Reigns of Justin, Tiberius, and Maurice--Phocas-Heraclius-Monothelite contro- versy Vain attempts for reconciling theological differences-Constantine and Hera- cleon-Constans-Silence enjoined concerning theological speculations-Controversy continued, notwithstanding the imperial edict-Persecution of Pope Martin I.-Con- stantine Pogonatus-Sixth general council--Condemnation of the Monothelites—At- tempt to raise a dead man as a proof in favour of Monothelism-Roman pontiffs-Boni- face III.-Agatho-Pope's claim to infallibility-Controversies in the west-Inflexible rancour of the Jews-Conquest of Jerusalem by Chosroes-Generosity of Heraclius- Jews baptized-Persecution of the Jews in Spain-Laudable and tolerant spirit of the Spanish clergy-Conversion of pagan nations-Mohammed-His origin-Doctrines- Flight-Assumption of regal and sacerdotal power-Conquests-Causes of his suc- cess-Destruction of the Alexandrian Library-Vices of the clergy-Superior clergy whip the inferior ministers-Assume temporal power-Confusions at Rome, occasioned by the election of a pope-Destruction of the patriarchates of Alexandria, &c., by the Council assembled for the reformation of the clergy-Clergy permitted to retain their wives-Superstitious observances in the celebration of the Lord's supper-Efficacy of asserted-Pilgrimages-Divination-Privileges of monks extended-Boniface IV. converts his house into a monastery-Licensed to perform every clerical function -Alteration in Nicene creed-Festival of the exaltation of the holy cross-Of the annunciation-Deposition and nativity of the blessed virgin-Church of all saints— OF THE SECTS WHICH APPEARED IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY. Monothelites Aginians-Chazinarians-Gnosimachi-Lampetians-Erceta--Pau- OF LEARNING AND LEARNED MEN IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY. 155 GENERAL STATE OF THE CHURCH IN THIS CENTURY. Justinian II.-His licentiousness and cruelty-Philippicus-Professes Monothelism -Breaks down the images-Anastasius-Leo the Isaurian-Iconoclastic controversy renewed-Violent commotions-Constantine Copronymus-Council of Constantinople -Leo III.-Irene-Her vices-Dethrones and murders her son-Council of Nice- Idolatry re-established-Incursions of the Saracens-Conquer Spain, &c.-Increase of the papal authority-Alliance with the Carlovingian family-Unjust deposition of Chil- deric-Charlemagne-His ambition-Declared emperor of the west-Image worship not allowed by the French clergy-Dissensions between the Greek and Latin Churches concerning the possession of the Holy Ghost-Other causes of dissension-Character OF GOVERNMENT, DOCTRINE, RITES, AND CEREMONIES IN THE Nature and limits of the papal authority-National councils-Increase of monkery- Rights and customs of paganism transferred to Christianity-Reverence paid to the bishop of Rome-Military bishops-Images and donations-New rites of communion- OF LEARNING AND LEARNED MEN IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY. Universal ignorance-John Damascenus-Theodulphus-Bartholomew-Etherius- Paulinus-Expositors of Scripture-Alcuin-Ambrose Authert-Homilies-Paul the deacon-The venerable Bede-Byzantine historians-Excellence of the British fathers GENERAL STATE OF THE CHURCH IN THIS CENTURY. Conversion of Jutland-Of part of Sweden-Of Sclavonia-Of Russia-Mr. Gibbon's 176 CHAPTER II. OF DOCTRINES, RITES, AND CEREMONIES IN THE NINTH CENTURY. Rage for relics-Apology for this passion-New doctrines concerning the presence of Christ in the eucharist-Controversies on this subject-Abolition of choro-episcopi- New orders of monks-Festivals in honour of saints-All Saints day-St. Michael— CHAPTER III. OF THE SECTS WHICH APPEARED IN THE NINTH CENTURY. Predestinarians-Abrahamians-Persecution of the Paulicians.... CHAPTER IV. OF LEARNING AND LEARNED MEN IN THE NINTH CENTURY. Christian Druthmar-Bertharius-Rabanus Maurus-Walafrid Strabo-Claudius of Turin-Hinchmar-Remigius of Auxerre-Agobard-Theodorus Abucara-Contro- versy with the Mohammedans-Eginhard-Theganus of Treves-Anastasius—Alfred THE TENTH CENTURY. CHAPTER I. GENERAL STATE OF THE CHURCH IN THE TENTH CENTURY. Success of the Nestorians in propagating the Gospel-Conversion of Norway, of the Poles, the Russians, the Hungarians, the Danes, the Swedes, and the Normans-Lux- ury of the clergy-History of the popes from Leo V. to Sylvester II.-Iniquitous dis- tribution of preferments-Monastic institutions-Order of Clugni.... OF THE DOCTRINES, RITES, AND CEREMONIES OF THE CHURCH IN Ardour for accumulating relics-Purgatory-The day of judgment supposed to be at hand-Mode of creating saints-Solemn excommunication-Controversy concerning OF LEARNING AND LEARNED MEN IN THE TENTH CENTURY. THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. CHAPTER I. GENERAL STATE OF THE CHURCH IN THIS CENTURY. Conversion of barbarous nations-Kingdom of Sicily established-Power of the clergy--Benedict VIII.-John XIX.-Benedict IX.-Sylvester III.-Gregory VI.-Clement II.-Nicholas II.-New mode of electing popes-Alexander II.-Honorius II.— Gregory VIII.-His claims upon England resisted-Sanguinary contest with the emperor-Clement III.-Victor III.-Urban II.-Crusades-Paschal II. Page 207 CHAPTER II. OF MANNERS, DOCTRINES, RITES, AND CEREMONIES IN THE Miracles-Flagellation for sin-Contests concerning Roman and Gothic Rituals— Carthusian Order-Cistercians... 221 CHAPTER III. OF THE SECTS WHICH APPEARED IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. Berenger-Roscelin-Persecution of the Jews-Manicheans-Bulgarians and Catharists... 223 CHAPTER IV. OF LEARNING AND LEARNED MEN IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. Revival of Letters-Leo the grammarian, Theophylact, Cedrenus, Michael PsellusFulbert, Damianus, Anselm, Lambertus.. 224 THE TWELFTH CENTURY. CHAPTER I. GENERAL STATE OF THE CHURCH IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. Conversion of Pomerania-Livonia-Calamitous state of Judea-Second crusadeSaladin-Third crusade under Frederic Barbarossa-Richard Cœur de Lion-Knights of Malta and Templars-Teutonic knights-Popes, Paschal II.-Alexander III.—Lucius III.-Innocent III...... 226 CHAPTER II. OF DOCTRINES, RITES, AND CEREMONIES. School divinity-Pretended revelations-Origin and progress of indulgences... 238 CHAPTER III. CONCERNING THE SECTS WHICH EXISTED IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. Waldenses-Their tenets-Opposition to the Church of Rome-Albigenses... 239 CHAPTER IV. OF LEARNING AND LEARNED MEN IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. Literature of the Greeks-Anna Comnena-Eustathius, &c.-In the west, St. Bernard-Abelard-Anselm-William of Tyre, &c..... Page 242 THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. CHAPTER I. GENERAL STATE OF THE CHURCH IN THIS CENTURY. Success of the Nestorians in China, &c.-Fourth crusade-Conquest of Constantinople by the crusaders-Fifth crusade under Frederick II.-Sixth crusade under Lewis IX. of France-Recovery of Spain by the Christians-Power of the popes increased— Pragmatic Sanction-Innocent III.-Contest with the Emperor Otho-John, king of England-Honorius III.-Gregory IX.-Constantine IV.—Innocent IV.-Celestine V. Boniface VIII.. 244 CHAPTER II. OF DOCTRINES, RITES, CEREMONIES, ETC. Transubstantiation-Auricular confession-Rise of the Dominicans-Of the Franciscans—Anecdote relating to their wealth-Religious exhibitions-Festival of the holy sacrament-Carrying the host-Jubilee.... CHAPTER III. 254 CONCERNING THE SECTS WHICH EXISTED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. Catharists-Waldenses--Petrobrusians-Persecution of heretics-Inquisition— Crusade against the Albigenses-Flagellantes... CHAPTER IV. 257 OF LEARNING AND LEARNED MEN IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. Destruction of classical authors-Calamities of Greece prevent the cultivation of letters in the east-Scholastic divinity prevalent in the west-Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, &c.-Roger Bacon, Matthew Paris, &c. ................ 262 THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. CHAPTER I. GENERAL STATE OF THE CHURCH IN THIS CENTURY. Renewal of holy war-Conversion of Lithuania-Success against the infidels in Spain-Efforts for the conversion of China--Decline of the papal power-Contest between Boniface VIII., and Philip the Fair, king of France-Benedict IX.-Clement V. -Gregory XI.-Urban VI.-Great western schism... 264 |