80,000 men. From the 29th of July to the 8th of August, Wurmser lost 40,000 men, 70 pieces of cannon, many ammunition and baggage-waggons, and 15 stand of colours; he relieved the garrison of Mantua, reinforced it with 5000 men, and regained the Tyrol with less than 40,000 men.

II. On the 31st of July, Augereau repassed the Mincio at Borghetto with his own division only; Serrurier raised the blockade of Mantua ; collected his division, and proceeded towards Marcaria. In the night between the 31st of July and 1st of August, Napoleon marched on Brescia with Augereau's division, which passed, by neighbouring roads, across a country full of heaths; Massena, who did not remain at Ponte-San-Marco, marched in a parallel direction by the road from Ponte-San-Marco to Brescia; Sauret remained posted on the heights between Lonato and Salo; General Pigeon, commanding the rear-guard of Massena in this march, remained on the lower Mincio with 1500 men, skirmishing from one bank to the other; the rear-guard of Augereau, commanded by Brigadier-general Valette, took up a position on the right bank of the Mincio, at the point of Borghetto, skirmishing with the opposite bank. On the 2d of August, at the first dawn of day, the divisicas of Massena and

Augereau faced about, after having driven Quosdanowich from Brescia and the whole plain. Massena went to Ponte-San-Marco, and found his rear-guard, which by this movement had become his van-guard, already fallen back upon Castiglione: it had unnecessarily suffered itself to be forced during the day. Such was the state of affairs the evening before the battle of Lonato.

III. At this battle the Austrians had 30,000 men; they had 18,000 at Castiglione; Lyptai's division formed the van-guard; and General Augereau stood in need of all the vigour of his excellent division, reinforced with the reserve of the cavalry, to gain the battle, take Castiglione, and rout the enemy. Twelve hundred men opposed Massena; at first they took Lonato, and defeated the rear-guard of General Pigeon; but their centre was penetrated, and they were repulsed and driven from the field of battle. On the 5th, the battle of Castiglione took place. General Fiorella, who commanded Serrurier's division, had only 4000 men to make his movement on the rear of Wurmser; for there were in this division 3000 sick, suffering from the fevers of the marshes, whom he could not possibly bring with him, but was compelled to leave at Marcaria, with the sappers, workmen,

ammunition-waggons, and other carriages attached to the besieging train. Wurmser had, besides, nearly 30,000 men, and a very fine cavalry; ours was at that time inferior to the Austrian. The French army contained from 22,000 to 23,000 men, but these were the same troops who had fought at Corona, at Lonato, and at the battle of the 3d; many of the officers had been killed, many were disabled; all that could possibly be done was therefore effected on that day.

V. Wurmser was an old soldier, he had good officers with him, he knew that his plan was too much extended, but he thought himself protected by his great numerical superiority. If he had only possessed forces equal to his opponents, or only a third more, he would not have thus extended his plan. Had he lost so few men at Lonato and Castiglione, as has been asserted, he would not have abandoned the Mincio, but would have maintained himself there, supporting his left on Mantua, and his right on the Lake of Garda: by investing and besieging Garda he would have saved the honour of his army, but he had suffered too severely for this, and found himself under the necessity of retreating into the Tyrol, and of abandoning Italy.

NOTE IV. (CHAP. XXXI.)

BATTLE OF BASSANO.

I. Wurmser received a reinforcement of 15,000 men in the month of August: he had still 40,000 of his old army, which had been joined by 10,000 Tyrolians: he had therefore nearly 70,000 men in the beginning of September. Thirty thousand, including the 10,000 Tyrolians, were destined to keep the Tyrol, under Davidowich; 40,000 to manœuvre by the plains of the Bassanese, and Vicentine, upon Mantua : of this number 30,000 were infantry, the rest cavalry and artillery. Davidowich lost 11,000 men at the battle of Roveredo, of whom 9000 were made prisoners; he had lost some at the action of the Sarca, and he lost more at that of Lavis.

II. At the action of Primolano prisoners were taken from five different battalions; there were, besides the three battalions of Croats, six battalions of the line. The number of prisoners was 4000, and not 1800.

III. The battle of Bassano was more important than is represented; the losses sustained by the enemy were more serious.

IV. The division of Mezaros having arrived before Verona, attacked that city and was repulsed. The place had been strengthened for this purpose; the offensive movement of Wurmser having been foreseen: a demi-lune had been constructed before the gate of Vicenza, and the enceinte had been lined with a great number of pieces of artillery. Kilmaine, who had been ordered to observe the Adige, received from the Commander-in-chief, at the moment when the latter marched upon Trent, instructions very fully detailed, with which he was forcibly impressed. They are curious, and ought to be found amongst his papers: all that took place on the Adige was foreseen. Kilmaine, when he found himself menaced, recalled the garrison of Legnago, and ordered General Sahuguet, who was conducting the blockade of Mantua, to replace it. Mezaros then applied to Wurmser for reinforcements, and particularly for pontoons; instead of which he received orders to retrograde with all possible speed upon Bassano. At Vicenza he met Wurmser himself, who had just been forced from Bassano.

V. This General now found himself driven to the Adige, followed by Massena's division, which marched direct from Bassano upon Vicenza, and by that of Augereau which had just