upon the fpit, and could have kil❜d half a dozen fowls with pleasure.* But in fuch perfect animals as sheep and oxen, in whom the heart, the brain, and nerves, differ fo little from ours, and in whom the feparation of the fpirits from the blood, the organs of fenfe, and, confequently, feeling itself, are the fame as they are in human creatures, i cannot imagine how a man, not harden'd in blood and masfacre, is able to fee a violent death, and the pangs of it, without concern.

"In answer to this," he continues, "most people will think it sufficient to say, that things being allow'd to be made for the service of man, there can be no cruelty in puting creatures to the use they were defign'd for ;+ but i have heard men make this reply, while their nature within them has reproach'd them with the falsehood of the asfertion. There is of all the multitude not one man in ten but what wil own (if he was not

* For this reason, peradventure, thefe very humane perfons would rather boil their live lobfters: Even "the tender mercys of the wicked are cruel." The cry or fhriek of this animal, in its laft fufferings, is fay'd to refemble strongly that of a human creature, whofe agonys would not be greater, nor, perhaps, different, in the same situation.

The beep is not fo much" defign'd" for the man, as the man is for the tyger; this animal being naturally carnivorous, which man is not: but nature and justice, or bumanity, are not, allways, one and the fame thing.

brought up in a flaughter-house) that of all trades he could never have been a butcher; and i question whether ever any body fo much as kil'd a chicken without reluctancy the first time. Some people are not to be perfuadeëd to tafte of any creatures they have dayly feen and been acquainted with, while they were alive; others extend their fcruple no further than to their own poultry, and refuse to eat what they fed and took care of themselves; yet all of them wil feed heartyly and without remorfe on beef, mutton, and fowls, when they are bought in the market. In this behaviour, methinks, there appears fomething like a confciousness of guilt, it looks as if they endeavour'd to fave themselves from the imputation of a crime (which they know sticks fomewhere) by removeing the cause of it as far as they can from themselves; and i can discover in it some strong marks of primitive pity and innocence, which all the arbitrary power of custom, and the violence of luxury, have not yet been able to conquer.

"What i build upon," he says, 66 shal be told is a folly that wife men are not guilty of: i own it; but while it proceeds from a real pasfion inhereënt in our nature, it is fufficient to de

*See a beautyful little anecdote to this effect in Berquins Childrens friend.

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monftrate that we are born with a repugnancy to the kiling, and, confequently, to the eating of animals; for it is imposfible that a natural appetite should ever prompt us to act, or defire others to do, what we have an averfion to, be it as foolish as it wil."*

It is wel obferve'd by Cowper,

"The heart is hard in nature, and unfit
For human fellowship, as being void

Of fympathy, and therefor dead alike

To love and friendship both, that is not please'd
With fight of animals enjoying life,

Nor feels their hapynefs increase his own."

"Confider," fays Tryon, "how unpleaseing it would be to most people, to behold the dead carcafees of beafts cut into pieceës, and mangle'd, and all over bloody? and how naufeous, and frightful, a thing it would be to think of puting those begore'd gobbets into our mouths, and feeding ourselves thereon, did not continual use and custom make it familiar? and how difficult a task would it be for many people to kil the beasts for their own food, until a little action of that kind and custom hardens them therein. How quickly allfo wil the dead carcafeës putrefy and ftink, defileing the elements, both earth and air! How offenfive are the placeës where flesh is kil'd

Fable of the bees, I, 187, &c.

and fold! How rude, cruel, fierce and violent are most of those who are employ'd therein? In a word, there is nothing that is pleasant, or friendly, in the whole bufyness, nor any one circumstance that is grateful to the innocent principle in man; nay, the taste of moft forts of flesh is ftrong, fulfome, and fmels of the original cruelty to all those that have, for any time, feparateëd themselves from the eating thereof, or haveing communication with it.... Is there any comparison to be made between a herb-market, and a flesh-market? In one a thousand pieceës of the dead carcafees of various creatures lye ftinking, the chanels runing with blood, and all the placeës ful of excrements, ordure, garbage, grease, and filthyness, fending forth dismal, poisonous scents, enough to corrupt the very air. In the other, you have delicate fruits of most excellent tastes, wholesome medicinal herbs, favoury grains, and moft beautyful, fragrant flowers, whofe various fcents, colours, &c. make at once a banquet to all the fenfees, and refresh the very fouls of fuchas' pafs through them, and perfume all the circumambient air with redolent exhalations. This was the place, and food, ordain'd for mankind in the begining. The lord planted a garden for him, replenish'd with all manner of ravishing fruits and he bs: there 'were no flesh-markets nor fhambles talk'd of

in the primitive times; But every green herb, fruit, and feed, fhall be for food to man, fay'th the creator: ' and' if it had been ftil obferve'd, man had not contracted fo many diseafees in his body, and cruel viceës in his foul, by makeing his throat an open fepulchre, wherein to entomb the dead bodys of beafts; nor fhould the noble image of the deity have been thus fhamefully defile'd with brutalitys."

"When M. Bougainville first landed on the Malouine, or Falklands-ilands, the birds fuffer'd themselves to be takeën with the hand, and fome would come and fettle upon people that ftood ftil; fo true it is that man does not bear a characteristick mark of ferocity, by which mere inftinct is capable of pointing out, to these weak animals, the being that lives upon their blood. This confidence was not of long duration with them; for they foon learn'd to mistrust their moft cruel enemys."†

The principal quadrupeds which are addicted by nature to vegetable food, are the elephant, the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, the camelopard, the camel and dromedary; the bul, the buffalo; the horse, the a, the zebra; the fheep, the goat, the deer, the antelope, the elk,

* Way to bealth, &c. p. 329.

Voyage round the world, (by Forster), p. 39.