who, though not rich, are virtuous and brave, I hold in high esteem. Never will I prefer riches to virtue. I have enriched my country with the spoils, not of friends, but of enemies."-Notwithstanding the power of the faction opposed to him, his popularity was still so great, that their opposition to him could not be pushed to extremity; and he was honourably acquitted of the charge on which he was tried.

133. In the distress that had come on the Spartans by the ruin of their city, and the revolt of their slaves, they applied for help to the neighbouring states. By the aid of the Æginetans and the Platæans, they shut up the Messenian insurgents in the strong hold of Ithome. To reduce this fortress they sought the aid of the Athenians. The party opposed to Cimon, of which Ephialtes was the leader, were inclined to refuse help to Sparta. "Let her pride be humbled," said Ephialtes, "and her power to do mischief weakened." Cimon, still supported by a powerful party friendly to Sparta, appealed to more generous sentiments. "Let us not suffer Greece to be lamed, and Athens deprived of her yoke-fellow." This appeal was successful. Cimon was immediately sent forth with a large Athenian force, to assist the Spartans at the siege of Ithomé. This siege was long and tedious. The Spartans, jealous of the rising power of Athens, and suspecting that the help, which was opposed by a large party in that city, was not heartily afforded, dismissed the Athenian troops, while they detained those of the other allies. On this, the Athenians broke their alliance with the Spartans, and formed a close connexion with Argos, now at war with Sparta.

134. The democratical party at Athens was now rapidly gaining power under the guidance of Ephialtes. They had made deep inroads on the power of the Areopagus. Cimon became unpopular as the friend of Sparta, as the leader of the expedition in which that state had insulted Athens, and as the defender of the Areopagus; and he was banished from Athens for ten years.

CHAPTER XI.

PERICLES.

His history-Revolt in Egypt-War-Defeat of Athenians-Siege of EginaPerseverance of Athens for superiority at sea-Calamity in Egypt-Revolt of Euboea-Revolution of Megara-Truce of thirty years between Athens and Sparta-Thucydides - Banishment of Thucydides-War between Milesians and Samians-Victory by Pericles-Means of increasing the revenues of Athens Phidias and his works-Difficulties of Pericles - Pericles and Aspasia.

135. The popular leader of the Athenians was Pericles. This great statesman was son of Xanthippus, who had accused Miltiades, the father of Cimon, and who had been associated with Aristides in the command of the Athenian fleet, in the victory of Mycale. The personal appearance of Pericles, and his winning address, were aided by the advantages of a highly cultivated mind, and by a polished and majestic eloquence hitherto unknown. He studied philosophy with Anaxagoras, and music and politics, with Damon. Slowly feeling his way to power, he gradually undermined the influence of the nobles, and the popularity of Cimon, and succeeded, as we have seen, in procuring the expulsion of his rival, by the votes of the people. At this time the Megarians and the Corinthians were at war. The Megarians joined the Athenian confederacy, and the Athenians made themselves masters of their territory. All things, both at home and abroad, required that the navy of Athens should be vigorously employed, as the only means by which her power at sea could be maintained.

136. She was brought once more into contest with Persia. Inarus, king of some Lybian tribes in the west of Egypt, had excited a revolt in Egypt against the Persians. Artaxerxes, son of Xerxes, sent his brother Achæmenes at the head of a large army to subdue the Egyptians. Inarus applied for help to the Athenian commanders of a fleet then engaged in the reduction of Cyprus. The Athenians, with their confederates, ascended the Nile to Memphis, the capital of Lower Egypt, and took possession of two divisions of the city, while the third remained in the hands of the Persians. These operations were going on in Egypt, when the

Corinthians, assisted by the Epidaurians, defeated the Athenians at Italiæ, on the Argolic coast. Their next engagements were at sea, in which the Athenians had the advantage. They repulsed the Peloponnesian fleet, near the island of Cecryphalea, in the Saronic gulf. They besieged Ægina, and drove back the Corinthians from the passes of Geranea, in Megara. In this state of things in Greece, the Persians hoped to draw the Athenians from Egypt, by bribing Sparta to invade Attica. Though the continuance of the Messenian war prevented the Spartans from gratifying, at this time, their own vengeance in Attica by the invasion, there were many causes at work to increase the hostility between these two leading states of Greece. The Phocians, having captured one of the towns of Doris, the Spartans compelled them to restore it, and, on their return home, encamped at Tanagra, on the frontier of Attica, encouraged by the hope that the faction which favoured them in Athens, would enable them to strike a decisive blow against the popular Athenian government.

137. The Athenian forces, including large bodies of allied troops, together with some Thessalian cavalry, marched out to Tanagra, to give the Spartans battle. While both sides. were waiting in expectation of an engagement, Cimon, whose place of banishment was near, offered to join his own tribe in the service of his own country. His offer was refused. He left his armour with his friends, who fought around it till they were all cut off. In the midst of the battle, where Pericles performed extraordinary feats of valour, the Thessalians abandoned the Athenians and joined the Spartans. The Spartans triumphed, and returned to their homes. Three months later, Myronides, the Athenian general, who had driven the Corinthians from Genarea, gained the victory of Enophyta, making himself master of all the smaller cities of Boeotia, and secured the ascendency of a party favourable to Athens in Thebes. He destroyed the wall of Tanagra, and took hostages from the Opuntian Locrians. In the same year, Ægina was subdued by the Athenians; the long walls of Athens begun by Cimon, were completed; and the Athenians devoted themselves with increased energy to the maintenance of their superiority at sea. They sent, next year, a fleet round the Peloponnesus; burned the arsenal of the

Spartans at Gythium; took Chalus from the Corinthians; defeated the Sicyonians; subdued the cities of Cephellenia; and gained possession of Naupactus, which they wrested. from the Ozolian Locrians. In this latter place they settled, at the close of the war, the exiles from Messenia, which restored the dominion of the Spartans in their country. These successes in Greece were darkened by calamities in Egypt. The Persians, by forcing the Athenians from Memphis and from Byblus, and extinguishing the revolt of Inarus, entirely destroyed their power in that quarter.-Cimon was recalled from banishment by the prudence or the necessities of Pericles; but he died in an unsuccessful expedition to Africa. His remains were conveyed to Athens, where his name was honoured with a noble monument.

138. The Athenians divided with the Spartans the honour of presidency at Delphi. They met with reverses in Boeotia; and, at the same time, Euboea revolted. There was also a revolution against them in Megara. A Peloponnesian army was marching against Attica; but Pericles induced them to return, by bribing the counsellor of the Spartans; and, having succeeded in saving his country from invasion, quelled the revolt of Euboea. As both the Athenians and the Spartans were much exhausted by these wars, the two states, together with the confederates on both sides, entered into a truce for thirty years.-When this truce was made, the party, of which Cimon had been the head, looked for a leader distinguished less for military than for civil talents. Their choice fell on Thucydides, the brother-in-law of Cimon. He gathered the nobles around him as a compact body. The effect of this on Pericles was to excite his most strenuous efforts to refine the character, and to gratify the tastes, of the people. He devoted large portions of the public treasure to the encouragement of art, the embellishment of the city, and a profusion of brilliant festivals and magnificent processions. The partizans of Thucydides brought against Pericles a charge of prodigality in wasting the funds of the state. Pericles defended himself by saying: "If you think I have spent too much on these objects, charge them to my account; but let my name, not that of the Athenian people, be inscribed upon them." On such a people, whose genius

Pericles had deeply studied, the effect was precisely what he desired-they dismissed the charge. Thucydides was banished. Pericles stood, without a rival, as the leader and the organ of the Athenian democracy.

139. It seems to have been but a few years after the banishment of Thucydides, that the Milesians applied to Athens for help in the war which they were carrying on with the Samians-an application which was supported by even some of the Samians, who were dissatisfied with their own government. The Samians, members of the Ionian confederacy, refused to submit their dispute with the Milesians to the decision of Athens. Pericles repaired to their island, put down the government, and followed up this expedition by a second and a third, which ended in complete victory on behalf of Athens.

140. One great use which Pericles made of this power was to make Athens the centre of law and justice to her allies. The treasure of the confederacy had been transferred from Delos to Athens long before. From the augmented tributes of the Attic states, as well as from the rents of the Laurian silver mines, from imposts, tithes, taxes on strangers and on slaves, fees and fines connected with the administration of justice, and liturgiæ, or contributions from individuals for particular services, over which the government presided-all the fruits of peace, Pericles raised the revenues of Athens to an extraordinary height. For this reason he was opposed to all schemes of foreign conquest; as, by increasing the dignity of Athens, he thought to make her formidable to her enemies, and dear to her people. The summit of the Acropolis was crowned with monuments and temples. The marbles of Pentilicus and Paros were wrought by the genius of Phidias, Callicrates, and Mnesicles, into those wondrous columns, arches, and statues, which, even in ruins, are considered the models of statuary and architecture. The Odeum, the Propylæa, the Parthenon, rose in their clear sky, attracting the admiration of the world, attesting the wealth and refinement of the Mistress of the Sea, and filling the humblest citizen with the remembrance of former days of glory, and a sense of the grandeur of the state, of which he proudly felt himself to be a part.