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on which the Chart is founded. By James Burney, esq. R.N.

MISCELLANEOUS.

PHILOLOGY.

The Dictionary of Distinctions, in Three Alphabets; containing, 1. Words the same

A Letter to the Subscribers to the Opera. in sound, but of different spelling and signi

By Colonel Greville. 1s.

Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London, from the Roman Invasion to the year 1700. By James Peller Malcolm, F.S.A. 4to, with 18 engravings. 31. 3s.

Mavor Abbreviated, by the application of a new Principle to his celebrated System of Universal Stenography; being an entirely new and complete book of Short Hand. Illustrated by 15 copper plate impressions, containing 46 sets of progressive examples. By J. H. Clive. 12mo. 7s. 6d.

Reflections on the Foot of the Horse, and en the effects of Shoes upon them, with the vulgar opinions on the tenderness of the fore Feet, and the true cause thereof, deduced from actual experiment. By Bracy Clark, F.L.S. Veterinary Surgeon. Part I. 10s. 6d.

A Literary Diary, or Improved Common Place Book. 4to. 168.

A Letter to Dr. Robert Darling Willis. To which are added, Copies of three other Letters; published in the hope of rousing a humane nation to the consideration of the miseries arising from Private Mad-houses: with a Preliminary address to the Right Hon. Lord Erskine. By Anne Mary Crowe. 2s. Essays, Literary and Miscellaneous. By John Aikin, M.D. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

A Third Reply to the Edinburgh Review, by the Author of a Reply to the Calumnies of that Review against Oxford. With an Ap. pendix in answer to Mr. Drummond's Observations on some Passages of the former Replies. 1s. 6d.

NOVELS, ROMANCES, TALES.

The Shipwreck; or, Memoirs of an Irish Officer and his Family; a Novel. By Theodore Edgworth, esq. 3 vols. 12mo. 15s. Moral Tales. By the late Author of the Exemplary Mother. 12mo. 3s. 6d.

The Metropolis; or, a Cure for Gaming. By Cervantes Hogg, esq. 3 vols. 15s.

The Loves of Celestine and St. Aubert; a Romantic Tale, partly founded on fact. By Charles Phillips. 2 vols. 10s. öd.

Egbert, or the Monk of Penmore; a Ro

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Seabrook Village, and its Inhabitants, or History of Mrs. Worthy and her Family, founded on facts that occurred in Dorsetshire. 91.

A Winter at St. James's, or Modern ManPers. By Mrs. Hamilton. 4 vols. 11.

The Philosophical Wanderers; or, the Hisrory of the Roman Tribune and the Priestess of Minerva: exhibiting the vicissitudes that diversity the fortunes of nations and individuals. By Jolin Bigland. 12mo. 6s.

The Irish Valet. Containing Anecdotes of several eminent Characters. To which is prefixed the Life of the Author. By the late : H. Wilsony esg. 3.

fication.-2. Words that vary in pronunciation or meaning as accentuated or connected.-3. The changes in sound and sense produced by the addition of the letter E. By John Murdoch. 10s. 6d.

Pequina Chrestomathia Portuguèsa; ór Portuguese Extracts, in Prose and Verse, from modern Portuguese Authors, por P. G. de Massarellos. 8vo. 9s.

An Abridgment of Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. 6s.

POETRY.

Music, a Didactic Poem, in 5 Cantes. Translated from the Spanish of Don Thomas de Yriarte into English Verse, by John Belfour, esq. crown 8vo.

The Shade of Drusy, a Vision, inscribed to one of the Patentees of the Theatre Royal Drury Lane. 3s.

The Poetical Register and Repository of Fugitive Poetry for 1806 and 1807. Crown 8vo. 12s.

Poems, chiefly Amatory. By Richard Small, esq. 5s.

Songs of the Chace, including those on Racing, Shooting, Angling, Hawking, and Archery. 9s.

POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY. Conciliation with America the true Policy of Great Britain. By a Friend to British Manufactures. 1s. 6d.

P

A View of the State of the Nation, and of the Measures of the last Five Years, suggested by the Speech of Earl Grey in the House of Lords, june 13th, 1810. By Thomas Peregrine Courtenay, esq. 58.

Cobbett's Parliamentary Debates. Vols. XV. XVI. and XVII. Comprising the whole of the Debates and Proceedings in both Houses during the last Session.

National Prosperity. A comparative view at various periods, shewing the present flourishing and prosperous State of the Revenue, Public Credit, Commerce, Agriculture, and Manufacturers, of Great Britain, Economy in Public Expenditure, &c. Collected by Lieutenant Alexander Keller. R. N. On a large sheet copper-plate impression. 2s. 6d. The Alarms of an Anti Gallican. 15. Observations on the Report of the Commit tee of the House of Cominons, appointed to inquire into the High Price of Gold Bullion By Edward Thornton, esq. late his Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the King of Sweden. 5s.

A Short Statement of the Trade in Gold Bullion, with an attempt to shew that Bank Notes are not depreciated. 3s.

Facts relative to the Present State of the British Cotton Colonies, and to the Connec tion of their Talents with those of the Mothes Country. 25.

Observations

- Observations on the Depreciation of Money, and the State of our Currency; with sundry relative Tables. By Robert Wilson, esq. Accountant in Edinburgh, one of the Direc tors of the Bank of Scotland, &c. 8vo. 33. 6d.

A Letter to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, on the Real Benefits conferred on Ireland during his Grace the Duke of Richmond's Administration. By an Irishman. 1s. Thoughts on the Emancipation of the Roman Catholics. By Mr. James Crauley, formerly a Student in the College at Maynooth. 1s.

Hints for a Reform in the Criminal Law, In a Letter addressed to Sir Samuel Romilly, M.P. By a late Member of Parliament. 1s. 6d.

THEOLOGY.

Sacred Hours, chiefly designed to illustrate the Offices and Doctrines of the Church of England. By J. Grant, M.A. 12mo. 7s.

A Sermon, occasioned by the Death of Mrs. Trimmer, preached at New Brentford, Middlesex, on Sunday, January 6, 1811. By the Rev. Thomas Hanerfield, A.M. 1s. 6d.

Sunday Reflections. By the Author of Thoughts on Affectation. 8vo. 9s.

The Devotional Family Bible, with Notes and Illustrations. By John Fawcett, A.M. No. I. 1s. or Part I. 7s.

Ministerial Faithfulness; a Sermon. By the Rev. Edward Cooper. 8vo. 1s.

Knowledge Increased; a Sermon. By the Rev. Jonathan Walton, A.M. Rector of Bird brook, Essex. 1s. 6d.

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.

Exploratory Travels through the Western Territories of North America: comprising a Voyage from St. Louis, on the Mississippi, to the Sources of that River, and a Journey through the Interior of Louisiana and the North-eastern Provinces of New Spain, performed in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, by order of the Government of the United States. By Zebulon Montgomery Pike, Major of the 6th regiment U. S. Infantry.

4to.

A Tour in quest of Genealogy, through se veral parts of Wales. 8vo. 12s. pr with the first impressions of the plates, 18s.

Extracts from the Portfolio of a Man of Letters.

FRENCH EXECUTIONS.

HE method of shortening the pains

tised in France, had a truly tragi comic effect. Every culprit had a separate gal. lows, made like a gibbet. The culprit ascended before the executioner, who, having adjusted the cap and the rope, the bands being already fastened before the culprit one under the other, pushed him off the ladder, and stepped into his hands, took hold of each shoulder, and wriggled the body violently to and fro till it was lifeless. A wit observed, on this, that the French were so fond of dancing, that they made their criminals go a-capering into the other world.

THE SCOTCH AND IRISH.

The Liliputians despised all the world but their own little island. The Wha, want-me-trotters, a nation of Indians to the North, hold the Liliputians in so little estimation, that they would scalp them all for a bawbee, and sell their Ling into the bargain, for French claret and brandy. The Erin-go-brahs, ano ther nation of Indians, united now to the Liliputians and Wha-want-me-trotters, prefer a potatoe, salt, and liberty, to all the forced meat of an union,

SCOTCH MODESTY.

I was in company with a wit, and a Scotchman; the conversation turned upon

national courage, &c. The latter observed, "that a Scotchman dare show

an Englishman dare not

show his rear." "That is very true," replied the wit, "because an Englishman has more modesty in his than a Scotchman has in his face."

BRIMSTONE.

An out-rider to a druggist, being in Bristol, was recommended to a person who was said to deal very largely in the article of brimstone. He waited upon him, expatiated at length on the superior quality of his brimstone, and wished for an order. The doctor, surprised, assured him he was mistaken, he did not deal in the article, being a minister of the gospel, and complained of the insult offered him; adding, that if the rider would come to his shop in the evening, he would furnish him with a large stock of spiritual brimstone.

SCOTCH COURAGE.

"Scotchmen will face the enemy; they. will meet death at the point of the bayonet and the cannon's mouth!" Yes," observed a wit, "they prefer death to the chance of returning to their barren, native country."

WAE.

Why don't the people petition against wars in their cominencement, rather

then towards their close? Evils which

might have been prevented by a philan, thropic foresight, fall as a punishment upon them for their selfishness and cupidity after the mammon of unrighte

ousness.

HONOURS FOR GENTLEMEN.

When I was in Kentucky, in the year 1794, an Irishman of the name of M'Coy, who had formerly been a shoeblack, but had become wealthy, happened to say, that there ought to be a distinction between gentlemen and mechanics. The populace were not hack ward in improving the hint, by parading im in effigy, with all the paraphernalia of his office; and concluded the ceremony by the purifying honours of a bonfire.

THE MAID OF BALDOCK.

This celebrated rustic beauty was named Mary Cornwall, and was married about nine or ten years to Henry Leo mard, a carpenter, of Baldock. She has been dead between thirty and forty years, and lies buried in Baldock churchyard, where the writer has seen her grave-stone. Sire was of the middle size, and a fair, good-looking, woman. She had one daughter, married to Joseph Green, a cooper, of Harlow-bush, in Essex. She died of a quinsy, from her inability to swallow. The song was po pular in her own days, and she frequently avoided market-places and fairs, where it was constantly sung by ballad-singers. She used to be engaged to work at plainwork in the family of Mr. Pyni, at

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PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

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ROYAL INSTITUTION. TO circumstance is of more frequent occurrence in the history of science, ur more to be regretted, than the powerful influence of great names in re tarding the progress of knowledge. The young student of nature, in the course of his inquiries and experiments, frequently meets with facts at variance with received systems, and suspects the evidence of his senses, or the correctness of his observations, when they lead to conclusions that oppose the principles on which these systems are founded. The fear of ridicule frequently prevents hiin from pursuing his inquiries; and ages perhaps pass away before some one more Courageous traces the same path, and

ventures to attack the errors which have been consecrated by time.

When the phlogistic system of che mistry was overthrown by that of Lavoisier, the chemists of France were joined by the philosophers of every part of Europe, and fortified by a new nomenclature, their theory seemed to bid defiance to all the attempts which were made to oppose its authority. Fortunately for the cause of science, a young philosopher, Mr. Davy, appeared about the same period, who, by steadily pursuing the hints which the discoveries of Bennet and Volta had offered, appears to have arrived at a station from whence the arrangements of matter, and the operations of chemical agency, pre

sent

44

sent themselves under a view entirely new. A revolution in many parts of chemical philosophy is at hand, and per haps it will be found that the progress of knowledge is not sufficiently advanced to expect the permanent establishment of any system of chemistry, which, like that of astronomy, will derive additional confirmation from the observations of each succeeding age. We ought not, however, to suffer the brilliancy of Dr. Davy's discoveries to impose upon our judgment; it is desirable that his conclusions should be examined with the same freedom, and the same candour, with which he has opposed preceding theories. It is our intention in the following Numbers of our Magazine, to present our readers with a general view of his experiments and discoveries, that bear immediately upon received systems of philosophy, in which we shall include those he is announcing in his present dectores at the Royal Institution. We shall in this Number advert to some new opinions, which, if established, are of considerable importance in practical chemistry, and other branches of natural philosophy. In his second lecture he stated, that he had by decisive experiments proved the doctrines of Berthollet respecting chemical affinity to be erro neous. Bergman, and foriner chemists, who had treated on this subject, had always supposed that two substances which combine with a powerful chemical affinity for each other, could not be separated from this combination by a third substance, which had a weaker affinity to either of them, whatever quan tity of the third substance be employed in the experiment. This was the uni versally-established opinion, till the ce lebrated Berthollet, by a variety of experiments, which were admitted as conelusive, made it appear that the most powerful combinations might be decom pounded by substances with weaker chemical affinities. This doctrine is advanced in his "Chemical Statics," and his "Researches respecting Chemical Affinity," and this law established. "In comparing the affinities of two bo dies for a third, a weaker affinity in one of the two, will be compensated by in creasing the quantity." It was much easier to admit the authority of Berthol let, than to repeat and vary his experiments; his doctrine was generally received, and chemistry was degraded from the rank of a science, to a inere collec

tion of insulated facts. For, were this doctrine true, uncertainty must attend all the operations of chemistry, and the powers and laws of chemical affinity could never admit of being numerically expressed, or become the subject of cal culation. ` Dr. Davy stated, that, in all the cases where two substances were separated from their combinations by a third, having a weaker affinity, the experiment had not been accurately made, The sulphat of barytes, or barytes united with the sulphuric acid, for which it has a greater affinity than any known substance, had been separated from its combination by potass: but Dr. D. asserted, that when this had been done, it had been done by double affinity; the carbonic acid of the potass uniting with the barytes, and the sulphuric with the potass. When pure potass was used, and the experiment was made in Уаснов no decomposition of the sulphat of barytes was effected, whatever proportion of potass might be used in the experiments. In all the other cases which he had repeated, the decomposition of the substances having more powerful affinities by weaker ones, had been cases of double affinity in some instances, the water of solution had itself formed a part of one of the new compounds.

Every practical chemist will be de sirous to see a full detail of these experiments, by Dr. Davy. He will also be anxious to know how Dr. Davy will explain those cases of double elective affinities, in which the quantities em ployed appear materially to affect the results. It is stated by Dr. Henry, that, if one part of common salt be mixed in a mortar with half its weight of red oxyd of lead, and made into a paste with water, no decomposition takes place after twenty-four hours. Increase the weight of the oxyd of lead to three or four times that of the salt, and a decomposition of the salt will be effected. Before it can be admitted that the quantity, or mass, has no effect on chemical affinities, remains to be proved, that in cases of double, as well as of single, elective afi nities, the increase of quantity has no effect on the result, farther than saturating a greater or smaller quantity of one of the substances decompounded.

The peculiar views of Dr. Davy re specting animal heat, will be the subject of future remark. In the present Nuinher, we shall notice those opinions on this subject, which he delivered this year,

in his third lecture at the Royal Institu tion; because, we conceive they are not supported by the experiments which have been made in this country, and those very recently made in France, relating to respiration and animal heat. Dr. Davy stated, that he believed ani mal heat was not produced by the absorption of oxygen, in the act of respiration, as Crawford had supposed; but, that it was the result of all the changes and organic actions which were taking place in living animal bodies. He said that Mr. Brodie had lately exhibited some experiments before the Royal Society, in which the nerves connected with respiration, had been destroyed, and life and circulation continued, but unattended with the production of animal heat. Whence he inferred, that the servous system was more necessary to its production than the sanguineous, or than respiration and circulation. Of the manner in which these experiments were conducted, we were not informed; but, from what we have since learned, we believe, that air was forced by a pair of bellows into the lungs of a rabbit, after the nerves connected with the lungs had been cut. This experiment appears to us to have been improperly conducted, if it were intended to decide the cause of animal heat. A current of air blown into the lungs, might itself lower the temperature of the body. The experiments of the French philosophers appear less liable to objection, as a pas sage was opened to the lungs, in order to admit access of air after the section of the nerves had been made. The respiration which had been suspended, resumed its action, accompanied with the usual change of the venous into arterial blood. These experiments we shall state here, as we believe no account of them has yet been published in this country. We shall introduce them with observing that Dr. Davy gave an account of the experiments of Dr. Fordyce and others, in which animals had been confined in rooms heated to more than 212 degrees, and, after remaining a considerable time, the temperature of the blood was not raised more than two degrees. This ef fect Dr. Davy attributed to the force of the vital principle controling the agency of material elements.

"Dr. Franklin suspected that the explanation of this fact must be sought in the increased perspiration which the heat occasions, it being an acknowledged

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principle, that evaporation of every kin produces cold. M. De Laroche the Younger, published some experiments, made in common with Mr. Berger, in which, these two philosophers observed a very sensible augmentation of heat in animals exposed to a high tempera ture, in atmospheres of sufficient humi dity to prevent the transpiration of moisture both from the skin and the lungs. He stated, that animals, under such circumstances, increase in heat to a certain point, beyond the medium degree of their own natural temperature, and the temperature of the room in which they are inclosed, because the heat produced by their respiration, is added to that of the atmosphere which surrounds them. He has thus refuted a chimerical property attributed to the vital principle, and has proved that the illusion arises solely from the cause suspected by Franklin.”

M. Depuytren, a little time since, made experiments, which appear, in some de gree, to sanction the conclusions of Dr. Davy, from similar experiments of Mr. Brodie, which we have stated. These experiments consisted in cutting the eighteenth pair of nerves which go to the larynx, the lungs, the heart, and the stomach. As soon as the section was made, the animal began to languish and die, and the blood ceased to acquire the arterial quality in its passage through the lungs, although the necessary functions of respiration were not deranged in a degree proportionate to such an effect. Mr. Blainville has taken up the subject, and opposed the conclusions of Mr. Dus puytren; he has observed, after the section of the same pair of nerves, derangements in the functions of the stomach, which have contributed as much to the death of the animal, as the derange. ments of the pulmonary functions. He has even decided, after these experiments, that there is no interruption in the change of the venous into arterial blood. M. Dumas, professor at Montpellier, having opened a passage for the air to the lungs of those animals, which bad suffered the operation of cutting the nerves, has seen that respiration re sumes its action upon the blood. It is proved by a variety of other experiments, (of which an account is given in the re port of the National Institute,) that, when this operation is performed, and there is venous blood, the animal has experi onced suffocation from a sudden con

striction

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