University. Repeated assurances have been given in

this behalf.

Women and the
Madras Corporation.

The reader knows that Mrs. M. P. Devadoss, wife of the Hon. Justice Devadoss, is now a nominated member of the Municipal Corporation of Madras. In addition, we learn from Stri Dharma,

On May 23rd, Rao Bahadur G. Narayanaswamy Chetty proposed that Clause 51 of the Madras City Municipal Act he deleted. The clause is : "No person shall be qualified for election as a Councillor unless such person is of the male sex." After some discussion the Resolution was voted upon and passed by 12 voting for and 5 against. Since 1919 the Women's Indian Association has been agitating in Madras for these reforms by public meetings, letters in the press and private interviews with Councillors, and naturally its members are happy that their efforts have been rewarded.

It is very satisfactory that the Madras Corporation has now come into line with the Madras Legislative Council in granting to the women of the Presidency all the rights of representation within its

power. By these steps Madras Presidency leads the way in establishing equality of rights for women in India.

The same journal states :

One of the members of the Women's Indian Association, Mrs. P. Susheela Bai, of Bellary, has been nominated as a member of the Bellary Taluk Board. She is the wife of Mr. P. S. Raghunatha Rao, a High Court Vakil of that town, and she has identified hereself for some time with the public interests of women and children there.

Vidyasagar Vani Bhavan.

The same monthly writes :

A comprehensive and praiseworthy scheme for the establishment of a Home for Hindu widows and women in indigent circumstances

has been worked out by Lady J. C. Bose, and is to be conducted under the auspices of the "Nari Siksha Samiti". This Society has long been known for its valuable educational work in, Calcutta and it has already opened a cottage industries department for improving the economic condition of women of middle-class families in Bengal. The Home [ named "Vidyasagar Vani Bhavan ] is to be located in or near Calcutta and is to be in charge of a Ladies' Committee. Its objects will be: (1) To provide accommodation for helpless widows and women during the period of their training. (2) To prescribe courses of studies in general and technical subjects suitable for women. (3) To train women for educational and social service work. (4) To give them instruction in cottage industries. (5) To open boarding houses under proper safeguards for women to live in while earning their bread as teachers, clerks, nurses and industrial workers.

The following list of crafts which the Samiti

SREEMATI HARIMATI DATTA.
Who has given Rs. 10,000 to the Vidyasagar
Vani Bhavan.

proposes to teach the pupils of the above Home will show how useful women's industry and skill can be to their country and how many avenues are open to them for obtaining an independent income :-Spinning and dyeing yarn, weaving cloths and carpets, sewing, knitting, embroidery, lacemaking, wick-making, pottery, manufacture of jams and jellies, condiments and confectionery, home-nursing, teaching and taking care of children and invalids, type-writing, and other home industries. We trust that sufficient funds and workers will be forthcoming to make Lady Bose's Home a great success and tue useful institution it promises to be.

Cruelty to Women Inadequately Punished.

Stri Dharma reports:

A wealthy gentleman was found guilty in Madras of cruel treatment to his wife, aged 14, to such an extent as to cause her severe injuries on her body. Though there was the medical certificate and the evidence of the lady doctor that the husband had ill-treated the little girl while he was under the influence of drink, yet the accused's counsel tried to make

out that the case was one of concoction and was purely domestic. The judge was satisfied that there was ill-treatment-but we are not satisfied with his sentence of merely Rs. 100 fine. In cases of this kind the sentence should be such as to act as a deterrent to this man and others of his brutal nature from bullying little girls. Such a fine to a wealthy man is entirely out of proportions to the value of the health and soul of his helpless child-wife and is nothing less than a travesty of justice.

We entirely agree.

Punctuality on the Part of the Eaters of the Prepared Food.

Having been sinners ourselves in the matter referred to in the extract printed below, we are quite aware of the urgency of the reform advocated therein. Justice to our womanhood requires it. National efficiency demands it.

M. E. C. writes in The Indian Cookery Magazine :

One of the ingredients often omitted from cookery recipes which can be assured of success is Punctuality on the part of the eaters of the prepared food. In India it is especially necessary to emphasise the inclusion of this most important factor in any magazine devoted to the furtherance of the culinary art and the improved management of household affairs; for in India more than anywhere else in the world strict punctuality and the value of moments, or even half-hours, is regarded as beneath consideration.

Regularity and punctuality at meal-times are an urgently needed reform in Indian households. We all know how the women of the household are tiel to the fire and the kitchen because the men of the family fail to return for their food at the expected time. Sometimes they arrive hours late and there has been a continued strain of worry for the devoted wife who wishes to keep the "preparations" hot and nice for her husband. Because she expects him every moment, she cannot give her attention to any other subject. This want of punctuality brings about an appalling waste of time. It causes cooking to be an endless slavery. It often causes the best prepared dishes, to become a failure, thus wasting good and expensive food material, disappointing the cook, and often enough giving indigestion to the

eater.

If one asks Indian ladies what is it that gives them most trouble, they will almost all answer, "cooking". Now, that would not be the answer that Western women would give who do their own cooking. In each case there.

are the same number of meals to be prepared and generally speaking the same looking after the fire, boiling water or milk, chopping of vegetables, washing of materials and mixing and frying of them; but the Western woman knows that her family will all be sitting ready for the meal at an exact moment, that meal will only take a short time, and that there will be a clear number of hours free for her before she has to start cooking the next meal. In India the lack of united action and the lack of conscience about coming to meals exactly in time leave the poor woman who cooks no time for herself between one meal and another.

When we have paid men cooks we have to give them regular hours of rest, half-holidays and such like, but the poor household ladies who do the cooking where no paid cook is kept are expected to cook from morning to night without grumbling. Why should a wife be treated worse than a servant?

Women the World over.

The following items are taken from Stri Dharma.

Miss Shiu, who graduated from an American University, is proposed for the post of Education Commissioner at Heungshan, Kwangtung Province, and if chosen she will be the first Chinese woman to hold an executive post in her native country.

The women of Japan have won their agitation for the right to attend political meetings and form political associations. The former police law which prohibited such actions was revised at the last session of the Diet and the new law became operative on May 5. The women of India rejoice at this extension of freedom to their Japanese sisters.

The Whyte Commission has recommended that women shall have the vote for the Reformed Legislative Council of Burma. This is very good news.

A woman Engineer has set up in business for herself in Exeter and has already installed one lighting set for a country house.

In Danzig, the Diet has passed, by 58 votes to 27, a Bill making women eligible as Judges on the same terms as men.

By 41 votes to 36, the

Dutch Second Chamber has passed a law permitting women to become Judges of the Dutch Courts.

one

The State Parliament of Tasmania having recently passed a Bill giving women the right to sit in Parliament, two candidates, Labour (the wife of the Leader of the Labour Party) and one Independent, have already announced themselves for the general election.

Should Indian Boys Go to Europe for Study.

We read in the Bharda New High School Quarterly :

"I would like to send my sons to England to complete their school education in a public school," I said one day to Mr. Bharda of beloved memory.

"By all means, if you don't mind losing them to yourself and your country," was the laconic and caustic reply.

"What makes you say so ?" I asked in astonishment.

"My long experience," he replied, greatly agitated. "I have scarcely known a lad seat to Europe at a tender age return to India and embark on any useful career, whereas I know several who have either come te grief or deserted their families and their country,-tragedies that will make you shed tears."

"Well, then," said I in a lighter vein, álthough I knew he was in dead earnest, "I had better give up the idea of going there myself. Being a married man, I cannot afford to be annihilated from my family, let alone the country."

"No, do go," he replied, warming up once more. "Take your wife and children also. See things for yourself and come and tell me whe ther you agree with me or not that the best time for our boys to go to Europe for study or for business is after the critical period of adolescence after graduation."

unfailing guide, was right. I discussed the question with some of the boys who had grown up, and married and settled in England, and they also confirmed his opinion.

I went, I saw, I surrendered. Bharda, our

I fear this obiter dictum of our departed Gooroo will perhaps turn down the scheme of some youths eager to cross the seas. They or their parents will naturally demand the reasons for it and concrete cases to support it. I regret I cannot satisfy their curiosity in this column but shall be glad to do so if I am asked in private. RUSTOM P. MASANI.

The Co-operative Movement in

England.

Mr. Albert J. Saunders writes in the Mysore Economic Journal:

It was in 1844 that the real founding of the movement took place. A little group of workers at Rochdale, just close to Manchester, desiring to improve the social condition of themselves and their community resolved to start a cooperative society. There were twenty-eight of them, and their total capital amount only to

But other departments were soon added. First came Producers' Co-operative Societies; then the Co-operative Wholesale Society; and then Foreign Trading, Shipping and Banking. It was an eye-opening experience to visit the palatial central premises of the Co-operative Wholesale Society in Manchester. That great organization owns: Flour Mills, Food factories, Boot works, Textile Mills, Soap works, Printing works, Clothing factories, Farm and fruit lands, Coal Mines, Tea plantations, Motor works, Steam-ships, etc. From such a small beginning, see what a mighty movement has come to spread its influence for good.

Transport Facilities in U. S. A.

We read in the same journal :

The United States is making rapid advance in its transportation facilities-and now, as a somewhat natural evolution, comes the utilization of the motor as an adjunct or auxiliary to the steam-power railways.

In India, too, transport facilities of all kinds by land, water, and air should be fully developed. But it is only railways that receive attention. Highways are quite inadequate, waterways are neglected, and aviation is almost unborn.

Broad-based and Top-heavy Edtt: cational System.

In the United States of America education is broad-based, not top-heavy, as the following figures taken by the Mysore Educator Economic Journal from the Journal of Indianapolis, will show :

Of the total school enrolment of the United States 9141 per cent is in elementary schools 6.82 per cent in high schools, and 177 per cent in higher institutions.

The results of education will appear from the following figures :

Of the 10,000 persons in Who's Who in America, 39 had no schooling, 1,008 had common school training, 1,545 attending high school, and more than 6,000 were college graduates, or attended college. Less than one per cent of the American men, past and present, are, college graduates. Yet 55 per cent of the presidents of the United States came out of that number. 36 per cent of the members of Congress, 47 per cent of the Speakers of the House, 54 per cent of the Vice-Presidents, 62 per cent of the Secretaries of State, 69 per cent of the Supreme Court judges. Out of 5,000,000 American men with no no schooling, 31 have attained distinction according to Who's Who. Out of 33,000,000 with elementary school training, 808 have attained distinction. Out of 2,000,000 with high school training 1425 have attained distinction. But with only 1,000,000 with a college education, 6,000 have attained distinction.

Uses of Cocoanut Shells.

The Mysore Economic Journal writes: Cocoanut shells are found in abundance in the copra-producing areas of India and Ceylon. A large quantity of this is wasted. Four tons of shell produce a ton of charcoal. It is true that the export of the cocoanut shell charcoal is increasing. But some portion of the shells is used for fuel locally. A small percentage is used for carving works, such as lamps, cups and saucers, spoons, etc. Most of the rubber estates use the holeless half for latex collection. Experiments recently made have found that the shell can yield a valuable tar, non-corrosive antiseptic, and an excellent vegetable substitute for acetic-acidcreosote. It is said that rubber regulated with this creosote will require no smokingit need only be dried in the open air, and will yield a pure white material, which stands

against climatic changes much better than material treated with acetic acid. A heating chamber, a condenser or cooler, and a dis