not be practically taught to students of law. Knowledge of the important branches of commercial, company and banking laws should form part of the law students' equipment. They should be made to study some topic of general interest every year concerning capital, labour, international law and the like and offer an essay on it. During the last year of their college career they should attend courts regularly and

watch cases and write out their experiences and opinions for submission to their teachers.

Reduction of Pay and Abolition of Allowances in All-India Services.

The scale of pay in all the All-India services should be substantially reduced and all put on the basis of what prevails in self-governing countries. Salaries should be proportionate to the income of a nation and to the average income of the individuals of whom the nation consists. The present scales of salaries of some of the Imperial services are higher than those of corresponding services in the richest countries of the world. However vehement may be the protests of the European members of the All-India services against Indianisation, such a state of things cannot last. For years, the Government of India has kept itself solvent only by raising huge loans. If retrenchment be not resorted to, a time is sure to come, and that at no distant date when loans would not not be easily obtainable and when borrowing might be necessary even for the payment of interest debts already incurred. Economic laws are inexorable. In obedience to them, retrer chment is necessary. In the case of the services, retrenchment may be effected by making the salaries such as would suffice to get competent public servants who are Indians. If competent Indians cannot be secured for any post or posts, foreigners may be imported for the same at somewhat higher salaries by advertising the vacancies. There is no necessity any longer for keeping up the so-called European services with

on

Mr. Arthur Griffith, the Irish leader, died of heart failure some time ago. And now Mr. Michael Collins, another prominent Irish leader who had accepted the treaty with England, has been killed in an ambush. Up to the conclusion of the treaty, the fighting which was going on in Ireland was between the British and the Irish. After the signing of the treaty, the guerilla warfare has assumed the internecine character of civil war. How long this civil war will go on, nobody can tell. Ireland has trod the path of strife and bloodshed for centuries. For this, of course, she alone has not been to blame. There is a party of Irish irreconcilables bent on winning independence. In the world's history there is not a single example of a conquered nation, held in subjection by an imperializing power, which has won independence except by fighting or at least partly by fighting. And Mr. Gandhi's plan of winning internal freedom-not complete independence, by means of non-violent non-co-operation, is still an experiment which has yet to be pushed to its logical conclusion. Therefore, though it is easy to criticize the Irish, it is not so easy to suggest an effective alternative to fighting, taking it for granted that independence must be achieved at all costs. At the same time, it is plain that fighting, too, has not proved an effective means, nor is it likely to, in the near future at any rate. There is, no doubt, the path of compromise, the acceptance of as much freedom as can be obtained by negotiation and

then working for more. But irreconcilables would none of it.

There are followers of the doctrine of ahimsa-non-killing and non-violence, who would adhere to non-violent non-co-operation, whether freedom can be had by this means or not. We are convinced that there are some persons who are prepared to follow this principle to the death and are fit for doing so. But whether a whole people or the majority of a nation. can so follow the principle, particularly when their opponents are prepared and eager to follow the path of violence and provoke violent retaliation, has yet to be seen. Nevertheless, we firmly believe that, failing intellectual and moral suasion and failing negotiation, non-violent non-co-operation is the only humane and civilized means of winning independence. And we must also add that, though bloodshed is utterly repugnant

to

our feelings and we condemn it therefore, we cannot but respect those who stand out for absolute independence and will not be satisfied with anything that falls short of it.

The Late Sir Vithaldas Thackersey.

Bombay and the whole of India are losers by the untimely death of Sir Vithaldas Thackersey at the age of 49. He was a great captain of industry, a financier and a leader of the Liberals in politics. His public services, rendered with energy and enthusiasm, have been varied and many. But what most attracted us in his career was his philanthropic spirit, which led to his princely benefactions in the cause of social progress, amounting to millions of rupees. In the warm and loving tribute to his memory which Mr. K. Natarajan, a personal friend of the deceased, has paid in the columns of The Indian Social Reformer, it has been stated :

The personal and domestic life of SirVithaldas, especially in his later years, was greatly influenced by a keen recognition of woman's place and part in progress. His munificent help to the Women's University, to the Seva Sadan and other institutions having the educational and social amelioration of the condition of women for their object, was obviously

motived by the same conviction. He was not given to speak about motives, either his own or others', but there is a significance in the fact that much of his thought and liberality were directed in recent years to institutions for the improvement of the position of women. His great reverence for his mother was, of course, the main source of his inspiration. This interest was greatly stimulated by Sir Vithaldas' close contact with Mr. G. K. Devadhar, whose eager enthusiasm in the cause of women's progress could not but impress one so open-minded as he.

Mr. Natarajan further observes :

In whatever he undertook, Sir Vithaldas displayed gifts of immense brain power, application and faculty for details. He worked night and day on his subject; revised, recast and often re-wrote his speeches; and made himself a perfect master of it. The remarkable thing about him was that while an immensely hard worker, he never worried or lost his temper. Always calm and collected, his was one of the most equable temperaments I have come across. I have watched him closely in moments of high success and of great calamity, and I can truthfully say that I have not seen another man who bore himself so utterly in the spirit of the Gita precept not to be exalted by success or depressed by calamity.

The late Rai Bahadur Lala Baijnath collected various facts and data regarding the bad health and early death of educated Indians, and Colonel Kanta Prasad wrote a book on the subject based largely, we believe, on them. On various occasions the subject has engaged the attention of Indian public men. Mr. Natarajan writes

When the late Mr. Telang died, there was an interesting controversy as to why our educated men die prematurely. Ranade laid the blame on the crushing burden of University examinations, while Sir Ramakrishna Bhandarkar attributed it to evil social customs which robbed us of our vitality. Sir Vithaldas' death at the age of 49 would seem strongly to confirm Sir Ramkrishna's opinion. Sir Vithaldas was not a victim of the crushing burden of examinations. He is said to have attended the Elphinstone College but it must have been for a short time. He did not, so far as I know, go through any regular University course. He was also exempt from the early struggles of poverty which leave so many of our bright graduates a prey to disease and early death. He had high ideas of comfort and stinted nothing in giving effect to them. He was a man of powerful build, unlike some of the younger Bhattias. He was

fond of horses and rode every morning-Lady Vithaldas accompanying him......He was not a sedentary man but of very active habits. Apart from destiny, to what are we to attribute the premature death of such a man who had everything which might have helped him to live a longer life? So far as I can see, to nothing except the social environment, in which I include customs such as child mar

riage, quantitative ideas of comfort and happiness, erroneous dietary, want of religious freedom and so on. I do not say that any of these had an effect on Sir Vithaldas' health. But it is a mistake to think that an individual can escape from the evil consequences of a bad social environment, if he has himself done his best to avoid its worst incidents. Whatever we tolerate, we follow, and we must endure. Unless he totally cut himself off from it, the social environment tells, whatever may be the extent in which it has directly influenced a person's own particular case. Sir Vithaldas' tragically early death is a warning to the Bhattia community to emerge from their medieval notions of caste and religion, if they would use their commercial talents to the best advantage of their community and their country.

The late Principal Tawney.

was

Though the late Mr. Charles H. Tawney rose to be Director of Public Instruction in Bengal, he is best remembered as Principal and Professor of English Literature at the Presidency College. We were among those who had the privilege of sitting at his feet. He respected by his students for his great scholarship, his dutifulness, his sense of justice and his scrupulous literary honesty -he would, in his annotations, acknowledge even the meaning of a word taken from an ordinary dictionary. He was a noted orientalist and had translated many Sanskrit and Pali books into English.

Enver Pasha.

The death of Enver Pasha, the great soldier and patriot of the Young Turk party, has been announced and contradicted. We hope he is still alive, and will be blessed with a long life to promote the cause of freedom of oriental races.

The late Mr. Barendra Krishna
Ghose.

The late Mr. Barendra Krishna Ghose was well known to Bengalis on the

Bombay side as a successful man of business. At the memorial meeting held in Calcutta to express sorrow at his sad and untimely death, Sir P. C. Ray said that the deceased "spent his whole life in the advancement of the industrial and commercial interests of his country, and was the founder of the Ahmedabad Sri Ramkrishna Mills, the Vivekananda Mills, the Bombay Merchants Bank Limited, and other industrial concerns. His charity was large and unostentatious, and many indigent families, destitute widows and helpless orphans used to receive regular and substantial help from him."

Ovation to the Released Leaders.

Mr. C. F. Das, Mr. Subhas Chandra Bose, Mr. B. N. Sasmal, Pir Badshah Mian, Dr. Suresh Chandra Banerji, Dr. Abdur Rahaman, Mr. Taqi and other leaders have received ovations on being released from prison. They deserve such welcome. It is, however, greatly to be desired that the vast multitudes of men who have displayed such zeal in welcoming them back to freedom would give evidence of equal and steady enthusiasm in promoting the cause cause for which the leaders have suffered.

Flogging Prisoners in Jail. What has been recently said in the Bengal Legislative Council on the official and non-official sides on the flogging of Non-co-operation prisoners in Barisal jail, in the course of the debate on Mr. lndubhusan Datta's motion for adjournment, applies to similar and worse barbarities in other jails. The official plea is that the prisoners must obey orders and observe the rules of jail discipline; if they do not, their contumacious spirit must be broken. Well and good. But by what means? Must they be flogged until either they yield or die? If flogging does not serve the purpose, must some more barbarous means of inflicting pain and indignity be adopted? True, in England even schoolboys are whipped on the posterior parts. But in India such a punishment is looked upon as a very a very great indignity, and should not, therefore, be inflicted, if it is

to be inflicted at all, on any prisoner who is not guilty of any heinous offence involving great moral turpitude. We are for its total abolition.

As Non-co-operators are sent to jail because they do not obey some law or some official order, would it be right, in pursuance of Mr. Stephenson's line of argument at the Bengal Council, to go on flogging these prisoners or torturing them in other ways, until they died or agreed to obey the laws or the orders they had disobeyed? As jail orders and rules of discipline are not more august and majestic than the ordinary laws of the land and the orders of Government and of magistrates, logically that which is officially held justifiable

to secure

obedience to jail rules and observance of jail discipline, should be considered more justifiable in order to produce a spirit of obedience to laws and to Government and magisterial orders. Will Mr. Lloyd George and Lord reading make a pronouncement on the subject, or indulge in a few nods at least ?

M. L. C.'s Allowances.

Newspaper readers are acquainted with the scandal caused by some revelations connected with the travelling the travelling and residential allowances drawn by some members of the Bengal Legislative Council. It is a truism that those who have been elected to assist at law-making should themselves obey the elementary laws of ethics.

The report of the committee appointed in accordance with Kumar Shivasekhareswar Kay's motion to deal with the the subject of these allowances will be awaited with interest.

to take place by the end of October 1922. The records and timing of the competitors in these sports will go to qualify them for the Olympic Games in 1924. It will be a definite attempt to get India worthily represented at the International Sports.

Indianisation of Services.

There is one sentence in the Government of India's memorandum to the local Governments on the subject of the Indianisation of the All-India services which deserves to be picked out for special notice. It has been sometimes said that if British India obtained Home Rule, Indians would become masters in their household, and, in consequence, Europeans would refuse to serve under Indian masters. Such fears are unfounded. For, Europeans do serve as subordinates in some of the self-ruling countries of Asia. And the racial feeling at present observable in India is sure to pass away. Even under under present conditions, those Europeans who do not openly show that they are the masters of India, receive courteous treatment from even the most courageous and spirited Indians.

The Government memorandum referred to above, observes :

find

"Europeans employed in Indian States, it is inimical to them and many occupy in these understood, do not the atmosphere administrations a position of peculiar privilege and regard."

Unrest in the Punjab.

It is greatly to be regretted that the unrest in the Punjab, instead of subsiding, has received fresh impetus from some recent incidents. We are not in a position to say just now who are the parties to blame for this state of affairs and in what proportion; but the facts as appearing in the dailies are given below.

The wood-chopping affair in the shrine of Guru-ka-Bagh, a small village about five miles south of Techail Ajnala in the district of Amritsar, which has culminated in the arrest of a large number of Akali Sikhs, including Sardar Bahadur Mehtab Singh, a prominent member of Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, appears to have originated under the following circumstances:

On August 10 Mr. Jenkidas, Asst. Commissioner, Amritsar, sentenced five Akalis of Guru-ka Bagh to six months' rigorous imprison