3. 181. Orthography, being to the Elocution- Proverbs. 1. Estimate persons tore by ist, especially, a subject of incalcual le im- their hearts, than by their heads. 2. A people portance, it is presumed a few observations, who have no amusements, have no manners. illustrated by examples, will not be out of All are not saints, who go to church; all is not place. The author introduces an entirely gold that glitters. 4. Advice—is soldom welcome, new mode of learning the letters, by the use those who need it most, generally like it least. of sounds, before the characters are exhib-5. Do not spend your words to no purpose; but ited; also, a new way of spelling, in which the words are spelt by giving the different sounds of the letters, instead of their names: and finally, a new method of teaching children to read, by dictation; instead of by the book: i. e. to read without a book, the same as wall learn to speak our mother tongue; and afterwards, with a book: thus making the book talk just as we should, when speaking on the same subject. 182. Aspirates. There are, according to their representatives, 21 aspirate, or breath sounds: omitting the duplicates, (or letters having the same sound,) there are only eleven; viz: c, as in cent, clock, ocean; d, as in fac'd; f, as in fife; h, as in hoe; p, as in pipe; z, as in mix; ch, as in church; th, as in thin; and wh, as in where whence it appears, by actual analysis, that we have sixteen vowel sounds, and twenty-eight consonant sounds; making in all FOR CY-FOUR; Some authors, however, give only thirty-eight. come to the facts. 6. Great things-cannot be the consequences of our actions—both here, and accomplished without proper means. 7. We reap hereafter. 8. God gives to all, the power of be coming what they ought to be. 9. Infringe on no one's rights. 10. If we are determined to suc ceed, we shall succeed. 11. Better do well, than say well. 12. Better be happy than rich. observation. Anecdote. If men would confine their conversation to such subjects as they understand, how much better it would be for both speaker and hearer. Hally, the great mathematician, dabbled not a little in infidelity; he was rather too fond of introducing this subject in his social intercourse; and once. when he had descanted somewhat freely on it, in the presence of his friend, Sir Isaac Newton, the latter cut him short with this Hally, with the greatest deference, when "I always attend to you, Dr. you do us the honor to converse on astronomy, or the mathematics; because. these are subjects that you have industriously investigated, and which you well understand: but religion-is a subject on which I hear you with great pain; for this is a subject which you have not seriously examined, and do not understand; you despise it, because you have not studied it; and you will not study it, because you despise it. 183. The common mode of teaching all three, is no better policy, (setting every thing else aside,) than to go from America to China to get to England: in other words, perfectly ridiculous: and were we not so much accustomed to this unnatural and dementing process, we should consider it one of the most self-evident humbugs, not of the age only, but of the world. Examples of the old mode: p, (pe,) h, (aytch,) i, (eye,) s, (ess,) TIS, i, (eye,) c, (see,) k, (kay,) ICK, TISICK; fifteen sounds: of the new; t,i,z, lis, i, k, ik, tis-ik; giving nothing but the five sounds: the old: g, (je,) e, (e,) w, (doubleyou,) Gu, g, (je,) a, (a,) w, (doubleyou,) GAW, GEW-truth. AW; eighteen sounds, and not one sound in spelling is found in the word after it is spelt: the new mode; g, u,g, aw, Gew-GAW, giving only the four sounds of the letters, in stead of their names. Notes. 1. We never can succeed in accomplishing one half of the glorious purposes of language, so long as we apply our selves to what is written, and neglect what is spoken. 2. A new El presents itself; and when we shall have entered it, in the nght place and manner, a new era will dawn upon us, leading us more to the cultivation of the living language and the living voice: the compass and harmony of the best instrument can never be pereived, by touching the keys at random, or playing a few simple tapes upon it, learned by the ear. When sailing-on this troubled sea Laconics. In the scale of pleasure, the ceeded by the more enlarged views and gay lowest are sensual delights, which are sucthese give way to the sublimer pleasures of portraitures of a lively imagination; and reason, which discover the causes and designs, the form, connection, and symmetry of things, and fill the mind with the contemplation of intellectual beauty, order, and Varieties. 1. The greatest learning-is to be seen in the greatest simplicity. 2. Prefer the happiness and independence of a private station, to the trouble and vexation of a public one. 3. It is very foolish-for any one, to suppose, that he excels all others -in understanding. 4. Never take the humble, nor the proud, at their own valuation; the estimate of the former-is too little, and that of the latter-too much. 5. Every order of good-is found by an order of truth, agreeing with it. 6. As there is much to enjoy in the world, so is there much to endure; and wise are they, who enjoy gratefully, and endure patiently. 7. What is the meaning of the expression, in the first chapter of Genesis,-"Let us make man, in our image, and after our likeness ?" All farewells-should be sudden, when forever, 184. In teaching spelling to children, ex- | then their shapes, and names, together with their uses; the mas Arcise them on the forty-four sounds of the predominating; and then there will be ease, grace, and powe course should be pursued in teaching music, the ear, alway letters; then in speaking in concert, after the combined. preceptor, and also individually, interspersing the exercises with analyzing words. by giving the various sounds of which they are composed. At first, let them give each sound in a syllable by itself, (after you;) then let them give all the sounds in a syllable beforo pronouncing it; and finally, let them give all the sounds in a word, and then pronounce it: thus, there are three modes of spelling by ear; easy, difficult, and more difcult. Those, however, taught in the old way, must expect that their younger pupils, especially, will 'soon get ahead of them; unless they apply themselves very closely to their work. 185. The second division of the Consonants is into SIMPLE, and COMPOUND; or single and double: of the former, there are twenty, including the duplicates: viz: c, in city; c, cab; d, do; d, pip'd; f, fifty; g, gull; h, hope; k, make; l, bill; m, mile; n, no; p, pop; q, quote; r, corn; s, see; t, tune; ch, chyle; gh, tough; gh, ghastly; and ph, epha: omitting the duplicate representatives, there are but eleven; viz: c, (cypress;) c, (ac-me;) d, (day;) d, (tripp'd;)| f, (foe;) g, (give;)l, (lay;) m, (mote;) n, (nine;) p, (passed;) r, (more :) compare, and see. 186. Origin of Language. Plato says, that language is of Divine institution; that human reason, from a defect in the knowledge of natures and qualities, which are indicated by names, could hot determine the cog-nom-i-na of things. He also maintains, that names are the vehicles of substances: that a fixed analogy, or correspondence, exists between the name and thing; that language, therefore, is not arbitrary in its origin, but fixed by the laws of analogy; and that God alone, who knows the nature of things, originally imposed names, strictly expressive of their qualities. Zeno, Cle-anthes, Chry-sip-pus, and others, were of the same opinion. Notes. 1. This work is not designed to exaibit the whole subject of Oratory; which is as boundless and profound as are the thoughts and feelings of the human mind; but to present in a plain and familiar form, the essentials of this God-like art; in the hopes of being useful in this day and generation. In the course of a both er twelve years, there may be a nearer approach to truth and nature. 2. Observe the difference between the sounds, heard in spel ling the following words, by the names of the letters, and those sounds, heard in the words after being spelt: a,-g,-e; if the sounds heard in calling the letters by name, are pronounced, the word is ay-je-ee; i,-, in like manner, spell eye-ess; c,-o,-,-n, spell, see o-ar-en; 00,-2,-e, spell doub-le-o-ze-ee; a,-1,-m-,-, spell, a-el-em-ess; o,-n, spell-ow-en; &c. 3. The common arrange ment of words in columns, without meaning, seems at variance with common sense; but this mode is perfectly mathematical, as well as philosophical, and of course, in accordance with nature, science, and the structure of mind. 4. The proper formation of words, out of letters, or wounds, is word-making. 5. Abcdari-ans should first be taught the sounds of letters, and then their uses, and Proverbs. 1. Virtue-grows under every weight imposed on it. 2. He, who envies the lot of another, must be discontented with his own. 3. When fortune fails us, the supposed friends of our prosperous days-vanish. 4. The love of ruling—is the most powerful affection of the human mind. 5. A quarrelsome man-must expect many wounds. 6. Many condemn, what they do not understand. 7. Property, dishonestly tion. 3. He, who has well begun, has half dene acquired, seldom descends to the third generahis task. 9. The difference between hypocrisy and sincerity is infinite. 10. When our attention is directed to two objects, we rarely succeed in either. 11. Recompence every one for his labor. 12. Zealously pursue the right path. Anecdote. Patience. The priest of a certain village, observing a man, (who had just lost his wife,) very much oppressed with grief, told him, he must have Patience;" whereupon, the mourner replied, not consent to have me." "I have been trying her sir, but she will into three classes, corresponding to the scien The range of knowledge is divided tific, rational and affectuous faculties of man The first, is knowledge of the outward creation,-involving every thing material, all that is addresscd to our five senses; the second, is knowledge of human existences, as it respects man's spiritual, or m the Divine Being, including his nature, and mortal nature: and the third, knowledge of laws, and their modes of operation. There is a certain point where matter-ends, and spirit-begins: i. e. a boundary, where they come in contact, where spirit-operates on matter: there is a state, where finite spiritual existences-receive life and light-from the Infinite, who is the Lord of all; that Spirit, "That warms—ia the sun; refreshes—in the breeze; The omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent “Lives-through all life, extends thro' all extent, Whose body nature is,-and God—the soul." Varieties. 1. Are monopolies consistoften makes the most clever persons act ent with republican institutions? 2. Love like fools, and the most foolish, act like wise ones. 3. Patience is the surest remedy against calumny: time, sooner or later, will disclose the truth. 4. The fickleness of fortune is felt all over the world. 5. It is easy to criticise the productions of art, tho' it is difficult to make them. 6. Do not defer till to-morrow, what ought to be don to-day. 7. The precepts and truths of the word of God,-are the very laws of divine order; and so far as our minds are receptive of them, we are so far in the divine order, and the divine order in us, if in a life agree ing with them. Guard well thy thoughts;—our thoughts are bear' in recoCL 187. The method, here recommended, of | that a, in far, is the original element of all giving the sounds, of spelling, and of teach- the vowel and vocal consonant sounds, and ing children to read uithout a book, and then the aspirate h, is the original element, out with a book, will save three-fourths of the la- which all the aspirate consonant sounds are bor of both teacher and pupil; and, in addi-made, as well as the vocal sounds; thus, that tion to these important considerations, there which the letter h represents, seems to inwill be an immense amount of time and ex-volve something of infinity in variety, so pense saved, and the young prevented from far as sounds, and their corresponding affeccontracting the common bad habits of read-tions are concerned; for breath—is air: and ing unnaturally; which not only obstructs without air, there can be no sound. Why the proper development of body and mind, was the letter h, added to the names of Abram but sows the seeds of sickness and premature and Sarai? death. Our motto should be, "cease to do evil, and learn to do well." Proverbs. 1. He, who reckons without his host, must reckon again. 2. When we despise 3. danger, it often overtakes us the sooner. but their minds are still the same. They, who cross the ocean, may change climate, 4. The corduces the worst. 5. We must not judge of persons ruption, or perversion of the best things -proby their clothing, or by the sanctity of their appearance. 6. If we indulge our passions, they will daily become more violent. 7. Light grief— may find utterance; but deeper sorrow can find none. 8. The difference is great-between words and deeds. 9. Poverty- wants many things; avarice-every thing. 10. Let us avoid having too many irons in the fire. 11. Faithfully perform every duty, small and great. 12. Govern your thoughts, when alone, and your tongue, when in company. 13. Ill got,-ill spent. 188. Modes of Spelling. In the old, or common mode of spelling, there are many more sounds introduced, than the words contain: this always perplexes new beginners, whose ear-has had much more practice, in reference to language, than their eye. The great difficulty seems to be-to dispose of the parts, which amount to more than the whole for, in philosophy, it is an acknowledged principle, that the parts-are only equal to the whole. Hence, spelling by sounds of letters, instead of by names is vastly preferable: the former being perfectly philosophical, involving orderly, analysis and synthesis, and it is also mathematical, because the parts are just equal to the whole while the latter mode is the very reverse of all this; and in-eral young physicians were conversing, in stead of aiding, essentially, in the development of body and mind, tends directly to prevent both. Anecdote. Finishing our Studies. Sev 66 the hearing of Dr. Rush, and one of them observed, "When I have finished my studies," "When you have finished your studies!" said the doctor, abruptly; why, 189. Of the compound, or diphthongal and you must be a happy man, to have finished triphthongal consonants, we have twenty-them so young: I do not expect to finish mine while I live." three; viz: c, (z,) discern; c, (sh,) social; f, (v,) thereof; g, (dg,) gibe; g, (zh,) badinage; j, (dg,) judge; n, (ng,) bank; r, (burr'd,) trill; s, (z,) was; s, (sh,) sure; s, (zh,) leisure; t, (sh,) rațional ; v, vivacity; w, wist; x, (ks,) ox; x, (z,) Xenia; y, youth; z, zigzag; ch, (tch,) such; ch, (sh,) chagrin; ph, (v,) nephew; th, thick; th, tho'; wh, why: deducting the duplicates, we have but twelve; c, (7,) c, (sh,) ƒ, (v,) g, (zh,) n, (ng,) r, (trill'd,) x, (ks,) x, (gz,) ch, (tch,) th, (think,) th, (that,) and wh, (when:) let them be exemplified. 190. It has previously been remarked, that, strictly speaking, a, in far, is the only natural vowel sound in our language; and that the other fifteen are modifications of it; also, that on the same principle, the aspirate, or breath sound, heard in pronouncing the sound of h, (huh, in a whisper,) is the material, out of which all sounds are made; for it is by condensing the breath, in the larynx, through the agency of the vocal chords, that the voice sound, of grave a is made; and, by the peculiar modification, at certain points of interception, that any aspirate consonant sound is produced; hence, it may be said, Laconics. The kindnesses, which most men receive from others, are like traces drawn in the sand. The breath of every passion sweeps them away, and they are reinscriptions on monuments of brass, or pilmembered no more. But injuries are like lars of marble, which endure, unimpaired, the revolutions of time. Varieties. 1. We rarely regret-having spoken too little; but often-of saying too much. 2. Which is the more extensively useful,-fire, or water? 3. A speaker, who expresses himself with fluency and discre tion, will always have attentive lieners. 4. The spirit of party, sometimes leads even the greatest men-to descend to the meanness of the vulgar. 5. Without virtue, hap6. When we are convinced that our opinions piness- -can never be real, or permanent. ledge it, and exchange them for truths. 7. are erroneous, it is always right to acknowEvery love-contains its own truth. Serve God before the world! let him not go, Until thou hast a blessing; then, resign The whole unto him, and remember who Prevailed by wrestling-ere the sun did shine Pour oil upon the stones, weep for thy sin, Then journey on, and have an eye to heaven. 191. Here a new field is open for the classification of our letters, involving the structure of all languages, and presenting us with an infinite variety, terminating in unity,-all languages being merely dialects of the original one; but in this work, nothing more is attempted, than an abridgment of the subject. As every effect must have an adequate cause, and as in material things, such as we see, hear, taste, smell, and feel, there can be no primary, but only secondary causes, we must look to the mind for the Feelings and thoughts, that have given rise to all the peculiarities and modifications of language; being assured, that in the original language, each state of the will and the understanding, had its external sign, as a medi um of manifestation. Proverbs. 1. Do as much good as you can and make but little noise about it. 2. The Bible. is a book of laws, to show us what 's right, and what is wrong. 3. What maintains one vice, would bring up two children. 4. A little wrong done to another, is a great wrong done to ourselves. 5. Sermons-should be steeped in the heart-before they are delivered. 6. A life of attractive industry is always a happy one. 7. Drive your business before you, and it will ge easily. 8. Good fences - make good neighbors. 9. Pride wishes not to owe; self-love-wishes not to pay. 10. The rotten apple injures its companion. 11. Make a virtue of necessity. 12. You can't make an auger hole with a gimblet. Anecdote Mathematical Honor. A st dent-of a certain college, gave his fellow student the lie; and a challenge followed. The mathematical tutor-heard of the diffi. 66 192. Uses of Spelling. The object of spel-culty, and sent for the young man that gave ling, in the manner here recommended, is the challenge, who insisted, that he must Why," said two-fold; to spell by sound, in order to be fight-to shield his honor. the tutor? Pecause he gave me the lie.' able to distinguish the sounds, of which Very well; let him prove it: if he prove words are composed, and to pronounce it,-you did lie; but if he does not prove it, them correctly: thus developing and train- then he lies. Why should you shoot one ing the voice and ear to the highest pitch another? Will that make a lie-any more of perfection. The use of spelling by the honorable?" names of letters is, to make us acquainted with them, and the order in which they are placed in the words, so as to be able, not only to read, but to write the language: hence, we must become acquainted with both our spoken and written language, if we would avail ourselves of their wonderful capabilities, and the treasures of which they are possessed. CICERO says, the poet-is born such; the orator is made such. But reading books of rhetoric, and eloquent extracts-choice morsels of poetry and eloquence will never make one an orator: these are only the ef fects of oratory. The cause of eloquence is to be sought for, only in the depths of the human mind-the true philosophy of man, and the practice of unadulterated goodness and truth. You must feel rightly, think wisely, and act accordingly: then gracefulness of style and eloquence will fit you; otherwise, you will be like the ass, clothed with the lion's skin. Accomplishment should not be Seek, then, for the an end, but a means. 193. In partially applying this doctrine, we may say, B, (bib,) represents a gutteral labial sound; 1st. c, (cent,) a dental aspirate: 2d. c, (clock,) a gulteral aspirate: 3d. c, (sacrifice,) a dental vocal consonant: 4th. e, (ocean,) a dental aspirate: 1st f, (if,) a sub-philosophy of oratory, where it is to be found, in the study of geometry, language, physics, labial and super-dental aspirate: 2d f, (of) a theology, and the human mind profound, if sub-labial super-dental, vocal: 1st g, (gem,) you would attain that suavity of graceful a posterior lingual dental vocal, terminating periods, engaging looks and gestures, which in an aspirate; 2d g, (go,) a glottal vocal steal from men their hearts, and reason, and consonant: 3d g, (rouge,) a vocal dental as- make them, for the time being, your willing pirate: h, a pure aspirate, with open mouth captives. and throat; l, a lingual dental; and so on to Varieties. 1. Is there any line of de the end of our sounds, of analysis and syn-marcation between temperance and intemthesis, of which a volume might be written; perance? 2. We rarely repent-of eating and although the writer has practiced on too little; but often-of eating too much. them many thousands of times, he never has 3. Truth-is clothed in white; but a liecomes forth in all the colors of a rainbow. done it once, without learning something new. Notes. 1. Don't forget to understand and master every thing that relates to the subject of study and practice: the only royal highway to trath is the straight way. 2. Become as familiar with the sounds of our language as you are with the alphabet As you proceed, acquire more ease and grace in reading and speaking An honest man-is still an unmoved rock, 4. St. Augustin says, "Love God; and then do what you wish." 5. We must not do evil, that good may come of it; the means— must answer, and correspond to the end. 6. Assumed qualities-may catch the fancy of some, but we must possess those that are good, to fix the heart. 7. When a thing is doubtful, refer it to the Word in sincerity; if it is not clear to you, let it alone, for the pro sent, at least, till it is made so. Mind, not money-makes the nan 194. Accent--means either stress, or 196. Some persons may wish for more quantity of vpice, on a certain letter, or let-specific directions, as to the method of bring. ters in a word: it is made by concentrating ing the lower muscles into use, for producing the voice, on that particular place in the sounds, and breathing: the following will word, heavy, at first, then gliding into silence. suffice. Take the proper position, as above There are Two WAYS of making it; first, recommended, and place the hands on the by STRESS, when it occurs on short vowels, hips, with the thumbs on the small of the as, ink-stand: secondly, by QUANTITY, when back, and the fingers on the abdominal musit occurs on long ones; as, o-ver: i. e. when cles before; grasp them tightly; i. e. try to the word is short, we pronounce it with press in the abdomen, and, at the same time, FORCE; and when it is long, with QUANTI- to burst off the hands, by an internal effort, TY, and a little force too: thus, what we lack in the use of the muscles to produce the vowin length of sound, we make up by stress, or el sounds of the following words, at, et, it, ot, force, according to circumstances. These en-ut; then leave off the t, giving the vowels gravings present to the eye an idea of accent the same sound as before: or imagine that by stress, or a concentration of voice, with you have a belt tied around you, just above more or less abruptness. the hip bones, and make such an effort as would be required to burst it off; do the same in breathing, persevere, and you will succeed: but do not make too much effort. The first-indicates that the accented vowel is near the beginning of the word; as in ac-cent, em-pha-sis, in-dus-try, on-ward, upward: the second, that it is at, or near the end as in ap-pre-hend, su-per-in-tend, in-divis-i-bil-i-ty. In music, the first represents the diminish; the second-the swell of the voice. Proverbs. 1. A man under the influence of anger is beside himself. 2. Poverty, with honesty, is preferable to riches, acquired by dishonest means. 3. The wolf casts his hair, but never changes his ferocious disposition. 4. To wicked persons-the virtue of others-is always a subject of envy. 5. Flies-cannot enter a mouth that is shut. 6. No plea of expediency-should reconcile us to the commission of a base act. 7. Power, unjustly obtained, is of short duration. 8. Every mad-man-believes all other men mad. 9. The avaricious man-is kind to none; but least kind to himself. 10. The beginning of knowledge is the fear of God. 11. Of all poverty, that of the mind-is the most deplorable. 12. He only is powerful, who governs himself. 195. The first use of accent-is to convert letters, or syllables-into words, expressive of our ideas; i. e. to fasten the letters together, so as to make a word-medium for marifesting our feelings and thoughts: and the second use is to aid us in acquiring a distinct articulation, and melody of speech, and song. Exs. 1. ACCENT BY STRESS OF VOICE. He am-pli-fies his ad-ver-tise-ment, di-min-ish-es its im-pe-tus, and op-e-rates on Varieties. 1. What was it-that made the ul-ti-mates. 2. The ac-cu-ra-cy of the man miserable, and what-alone can make cer-e-mo-ny is fig-u-ra-tive of the com-pe-him happy? 2. Diffidence—is the mother of ten-cy of his up-right-ness: 3. The cal-e-safety; while self-confidence often involves pil-lar for-gets the no-bil-i-ty of or-a-to-ry us in serious difficulties. 3. He is not rich. un-just-ly; 4. The math-e-mat-ics are su- who has much, but he who has enough, and per-in-tend-ed with af-fa-bil-i-ty, cor-res- is contented. 4. It is absurd-for parents to pond-ent to in-struc-tions. preach sobriety to their children, and yet in Notes. 1. Observe, there are but FIVE SHORT vowels indulge in all kinds of excess. 5. Nature our language; the examples above contain illustrations of all of them, in their alphabetical order; they are also found in these words--at, et, it, ot, ut; and to give them with purity, make as though you were going to pronounce the whole word, but leave off at the f. 2. This is a very important point in our subject; if you bail in anderstanding accent, you cannot succeed in emphasis. Anecdote. Holding One's Own. A very fat man was one day met by a person whom he owed, and accosted with-"How do you do?" Mr. Adipose replied, " Pretty well; I hold my own;""and mine too, to my sorrow," rejoined the creditor. Hail, to thee, filial love, source of delight, never says, what wisdom contradicts; for I do remember an apothecary,- |