may undoubtedly be held to represent the cartographical labours of Amerigo Vespucci. One of them is the Hydrographia (or "Hydrographie Portugaise" as it is often called), which forms the first of the supplementary maps; the other is the Tabula Terre nove, which is the second of that series, and which might be thought to contain the New-World portion of the Hydrographia engraved on a larger scale and more detailed, but it is really quite a different map. Only one map is alluded to in the address Ad Lectorem which precedes those supplementary maps, and it is said to have been presented to the editors more than six years earlier, by René Duke of Lorraine, when they had commenced to work on the publication of Ptolemy. The history of the edition is probably to be explained thus. On the publication of Vespucci's four voyages early in 1505, a copy with the dedication altered so as to suit the recipient, was sent to King René, along with two manuscript maps prepared apparently by Vespucci's hand. He delivered the book and the maps to the St. Dié College, and they produced the Cosmographia of 1507 as a translation of the Italian text. The maps were reserved to be used for an edition of Ptolemy then projected, and the work of engraving was probably begun at once, but difficulties arose with regard to the text when they began to edit the Latin translation of Ptolemy. Finding it necessary to collate it with a Greek text, Philesius was sent to Italy. Pico di Mirandola furnished him with a Greek MS. for the use of the editors, and sent a highly complimentary letter, which is printed at the beginning of the volume, bearing date 1508. The labour must have proved enormous and discouraged the editors, for they say in the Ad Lectorem that it had gone to sleep six years before in the rocks of the Vosges, and was now at last roused into publication in Strassburg. The words concerning the procurement and the authorship of the map are as follows:-"Charta autem marina quam Hydrographiam vocant per Admiralem quondam serenissi. Portugalie regis Ferdinandi ceteros denique lustratores verissimis peragrationibus lustrata, ministerio Renati, dum vixit, nunc pie mortui, Ducis illustriss. Lotharingie liberalius prelographati oni tradita est." The blunder either in the name of the king or that of the country has led to various interpretations, and the Admiral referred to is generally supposed to mean Columbus, but it is more probable that the phrase refers to Vespucci, who, in 1504, was a sea-captain in the Portuguese service. It is a trifling matter, but one of some significance for the determination of this disputed point, that in the delineation of Spain, there is no town or port marked except Lisbon.

The first map or Hydrographia is a general view of the world from Cathay on the right hand to the New World on the left. The American portion consists of the coast of South America from the Gulf of Venezuela to the port of Cananea (12 degrees North to 25 degrees South latitude-it is marked 15 N.L. to 35 S.L.), with the islands of Cuba and S. Domingo. There are only a few inscriptions, seven in all; and there is nothing further, except the outlines of a small portion of detached coast lying opposite Ireland, in the mid-sea, between 50 and 62 degrees N.L. This is evidently intended to represent the discoveries of Corte Real.-The second map is the Tabula Terre Nove above mentioned. It omits entirely the Corte-real coast which appears in the Hydrographia, but extends in S. America to the same degree of S.L. as that map. It is full of names along the sea coast from Cabo del Mar Usiano on the north, to about 25 (marked 35) degrees of south latitude, where it ends with Rio Cananor (Cananea Bay), and seems to correspond exactly with the extent claimed by Vespucci as having been explored in his four voyages (including also an evidence that Cabral's discovery was included). There can be little doubt, notwithstanding the absence of the peninsula of Yucatan (which proves that during the coasting voyage described by Vespucci as his first, the usual hydrographic observations were frequently pretermitted) that we have in the northern portion a delineation of the Gulf of Mexico, the coast and point of Florida, and the coast of the Eastern United States as far as Cape Hatteras. As for the degrees of latitude they are of course monstrously exaggerated. The equator is placed about 5 degrees north of its true level both in America and in Africa; and as the design extends northward, the error diminishes on the eastern side of the Atlantic but increases on the western. Cuba is placed 10 degrees north of its true

latitude, and the Cabo del Mar Usiano (Cape Hatteras) is some 19 degrees above its proper place.

This map -prepared for the engraver by Martinus Waldseemüller (Hylacomylus)-bears the inscription "Hec terra cum adiacentibus insulis inventa est per Columbum Januensem ex mandato Regis Castelle," which appeared here for the first time, and was frequently repeated on later maps. Not only may the Ptolemy of 1513 be said to contain the Editio Princeps of the Admiral's map, but it would even be correct to describe it as (excluding its reissue in Schott's second edition of 1520) the only edition of that map, since all the later reproductions, except of course modern facsimiles, follow the Ptolemy of 1522. Humboldt has put forward an opinion that Waldseemüller executed these maps, and also those which appeared in the Ptolemy of 1522 and 1525. A faithful comparison will preclude all supposition that the same hand could have been employed in both; for although the maps of 1522 and 1525, published by Laurentius Frisius, are ostensibly close reproductions of those of 1513, yet the difference between them is scientifically and critically very great. It can at once be seen that the original maps are valuable and authentic documents, while the latter ones are careless and inexact imitations, not only without any attempt to improve upon the earlier labour, but even omitting some of the names because they were too numerous or not sufficiently clear; blurring, rounding, and distorting the coast-outlines. On the fly-leaf is pasted an inscription in Latin (dated Sept. 1, 1540), to the effect that this book was given by John Faber, Bishop of Vienna, to the students of the College of St. Nicholas.

28128 1513 MAJOR (R. H.) On a Mappemonde by LEONARDO DA VINCI, being the earliest map hitherto known containing the name of America, impl. 4to. facsimile of MS. Mappemonde, cloth, 15s 1865

28129 1515 SCHENER (Joannis) Luculentissima quædã terrae totius descriptio cu multis vtilissimis Cosmographiæ iniciis, with the rare slip of Errata, and the separate leaf which contains a large woodcut of his terrestrial globe, small 4to. £25. Noriberg., 1515 The Luculentissima Descriptio is the second geographical work in which the name of America was used to designate the New World. (The first was the Cosmographia, which see post in the section "Narratives of Voyagers VESPUCCI.)

In some respects the early ideas of Schöner were superior to the later. In 1515 he held that "America sive Amerigen novus mundus" was the "quarta orbis pars" and an "insula miræ magnitudinis." He goes on to say that "Parias insula " is not a portion of the preceding island, but a special great portion of the new fourth part of the world. This implies the recognition of a new and distinct continent, which he rejects in the late Opusculum. We know that by Parias is not meant the gulf and coast of Paria, in South America, which Columbus visited in 1499, but the Lariab of Vespucci (miswritten or misprinted Parias in the Cosmographic Introductio of 1507), which was probably in Guatemala; and therefore, having regard to the article "Brasiliæ regio," a little further on, we may conclude that Schöner's idea was that of a new continent, consisting of three great islands, lying from northwest to south-east, Lariab or Parias being the northernmost, and corresponding to North America; America sive Amerigen lying in the middle and corresponding to Yucatan, Central America, Nicaragua; Brasilia lying south-east, and corresponding to South America. In his description of the minor islands of the New World, we find Spagnolla, Isabella, etc., and the Madeiras. He sums up his chapter by saying, Thus the world is known as being of four parts; the first three parts are continents, that is, terra firma, and the fourth an island, since on every side it is observed to be surrounded by the sea. The word insula, an island, may be taken to mean insular in a general sense, but the statement that the insularity was proven, in conjunction with the assertion that "modica est distantia ab hac Brasilia regione ad Mallaquam ubi S. Thomas apostolus martyrio coronatus," is a singular circumstance in a book which preceded Magellan's voyage by some years.

8130 1520 SOLINUS. Joannis Camertis in C. Julii Solini Hoλvisтwρα Enarrationes, FACSIMILE of APIANUS' celebrated MAP (the earliest issued in any printed book with the name of AMERICA inscribed) belonging to this edition, folio, 21s Vienne Austriæ, 1520 28131 1522 APIANI (Petri) Declaratio: et Vsus Typi Cosmographici, sm. 4to. 8 leaves, with little woodcut Mappa Mundi on the title showing an island lying in the ocean east of Asia and marked with the letters AM, red morocco, by Bedford, £21.

[Landisuta] 1522

The particular value of this tract lies in its excessive rarity, and the fact that it contains the small map with the word "Am." two years before the first edition of the Cosmographicus Liber. There is also a section of the text with the heading "America " following similar paragraphs headed Europe,' "" Asia," " Aphrica," and one with the general heading "Mundi in quattuor partes divisio."

66

28132 PTOLEMY. Map of America (Terra Nova) and the W. Indies, entitled Tabula Ter. Nova, extracted from Ptolemy of 1522, on a folio sheet folded, with letterpress on the back describing the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, 368 1522 It is a

This map was also inserted in the Pomponius Mela of 1522. copy of the corresponding map in the 1513 Ptolemy, with a few added inscriptions, including the word America on the Southern continent, and the name PARIAS on the land which coasts the Gulf of Mexico. This peculiarity is significant as showing where the "Lariab" of Vespucci's first Voyage was supposed to lie. See note to Schöner, No. 28129.

28133 1523 SCHÖNER (J.) Lettre à propos de son Globe, ecrite en 1523 (en Latin), réimpression fidèle, 8vo. sd. 3s 6d St. Pétersburg, 1872 Only 40 copies reprinted by Varnhagen.

28134 1524 APIANI (Petri) Cosmographicus Liber, sm. 4to. FIRST EDITION, numerous woodcuts, maps, and Geometrical and Astronomical Diagrams, with Volvelles and other movable pieces, stamped pigskin, £12.

Excusum Landshutæ typis Jo. Weyssenburgers, 1524 "Edition très-rare, et la première qui ait paru de cet ouvrage.' Brunet. Contains: Title; Dedication, 1 leaf; Index, 2 leaves; Text, 104 numbered pages; Appendix, 3 leaves. Harrisse gives the collation as: Title, 5 prel. 11. (which sometimes appear at the end of the book) and 104 11. of text.

Apianus was the designer of the map which appeared in the celebrated work of Camers upon Solinus in 1520, and was consequently the first promoter of the name America in the long series of maps issued with geographical treatises. The Cosmographicus Liber has two small maps, on pages 2 and 63, bearing the delineation and title of AMERICA, and the fourth chapter of the second part is an article devoted entirely to America and Vespucci, ignoring the name of Columbus. In the seventeenth chapter, "America " is mentioned as an island along with Sicily, Java, and Rhodes. 28135 1525 CLAUDII PTOLEMAEI Geographica Enarrationis libri octo Bilibaldo Pirckeymhero interprete, (acc.) annotationes J. de Regio Monte in errores commissos a Jacobo Angelo in translatione sua, folio, curious initials with borders, 50 large woodcut maps, original calf, slightly stained and wormed, £6. 10s Argentoragi (sic) J. Grieninger, 1525 1525

28136

the same, folio, large copy in half calf, £9. 9s

The Bodleian Library possesses only an imperfect copy of this edition, and there is none at all in the Grenville Library. Harrisse (Bibl. Americana)

had not seen one, describing it only from the catalogue of a private collection. The maps are the same as those in the edition of 1522. The last sheet is the famous map signed by L. F. (Laurentius Frisius) dated 1522, and entitled "ORBIS TYPUS UNIVERSALIS," which bears the name "America." This map is not a new one, but simply a reproduction of one in the Ptolemy of 1513, with the name America added. The discovery of Columbus is described on the sheet numbered 28, and the two inner pages of that sheet contain a Map of America, or rather of the Western Ocean and Terra Nova, with the Islands. Again, the last map but one, which represents Gronlandia et Russia, is really a map of the Eastern Hemisphere, but also contains portions of the American coasts. As the collation is always incorrectly given, an exact description is appended. Folios 1-82, numbered, including title; annotations of Regiomontanus, 14 leaves, unnumbered; Index Ptolemæi, 34 leaves, unnumbered; followed by the Maps. They consist of sheets numbered 1-26; general Ptolemæan map; sheets 28-50 (with two Nos. 36 by mistake for 35 and 36; 46 and 47 on one sheet; and 50 unnumbered). 28137 1529 APIANUS. Cosmographicus liber, studiose correctus ac erroribus vindicatus per Gemmam Phrysium, sm. 4to. mappemondes (including the two small maps bearing the name "AMERICA"), with movable diagrams, etc. as in the first edition, hf. bd. 30s Antuerpiæ, R. Bollaert, 1529

In addition to the matter of the first edition, this edition has some further astronomical disquisitions by Gemma Frisius, and, at the end of the table of American islands, a description of Peru, which had been recently discovered by the Spaniards (the date being fixed as 1530). Moreover, the figure of the American continent, in the first of the two small maps, is altered and improved.

28138 [APIANI] Cosmographiae Introductio . . . 12mo. woodcuts, vellum, 20s Ingolstadii, 1529 (-33 another edition, 12mo. woodcuts, bds. 58 Venet. 1537 another edition, 12mo. woodcuts, vellum, 5s ib. 1541

28139 28140

A compendium of the Cosmographicus Liber, containing the name of America twice, and a short account of the New World, now discovered to be an island though the explorations of Vesputius "sagacis ingenii vir." 28141 1530 PORTOLANO. Three large Manuscript Maps, 22 inches by 15, coloured and illuminated, mounted on thick paper and folded in folio form, bds. £10.

circa 1530

This valuable MS. delineates Maritime Europe, with the seas, islands, and coasts, thus including the shores of Asia, and to as far south as Cape Blanco on the West African coast. It also exhibits the "Ocean Occidental" with the Azores, the Madeiras, and the Canary Islands. The date of the MS. is fixed by the cross which appears on both the islands of Rhodes and Malta, by which it must be concluded that the Knights had but lately removed to the latter island; and by the cross also marked on the isle of Scio, which shows that its surrender by the Venetians to the Turks, in 1540, had not yet taken place. The double-headed eagle which surmounts the crown over the Spanish arms shows that Charles V. was still on the Imperial throne. Special prominence is given to the French royal escutcheon, and this with the one French inscription, "L'Ocean Occidental," makes it appear that the author was a subject of Francis I., although the written part of the maps is almost entirely Italian. 28142 APIANI (Petri) Universalior cogniti Orbis Tabula, a large Map, 212 inches by 151, mounted on linen, UNIQUE, £40.

(Ingolstadii) 1530

This large chart was produced by Apianus at his private-press in Ingolstadt. It exhibits the peculiarity of a heart-shaped map of the world before the appearance of the well-known map of Oronce Finé, hitherto supposed to have been the first of the kind. The French cartographer, though only one year later than Apiani, was able to fill his map with a number of

useful names from the reports of recent discovery, but his theory of the identity between China and the lands lying north-west of Florida vitiated all his work; while Apianus had evidently learned from Vespucci to abandon the old hallucination of Columbus.

This large and elaborate world-map was prepared by Apianus as an improvement on that which appeared in the Solinus of 1520. It is largely based on the discovery of Vespucci, and in the upper margin, there are two smaller world-maps exhibiting comparatively the extent of the globe according to the "Observatio Ptolem." and the "Observatio Vespu." In the large map itself, the coasts of Greenland coalesce with those of Labrador, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence is plainly indicated. South of the gulf, the northern limit of the continental shore reaches to about 38 degrees N.L. (marked 40), indicating the north-westwardly recession of the coast from the point of C. Hatteras towards Chesapeake Bay. The line of land is continued below along the shores of Carolina, Georgia, Florida, round Cape Sable, with the entire coast of the Mexican Gulf, Mexico, Yucatan, Honduras, Central America, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, till it fades into an indistinct and unfinished outline at about 45 degrees S.L. The island of Cuba is marked Isabella, while the land of Central America bears the name of "Terra de Cuba." From the Gulf of Maracaibo to that of Paria, the coast is marked with the words," Illi sut sub Carolo Rom. Imperatore." From the mouth of the Amazon, that is from about 5 degrees S.L., the coast line proceeds southwardly with but uncertain resemblance to the reality. We find the words "Terra Nova" and "Hic reperiuntur Psittaci rubri," and "Brisilici sive Paragalli," this last inscription appearing opposite the embouchure of a river which is plainly meant for Rio Janeiro, and falls into the ocean at 23 degrees S.L. At 30 degrees S.L. the line is broken by a very broad strait, gulf, or river-mouth, which evidently represents the mouth of La Plata. Below it the outline runs a considerable distance further to the south, but without any distinctness, broken off altogether at 46 S.L.

The map is dedicated to Leonardus ab Eck and bears his arms.

28143 1533

SCHONERI (Ioannis) Carolostadii Opvscvlvm Geographicvm ex diversorvm libris ac cartis. . . collectum, small 4to. woodcuts of globes, vellum, £7. 10s (Norib. 1533)

An opuscule of no slight interest to the American collector. It is the first expression in print of an idea that has led to long and bitter controversy-namely, that Vespucci himself bestowed the name of America upon the New World. Otherwise it is more curions than valuable, as for instance, when he discusses the idea of the revolution of the earth round the sun, and dismisses it as erroneous. His ideas concerning the New World had undergone some change from the time when he wrote the Luculentissima Descriptio, He describes the land found by Vespucci as the continent of Upper India, citing the voyage of Magellan as a proof; and then proceeds to mention the Bachalaos, Florida, Mexico, Darien, Uraba, and Canibalia as portion of it. The islands of the Moluccas lay on the further side of it, the islands of Yucatan, Jamaica, Ilispaniola, and Cuba on the hither side; while he chides Columbus and Vespucci for having considered the mainland they discovered to be an island. His last chapter is on Brasilia. The article is accompanied by two astronomical tracts of Schöner: Abrusahk Azarcheles Sapher recentiores doctrinæ, a Schonero emendatæ 1534; Ioannis de Monteregio Problemata Sapher, cum præf. Schoneri, 1534; and a treatise "De situ ac moribus regnorum omnium."

28144 1534 VADIANUS. EPITOME TRIVM TERRÆ PARTIVM, Asia, Africæ, et Evrope, per Ioachimvm Vadianvm medicum, folio, first edition, with the large folding map (in which South America was for the first time drawn in its complete outline with approximate correctness), limp wrapper, £3. 3s Tiguri, Christ. Frosch. 1534 the same, map, Tiguri, 1534-POSTELLI (Gul.) de Orbis Terra Concordia libri IV, sine nota; 2 vols. in 1, sm. folio, old stamped pigskin, £5. 1534

28144*.