beauty and propriety of which belong to art rather than to nature. In forest scenery, we trace the sketches of SALVATOR and of RIDINGER; in park scenery, we may realize the landscapes of CLAUDE and POUSSIN but, in garden scenery, we delight in the rich embellishments, the blended graces of WATTEAU, where nature is dressed, but not disfigured, by art; and where the artificial decorations of architecture and sculpture are softened down by natural accompaniments of vegetation. In the park and forest, let the painter be indulged with the most picturesque objects for his pencil to imitate; let the sportsman be gratified with rough coverts and impenetrable thickets; let the active mind be soothed with all the beauty of landscape, and the contemplative mind roused by all the sublimity of prospect that nature can produce; but we must also provide artificial scenes, less wild, though not less interesting, for

"Retired Leisure,

“That in trim gardens takes his pleasure."-MILTON.

For these reasons, I cannot too strongly recommend a due attention to the following circumstances, which will be deemed innovations in the modern system, by those who contend that landscape forms the basis of landscape gardening, viz. First, To reduce the size of the pleasure ground, as it is called, within such limits that it may be kept with the utmost artificial neatness. Secondly, Not to aim even at the appearance of extent in garden scenery, without marking its artificial boundary, or separature, from the natural landscape. Thirdly, When the dressed grounds form part of the view from the windows, especially those of the principal rooms, let it be artificial in its keeping and in its embellishments; let it rather appear to be the rich frame of the landscape than a part of the picture. Fourthly, Whether the dressed garden be seen from the windows, or in a detached situation, let it be near the house, and, if possible, connected with it by a sheltered, if not a covered way. And lastly, As the winter of England

extends from November to May, it is highly desirable to provide a garden for those months, and thereby artificially to prolong our summers beyond the natural limits of our precarious climate.

In the summer, every field is a garden; but, in the winter, our open gardens are bleak, unsheltered, dreary fields. Where the walks are extended to the lengths which too commonly prevail, we find that no one uses them except the nursemaid and children, who are compelled to do so; or the unfortunate visitor, who is not less compelled to walk round the place on the first day of his visit, and who ever afterwards makes his escape into the neighbouring lanes or inclosures to enjoy the country; while in the artificial garden, richly clothed with flowers, and decorated with seats and works of art, we saunter, or repose ourselves, without regretting the want of extent any more than while we are in the saloon, the library, or the gallery of the mansion.

The luxury of a winter garden has of late been, in some degree, supplied by adding large conservatories to the apartments of a house; but this is not, in all cases, practicable, nor in some advisable; yet, in most situations, it is possible to obtain a covered line of connexion with the green-house, and other appendages of a winter garden, at a little distance from the house.*

If, by the various expedients suggested, I have succeeded in lengthening the summers, by shortening the walks; or if I have increased the comforts or pleasures of a garden, by diminishing what is too often miscalled the pleasure garden, I shall not have exercised my profession in vain; since I hope

The covered walk and corridor at Woburn Abbey is the most extensive of the kind in this country. It is a shelter from rain at all seasons, and furnishes a line of connexion with the conservatory, flower-house, tennis-court, stables, riding-house, &c. But this is not covered with glass. Among those on a small scale, I may mention the flower passage at Mr. Manning's villa, at Totteridge; the corridor at Earl Sefton's, at Stoke Farm; and the winter walk at the Hon. J. B. Simpson's, at Babworth, Nottinghamshire all which add great comfort to the interior, while they contribute, by their exterior, to ornament the garden scenery.

it will tend to curtail the waste of many thousand acres which may be more profitably employed.

I shall now proceed to explain the reasons for recommending, in the present instance, a departure from the styles of architecture hitherto used in this country. It happened that, a little before my first visit to Brighton, I had been consulted by the proprietor of Sezincot, in Gloucestershire, where he wished to introduce the gardening and architecture which he had seen in India. I confess the subject was then entirely new to me: but, from his long residence in the interior of that country, and from the good taste and accuracy with which he had observed and pointed out to me the various forms of ancient Hindû architecture, a new field opened itself; and, as I became more acquainted with them, through the accurate sketches and drawings made on the spot by my ingenious friend Mr. T. DANIELL, I was pleased at having discovered new sources of beauty and variety, which might gratify that thirst for novelty, so dangerous to good taste in any system long established; because it is much safer to depart entirely from any given style, than to admit changes and modifications in its proportions, that tend to destroy its character. Thus, when we are told that "a pediment is old fashioned, and a Doric column too thick and clumsy," the corruption of Grecian architecture may be anticipated. And since the rage for Gothic has lately prevailed, the sudden erection of spruce Gothic villas threatens to vitiate the pure style of those venerable remains of ancient English grandeur, which are more often badly imitated in new buildings, than preserved or restored in the old. It is not, therefore, with a view to super

Although I gave my opinion concerning the adoption of this new style, and even assisted in the selecting some of the forms from Mr. T. Daniell's collection, yet the architectural department at Sezincot, of course, devolved to the brother of the proprietor, who has displayed as much correctness as could be expected in a first attempt of a new style, of which he could have no knowledge but from drawings, but who has sufficiently exemplified, in various parts of his building, that the detail of Hindû architecture is as beautiful in reality as it appears in the drawings, and does not shrink from a comparison with the pure Gothic in richness of effect.

sede the known styles, that I am become an advocate for a new one, but to preserve their long-established proportions, pure and unmixed by fanciful innovations.

Immediately after I had reconciled my mind to the adoption of this new style at Sezincot, I received the Prince's commands to visit Brighton, and there saw, in some degree realized, the new forms which I had admired in drawings. I found in the gardens of the Pavillon a stupendous and magnificent building, which, by its lightness, its elegance, its boldness of construction, and the symmetry of its proportions, does credit both to the genius of the artist, and the good taste of his royal employer. Although the outline of the dome resembles rather a Turkish mosque than the buildings of Hindustan, yet its general character is distinct from either Grecian or Gothic, and must both please and surprise every one not bigoted to the forms of either.

When, therefore, I was commanded to deliver my opinion concerning the style of architecture best adapted to the additions and garden front for the Pavillon, I could not hesitate in agreeing that neither the Grecian nor the Gothic style could be made to assimilate with what had so much the character of an eastern building. I considered all the different styles of different countries, from a conviction of the danger of attempting to invent anything entirely new. The Turkish was objectionable, as being a corruption of the Grecian; the Moorish, as a bad model of the Gothic; the Egyptian was too cumbrous for the character of a villa; the Chinese too light and trifling for the outside, however it may be applied to the interior; and the specimens from Ava were still more trifling and extravagant. Thus, if any known style were to be adopted, no alternative remained but to combine, from the architecture of Hindûstan, such forms as might be rendered applicable to the purpose. After various experiments, the original MS. and drawings of this present work had the honour to receive his Royal Highness's most flattering appro

1

bation, with gracious permission to lay this fac simile before the public.

However fruitless the attempt to avert the cavils of criticism, I must not conclude these prefatory observations without endeavouring to anticipate some of the objections that I suppose will be urged against this novel application of the most ancient style of ornamented architecture existing in the world.* These objections may, perhaps, be classed under the following heads :

I. The difference in the climate from whence this style is taken.

II. The brevity of remarks for so important a subject.
III. The want of positive data and accurate measurement.
IV. The want of space for its introduction at Brighton.
V. The costliness of its ornaments and decorations.

The first objection will obviously arise from the difference between the climates of India and of England: but this would apply with equal force against the adoption of architecture from parts of Greece and Italy,† which are hotter than those mountainous tracts of Hindûstan, where the climate differs less from that of England than in the southern provinces near the sea-coasts.

In answer to the second objection, I shall observe, that this work was not intended as a detailed treatise on Hindustan architecture, but as an essay describing the reasons for recommending that particular style for a particular spot, where the confinement of the place, the character of the

Some of the forms here introduced are taken from the ornaments of the subterraneous and excavated remains, which being worked in the hardest grey granite, were found by Mr. Daniell to be as fresh as if just finished from the chisel of the sculptor; although they are of a date beyond all record, and are mentioned as being found in the same state at the time when Alexander the Great conquered India.

+ The Grecian style was introduced without any attention to the difference of climate; and so rare is the combination of fashion with good taste, or the union of genius with common sense, that even to the present day we see lofty porticos to shade the north side of houses, where the sun never shines; and balustrades on the tops of houses, where no one can ever walk, and where the slanting roof marks the absurdity.