riages in the whole 400 carriages, or six carriages to each gun; by which arrangement every piece was provided with 306 rounds, exclusive of the box. A train of sixty pieces organized according to the principles sought to be established, would contain fifteen sixpounders, twenty twelve-pounders, and twentyfive howitzers: five pieces forming a division, there would be twelve divisions, which would require forty-eight forges, drag-ropes, or spare carriages the total being 424*carriages, or seven to a gun this would be sixty-four carriages more than the former train. What an increase of impediments, what a heavy train, what a waste of men, horses, and materials! The twelve-pounders are the chief impediments of a march, for they weigh from fifteen to eighteen hundred pounds, and off the high roads are very difficult to draw. The Imperial train of sixty pieces contained forty-five pieces of cannon; that proposed would have but thirty-five.

of 150 toises for 120 guns; and a bridge of 400 toises for an army of 160,000 men.

* Sixty guns, forty-eight carriages attached to the divisions, thirty-four caissons of six-pounder cartridges, 202 of twelves and howitzers, thirty park caissons, thirty infantry, and twenty of pontoons: total 424.

But with the 424 carriages which would be required for this train, there would be seventytwo Imperial guns; that is to say, nine divisions: viz. forty-two six-pounders, twelve twelve-pounders, and eighteen howitzers.* The question is then reduced to this: is it preferable to have fifteen six-pounders, twenty twelves, and twenty-five howitzers; or fiftytwo six-pounders, twelve twelve-pounders, and fifteen howitzers? What a mania for talking without understanding the subject!

Sometimes it is said that, after the manner of the Romans, the division ought to be an army in miniature, and yet it is to be deprived of that which is most necessary and important to it, namely, artillery. What! a legion of eight or nine thousand men to form the van or rear guard of an army-to be detached with three pieces of cannon and two howitzers! But suppose it meets with a Russian, Prussian, or Austrian division of equal numbers, which will have thirty pieces of cannon (for that is the actual proportion): most assuredly the artillery

*Seventy-two guns, thirty-six waggons attached to the divisions, ninety-four and a half six-pounders, fifty-four twelve-pounders, seventy-six and a half howitzers, thirty-two park caissons, thirty-six infantry, and twenty-four of pontoons. total 424.

of the legion would be speedily silenced and dismounted; the infantry would be driven from its position by the enemy's cannon; or if it should maintain its position, it must be at the expense of many valuable lives.

M. de Gribeauval, who had served during the Seven Years' war in the Austrian army, and possessed a genius for the science of artillery, decided that the strength of the trains ought to be at the rate of four pieces for every battalion of 1000 men, or thirty-six guns for each division of 9000 men, or 160 for an army of 40,000. The Imperial train consisted of 120 guns for an army of 40,000 men, or four divisions of infantry, having one division of light cavalry, one of dragoons, and one of cuirassiers; of these fifteen divisions of artillery, two were attached to each division of infantry, three were in reserve, and four horsed: one to the division of light cavalry, one to the division of dragoons, and two to that of cuirassiers; there were seventy-two six-pounders, eighteen twelvepounders, and thirty howitzers, nearly 600 carriages, including the guns and the doublesupplies and infantry caissons.

There are required for the service of one piece of cannon of the Imperial train, one with another, thirty horses and thirty-five men; but

for one piece of the proposed train there would be wanting, one with another, forty men and thirty-five horses.* A division of eight pieces of artillery requires 272 men and 240 horses, which are equal to two good squadrons,

Men who have formed their ideas of modern warfare from commenting on the ancients, will insist that it would be better to make an addition of 3600 cavalry, or 4000 foot-soldiers, to an army of 40,000 men, than of 120 pieces of cannon; or to have but sixty guns, and an addition of 1500 cavalry and 2000 foot-soldiers; they are wrong. In an army there must be infantry, cavalry, and artillery in due proportions; these arms cannot be substituted for each other. We have seen affairs in which the enemy might have gained the battle: they occupied a fine position with a battery of

** One gun of the Imperial train requires three waggons and three-thirtieths to each piece, for furnishing 300 rounds, independent of its box; one waggon for park, forge, drag-rope, spare carriage, park caisson, ten twentieths of an infantry caisson, seven twentieths of a waggon for pontoons; in all six waggons. For 120 pieces, 720 waggons: this would give for an army of 160,000 men, 480 guns, 2880 waggons; of which 160 would be for pontoons, sufficient for the construction of 480 toises of bridge upon broad rivers; requiring in the whole 16,800 horses and 20,000 men.

from fifty to sixty guns; in vain should we have attacked them with 4000 more horse, and 8000 more foot; it required a battery of equal strength, under the protection of which the attacking columns could advance and deploy. The proportions of the three forces have ever been a subject of reflection with the greatest generals.

They all agree that there must be, 1st, four pieces to every 1000 men, that is the eighth part of the men in an army, for the service of the artillery; and 2dly, a cavalry equal to a fourth part of the infantry.

As to pretending to rush upon the guns, and carry them by the bayonet, or picking off the gunners by musquetry, these are chimerical ideas; such things may happen sometimes; and have we not instances of the taking of the strongest positions by a coup de main? But, in a general system, there is no infantry, however intrepid, that can, without artillery, march with impunity the length of 5 or 600 toises, against sixteen well-placed pieces of cannon, served by good gunners: before they could get twothirds of the way, the men would be killed, wounded, or dispersed. The field artillery has acquired too much exactness in firing, to allow of the plan of Machiavel, who, full of